Fluoride Action Network

Potential Human Health Risks Due to Groundwater Fluoride Contamination: A Case Study in the Bilate River Basin of Southern Main Ethiopian Rift, Ethiopia

Source: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology | Authors: Haji M, Karuppannan S, Qin D, Shube H, Kawo NS.
Posted on January 3rd, 2021
Location: Ethiopia

Abstract

The main focus of the present research was to examine the appropriateness of groundwater resources for drinking purposes in the Bilate River Basin of Southern Main Ethiopian Rift, Ethiopia. The groundwater quality index (GWQI), fluoride pollution index (FPI), and human health risk were used to examine the human health risk factors associated with the intake of high fluoride groundwater. For this purpose, 29 groundwater samples were collected from the existing wells and were analyzed for various physicochemical parameters. The dominant cation was Na+, followed by Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+. The dominant anion was HCO3, followed by Cl, SO42-, and F. The Gibbs plot shows that rock-water interactions are the dominant factor controlling the groundwater chemistry. By using the GWQI, the quality of groundwater samples was 31% excellent, 21% good, 31% poor, and 17% very poor. The fluoride concentration in groundwater ranges from 0.2 to 5.60 mg/L (mean, 2.10 mg/L). 59% (i.e., 17 wells) of the groundwater samples were not suitable for drinking, because they surpassed the drinking water quality limit of 1.5 mg/L. The remaining 41% (i.e., 12 wells) of the samples were suitable for drinking. The FPI indicates that 51.72% of the wells were highly polluted by fluoride. The noncarcinogenic health risk varies from 0.75 to 8.44 for children (83%), 0.34–3.84 for women (62%), and 0.27–3.01 for men (52%), which indicates that children are at higher health risk than women and men due to the physiological condition and the rates of ingestion.


*Original abstract of the study titled, Potential Human Health Risks Due to Groundwater Fluoride Contamination: A Case Study Using Multi-techniques Approaches (GWQI, FPI, GIS, HHRA) in Bilate River Basin of Southern Main Ethiopian Rift, Ethiopia, online at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00244-020-00802-2


 

References

  1. Abbate E, Bruni P, Sagri M (2015) Geology of Ethiopia: a review and geomorphological perspectives. In: Billi P (ed) Landscapes and landforms of Ethiopia. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 33–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1

    Google Scholar

  2. Adimalla N (2019) Controlling factors and mechanism of groundwater quality variation in semiarid region of South India: an approach of water quality index (WQI) and health risk assessment (HRA). Environ Geochem Health 42:1725–1752. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00374-8

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  3. Adimalla N, Li P (2019) Occurrence, health risks, and geochemical mechanisms of fluoride and nitrate in groundwater of the rock dominant semi-arid region, Telangana State, India. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 25(1–2):81–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1480353

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  4. Adimalla N, Qian H (2019) Groundwater quality evaluation using water quality index (WQI) for drinking purposes and human health risk (HHR) assessment in an agricultural region of Nanganur, south India. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 176:153–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.066

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  5. Adimalla N, Wu J (2019) Groundwater quality and associated health risks in a semi-arid region of South India: implication to sustainable groundwater management. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 25(1–2):191–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1546550

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  6. Alemayehu T (2006) Groundwater occurrence in Ethiopia. UNESCO, Paris

    Google Scholar

  7. Amanuel G (2018) Geospatial distribution modeling and determining suitability of groundwater quality for irrigation purpose using geospatial methods and water quality index (WQI) in Northern Ethiopia. Appl Water Sci 8(3):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0722-x

    Article  Google Scholar

  8. APHA (2012) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 22nd edn. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar

  9. Aravindan S, Shankar K (2011) Ground water quality maps of Paravanar river sub basin, Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 39(4):565–581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-011-0152-9

    Article  Google Scholar

  10. Aravindan S, Shankar K, Mini SS (2011) Integrated geohydrological studies in the sedimentary part of Gadilam River Basin, Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu. Asian J Earth Sci 4:183–192. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajes.2011.183.192

    Article  Google Scholar

  11. Aravinthasamy P, Karunanidhi D, Subramani T, Srinivasamoorthy K, Anand B (2019) Geochemical evaluation of fluoride contamination in groundwater from Shanmuganadhi River basin, South India: implication on human health. Environ Geochem Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00452-x

