“In summary, evidence
of several types indicates that fluoride affects normal endocrine
function or response; the effects of the fluoride-induced
changes vary in degree and kind in different individuals.
Fluoride is therefore an endocrine disruptor in the broad
sense of altering normal endocrine function or response,
although probably not in the sense of mimicking a normal hormone.
The mechanisms of action remain to be worked out and appear
to include both direct and indirect mechanisms, for example,
direct stimulation or inhibition of hormone secretion by interference
with second messenger function, indirect stimulation or inhibition
of hormone secretion by effects on things such as calcium
balance, and inhibition of peripheral enzymes that are necessary
for activation of the normal hormone.”
SOURCE: National Research Council.
(2006). Fluoride
in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA's Standards.
National Academies Press, Washington D.C.
p 223.
“The effects of fluoride on various
aspects of endocrine function should be examined further,
particularly with respect to a possible role in the development
of several diseases or mental states in the United States.”
SOURCE: National Research Council.
(2006). Fluoride
in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA's Standards.
National Academies Press, Washington D.C. p
224.
“several lines of information indicate
an effect of fluoride exposure on thyroid function.”
SOURCE: National Research Council.
(2006). Fluoride
in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA's Standards.
National Academies Press, Washington D.C.
p 197.
“it is difficult to predict exactly
what effects on thyroid function are likely at what concentration
of fluoride exposure and under what circumstances.”
SOURCE: National Research Council.
(2006). Fluoride
in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA's Standards.
National Academies Press, Washington D.C. p
197.
“Fluoride exposure in humans is associated
with elevated TSH concentrations, increased goiter prevalence,
and altered T4 and T3 concentrations; similar effects on T4
and T3 are reported in experimental animals..”
SOURCE: National Research Council.
(2006). Fluoride
in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA's Standards.
National Academies Press, Washington D.C. p
218.
“In humans, effects on thyroid function
were associated with fluoride exposures of 0.05-0.13 mg/kg/day
when iodine intake was adequate and 0.01-0.03 mg/kg/day when
iodine intake was inadequate.”
SOURCE: National Research Council.
(2006). Fluoride
in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA's Standards.
National Academies Press, Washington D.C. p
218.
“The recent decline in iodine intake
in the United States could contribute to increased toxicity
of fluoride for some individuals.”
SOURCE: National Research Council.
(2006). Fluoride
in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA's Standards.
National Academies Press, Washington D.C. p
218.
“Intake of nutrients such as calcium and iodine often
is not reported in studies of fluoride effects. The
effects of fluoride on thyroid function, for instance, might
depend on whether iodine intake is low, adequate, or high,
or whether dietary selenium is adequate.”
SOURCE: National Research Council.
(2006). Fluoride
in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA's Standards.
National Academies Press, Washington D.C. p
222.