    Article  Google Scholar

  12. Arya S, Subramani T, Vennila G, Karunanidhi D (2019) Health risks associated with fluoride intake from rural drinking water supply and inverse mass balance modeling to decipher hydrogeochemical processes in Vattamalaikarai River basin South India. Environ Geochem Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00489-y

    Article  Google Scholar

  13. Athick AMA, Shankar K (2019) Data on land use and land cover changes in Adama Wereda, Ethiopia, on ETM+, TM and OLI-TIRS Landsat sensor using PCC and CDM techniques. Data Brief. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.103880

    Article  Google Scholar

  14. Ayenew T (2008) The distribution and hydrogeological controls of fluoride in the groundwater of Central Ethiopian Rift and adjacent highlands. Environ Geol 54:1313–1324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-0914-4

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  15. Balamurugan P, Kumar PS, Shankar K (2020a) Dataset on the suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes in the Sarabanga River region, Tamil Nadu, India. Data Brief 29:105255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.105255

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  16. Balamurugan P, Kumar PS, Shankar K, Nagavinothini R, Vijayasurya K (2020b) Non-carcinogenic risk assessment of groundwater in southern part of Salem District in Tamilnadu, India. J Chilean Chem Soc 65(1):4697–4707. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-97072020000104697

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  17. Chandrajith R, Padmasiri JP, Dissanayake CB, Prematilaka KM (2012) Spatial distribution of fluoride in groundwater of Sri Lanka. J Natl Sci Found Sri Lanka 40(4):303–309. https://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v40i4.5044

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  18. Corti G, Sani F, Philippon M, Sokoutis D, Willingshofer E, Molin P (2013) Quaternary volcano-tectonic activity in the Soddo region, western margin of the Southern Main Ethiopian Rift. Tectonics 32(4):861–879. https://doi.org/10.1002/tect.20052

    Article  Google Scholar

  19. Deepa S, Venkateswaran S (2018) Appraisal of groundwater quality in upper Manimuktha sub basin, Vellar river, Tamil Nadu, India by using water quality index (WQI) and multivariate statistical techniques. Model Earth Syst Environ 4(3):1165–1180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-018-0468-3

    Article  Google Scholar

  20. Demelash H, Beyene A, Abebe Z, Melese A (2019) Fluoride concentration in ground water and prevalence of dental fluorosis in Ethiopian Rift Valley: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Publ Health 19(1):1298. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7646-8

    Article  Google Scholar

  21. Demlie M, Wohnlich S (2006) Soil and groundwater pollution of an urban catchment by trace metals: case study of the Addis Ababa region, central Ethiopia. J Environ Geol 51(3):421–431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-006-0337-7

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  22. Di Paola GM (1972) The Ethiopian rift valley (between 7°00′ and 8°40′ lat. North). Bull Volc 36(4):517–560

    Article  Google Scholar

  23. Furi W, Razack M, Haile T, Abiye TA, Legesse D (2010) The hydrogeology of Adama–Wonji basin and assessment of groundwater level changes in Wonji wetland, Main Ethiopian Rift: results from 2D tomography and electrical sounding methods. Environ Earth Sci 62(6):1323–1335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0619-y

    Article  Google Scholar

  24. Furi W, Razack Moumtaz, Abiye TamiruAlemayehu, Legesse TenalemAyenewDagnachew (2011) Fluoride enrichment mechanism and geospatial distribution in the volcanic aquifers of the Middle Awash basin, Northern Main Ethiopian Rift. J Afr Earth Sci 60:315–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2011.03.004

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  25. Furi W, Razack M, Abiye TA, Kebede S, Legesse D (2012) Hydrochemical characterization of complex volcanic aquifers in a continental rifted zone: the Middle Awash basin, Ethiopia. Hydrogeol J 20:385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-011-0807-1

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  26. Gaikwad SK, Kadam AR, Ramgir RR, Kashikar AS, Wagh VM, Kandekar AM, Kamble KD et al (2020) Assessment of the groundwater geochemistry from a part of west coast of India using statistical methods and water quality index. Hydrol Res 3:48–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydres.2020.04.001

    Article  Google Scholar

  27. Gebere A, Kawo NS, Karuppannan S et al (2020) Numerical modeling of groundwater flow system in the Modjo River catchment, Central Ethiopia. Model Earth Syst Environ. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01040-0

    Article  Google Scholar

  28. Getnet TB, Zelalem LA (2020) Spatial assessment and appraisal of groundwater suitability for drinking consumption in Andasa watershed using water quality index (WQI) and GIS techniques: Blue Nile Basin, Northwestern Ethiopia. Cogent Eng 7(1):1748950. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2020.1748950

    Article  Google Scholar

  29. Gibbs RJ (1970) Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry. Science 17:1088–1090. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.170.3962.1088

    Article  Google Scholar

  30. Haile T, Abiye TA (2012) The interference of a deep thermal system with a shallow aquifer: the case of Sodere and Gergedi thermal springs, Main Ethiopian Rift, Ethiopia. Hydrogeol J 20(3):561–574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-012-0832-8

    Article  Google Scholar

  31. Haji M, Wang D, Li L, Qin D, Guo Y (2018) Geochemical evolution of fluoride and implication for F? enrichment in groundwater: example from the Bilate River Basin of Southern Main Ethiopian Rift. Water 10(12):1799. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10121799

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  32. He X, Li P (2020) Surface water pollution in the middle Chinese Loess Plateau with special focus on hexavalent chromium (Cr6+): occurrence, sources and health risks. Expo Health 12(3):385–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-020-00344-x

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  33. He S, Wu J (2019) Relationships of groundwater quality and associated health risks with land use/land cover patterns: a case study in a loess area, northwest China. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 25(1–2):354–373. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2019.1570463

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  34. He S, Li P, Wu J, Elumalai V, Adimalla N (2019) Groundwater quality under land use/land cover changes: a temporal study from 2005 to 2015 in Xi’an, Northwest China. Hum Ecol Risk Assess. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2019.1684186

    Article  Google Scholar

  35. He X, Li P, Ji Y, Wang Y, Su Z, Elumalai V (2020a) Groundwater arsenic and fluoride and associated arsenicosis and fluorosis in China: occurrence, distribution and management. Expo Health 12(3):355–368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-020-00347-8

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  36. He X, Li P, Wu J, Wei M, Ren X, Wang D (2020b) Poor groundwater quality and high potential health risks in the Datong Basin, northern China: research from published data. Environ Geochem Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00520-7

    Article  Google Scholar

  37. Hounslow AW (1995) Water quality data analysis and interpretation. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar

  38. Hussen B, Wagesho N (2016) Regional flood frequency analysis for Abaya–Chamo sub basin, rift valley basin, Ethiopia. J Resour Dev Manag 24:15–28

    Google Scholar

  39. Hutchison W, Pyle DM, Mather TA, Yirgu G, Biggs J, Cohen BE et al (2016) The eruptive history and magmatic evolution of Aluto volcano: new insights into silicic peralkaline volcanism in the Ethiopian rift. J Volcanol Geothermal Res 328:9–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.09.010

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  40. IAEA (2013) Assessing and managing groundwater in Ethiopia. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna

    Google Scholar

  41. Ji Y, Wu J, Wang Y, Elumalai V, Subramani T (2020) Seasonal variation of drinking water quality and human health risk assessment in Hancheng City of Guanzhong Plain, China. Expo Health 12(3):469–485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-020-00357-6

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  42. Kadam A, Vasant Wagh, Umrikar B, Sankhua R (2019) An implication of boron and fluoride contamination and its exposure risk in groundwater resources in semi-arid region. Environ Dev Sustain Western India. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00527-w

    Article  Google Scholar

  43. Kalaivanan K, Gurugnanam B, Pourghasemi HR, Suresh M, Kumaravel S (2017) Spatial assessment of groundwater quality using water quality index and hydrochemical indices in the Kodavanar sub-basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Sustain Water Resour Manag 4(3):627–641. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-017-0148-x

    Article  Google Scholar

  44. Karunanidhi D, Aravinthasamy P, Subramani T, Wu J, Srinivasamoorthy K (2019) Potential health risk assessment for fluoride and nitrate contamination in hard rock aquifers of Shanmuganadhi River basin, South India. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 25(1–2):250–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2019.1568859

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  45. Karunanidhi D, Aravinthasamy P, Subramani T, Balakumar KG, Chandran NS (2020) Health threats for the inhabitants of a textile hub (Tiruppur region) in southern India due to multipath entry of fluoride ions from groundwater. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 204:111071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111071

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  46. Kavitha MT, Divahar R, Meenambal T, Shankar K, VijaySingh R, Haile TamiratDessalegn, Gadafa Chimdi (2019a) Dataset on the assessment of water quality of surface water in Kalingarayan Canal for heavy metal pollution, Tamil Nadu. Data Brief 22:878–884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.01.010

    Article  Google Scholar

  47. Kavitha MT, Shankar K, Divahar R, Meenambal T, Saravanan R (2019b) Impact of industrial wastewater disposal on surface water bodies in Kalingarayan canal, Erode district, Tamil Nadu. India. Arch Agric Environ Sci 4(4):379–387. https://doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2019.040403

    Article  Google Scholar

  48. Kawo NS, Shankar K (2018) Groundwater quality assessment using water quality index and GIS technique in Modjo River Basin, Central Ethiopia. J Afr Earth Sci 147:300–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2018.06.034

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  49. Kebede S (2013) Groundwater in Ethiopia, features, numbers and opportunities. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar

  50. Kebede S, Travi Y, Stadler S (2010) Groundwaters of the Central Ethiopian Rift: diagnostic trends in trace elements, d18O and major elements. Environ Earth Sci 61:1641–1655

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  51. Kebede S, Hailu A, Crane E, Dochartaigh B (2016) Africa groundwater atlas: hydrogeology of Ethiopia. British Geological Survey, Nottingham, pp 1–17

    Google Scholar

  52. Li P (2016) Groundwater quality in western China: challenges and paths forward for groundwater quality research in western China. Expo Health 8(3):305–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-016-0210-1

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  53. Li P, Li X, Meng X, Li M, Zhang Y (2016) Appraising groundwater quality and health risks from contamination in a semiarid region of northwest China. Expo Health 8(3):361–379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-016-0205-y

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  54. Li P, Tian R, Xue C, Wu J (2017) Progress, opportunities and key fields for groundwater quality research under the impacts of human activities in China with a special focus on western China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(15):13224–13234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8753-7

    Article  Google Scholar

  55. Li P, He S, Yang N, Xiang G (2018) Groundwater quality assessment for domestic and agricultural purposes in Yan’an City, northwest China: implications to sustainable groundwater quality management on the Loess Plateau. Environ Earth Sci 77(23):775. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7968-3

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  56. Li P, He X, Li Y, Xiang G (2019) Occurrence and health implication of fluoride in groundwater of Loess aquifer in the Chinese Loess Plateau: a case study of Tongchuan, northwest China. Expo Health 11(2):95–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-018-0278-x

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  57. Mechal A, Birk S, Dietzel M, Leis A, Winkler G, Mogessie A, Kebede S (2017) Groundwater flow dynamics in the complex aquifer system of Gidabo River Basin (Ethiopian Rift): a multi-proxy approach. Hydrogeol J 25:519–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1489-5

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  58. Mehdi Q, Mansoureh F, Maryam M, Maryam M, Sara E, Ali A, Javad B, Ahmad Z, Javad B, Mojtaba A, Sahar G, Afshin G (2020) Investigation of potential human health risks from fluoride and nitrate via water consumption in Sabzevar. Iran. Int J Environ Anal Chem. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2020.1720668

    Article  Google Scholar

  59. Mousazadeh H, Mahmudy-Gharaie MH, Mosaedi A, Moussavi Harami R (2018) Hydrochemical assessment of surface and ground waters used for drinking and irrigation in Kardeh Dam Basin (NE Iran). Environ Geochem Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0214-9

    Article  Google Scholar

  60. Mukate S, Wagh V, Panaskar D, Jacobs JA, Sawant A (2019) Development of new integrated water quality index (IWQI) model to evaluate the drinking suitability of water. Ecol Indic 101:348–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.01.034

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  61. Panneerselvam B, Paramasivam SK, Karuppannan S et al (2020a) A GIS-based evaluation of hydrochemical characterisation of groundwater in hard rock region, South Tamil Nadu, India. Arab J Geosci 13(17):1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-05813-w

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  62. Panneerselvam B, Karuppannan S, Muniraj K (2020b) Evaluation of drinking and irrigation suitability of groundwater with special emphasizing the health risk posed by nitrate contamination using nitrate pollution index (NPI) and human health risk assessment (HHRA). Hum Ecol Risk Assess Int J. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2020.1833300

    Article  Google Scholar

  63. Peng C, He JT, Wang M, Zhang Z, Wang L (2018) Identifying and assessing human activity impacts on groundwater quality through hydrogeochemical anomalies and NO3?, NH4+, and COD contamination: a case study of the Liujiang River Basin, Hebei Province, PR China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(4):3539–3556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0497-x

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  64. Piper AM (1944) A graphic procedure in the chemical interpretation of water analysis. Am Geophys Union Trans 25:914–923

    Article  Google Scholar

  65. Prasad NBN (1984) Hydrogeological studies in the Bhadra River Basin. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Mysore, Karnataka, India, p 323

  66. Qin R, Wu Y, Xu Z, Xie D, Zhang C (2013) Assessing the impact of natural and anthropogenic activities on groundwater quality in coastal alluvial aquifers of the lower Liaohe River Plain, NE China. Appl Geochem 31:142–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.01.001

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  67. Rafique T, Naseem S, Bhanger MI, Usmani TH (2008) Fluoride ion contamination in the groundwater of Mithi sub-district, the Thar Desert, Pakistan. Environ Geol 56:317–326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-1167-y

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  68. Rango T, Bianchini G, Beccaluva L, Ayenew T, Colombani N (2009) Hydrogeochemical study in the Main Ethiopian Rift: new insights to the source and enrichment mechanism of fluoride. Environ Geol 58:109–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-008-1498-3

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  69. Rango T, Bianchini G, Beccaluva L, Tassinari R (2010) Geochemistry and water quality assessment of central Main Ethiopian Rift natural waters with emphasis on source and occurrence of fluoride and arsenic. J Afr Earth Sci 57(5):479–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2009.12.005

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  70. Rango T, Kravchenko J, Atlaw B, McCornick PeterG, Jeuland M, Merola B, Vengosh A (2012) Groundwater quality and its health impact, an assessment of dental fluorosis in rural inhabitants of the Main Ethiopian Rift. Environ Int 43:37–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.03.002

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  71. Rufino F, Busico G, Cuoco E, Darrah TH, Tedesco D (2019) Evaluating the suitability of urban groundwater resources for drinking water and irrigation purposes: an integrated approach in the Agro-Aversano area of Southern Italy. Environ Monit Assess 191(12):768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7978-y

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  72. Sahu P, Sikdar PK (2008) Hydrochemical framework of the aquifer in and around East Kolkata wetlands, West Bengal, India. Environ Geol 55:823–835. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-1034-x

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  73. Sajil Kumar PJ (2017) A proposed method for the quantification of fluoride contamination: fluoride pollution index (FPI). Geochem J 4:1–4

    Google Scholar

  74. Sajil Kumar PJ (2020) Fluoride enrichment in groundwater and associated human health risk in a tropical hard rock terrain in South India. Hum Ecol Risk Assess Int J. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2020.1799185

    Article  Google Scholar

  75. Saleem M, Hussain A, Mahmood G (2016) Analysis of groundwater quality using water quality index: a case study of greater Noida (Region), Uttar Pradesh (UP), India. Cogent Eng 3(1):1237927. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2016.1237927

    Article  Google Scholar

  76. Shankar K, Kawo NS (2019) Groundwater quality assessment using geospatial techniques and WQI in North East of Adama Town, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Hydrospatial Anal 3(1):22–36. https://doi.org/10.21523/gcj3.19030103

    Article  Google Scholar

  77. Shankar K, Aravindan S, Rajendran S (2011a) Hydrogeochemistry of the Paravanar river sub-basin, Cuddalore District, Tamilnadu, India. E-J Chem 8(2):835–845. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/107261

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  78. Shankar K, Aravindan S, Rajendran S (2011b) Hydrochemical profile for assessing the groundwater quality of Paravanar River Sub-Basin, Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, India. Curr World Environ 6(1):45–52. https://doi.org/10.12944/CWE.6.1.05

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  79. Shankar K, Aravindan S, Rajendran S (2011c) Assessment of groundwater quality in Paravanar River Sub-Basin, Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu. India. Adv Appl Sci Res 2(5):92–103

    CAS  Google Scholar

  80. Shukla S, Saxena A (2020a) Groundwater quality and associated human health risk assessment in parts of Raebareli district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Groundw Sustain Dev 10:100366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100366

    Article  Google Scholar

  81. Shukla S, Saxena A (2020b) Appraisal of groundwater quality with human health risk assessment in parts of Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain, North India. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-020-00771-6

    Article  Google Scholar

  82. Singh UK, Kumar B (2017) Pathways of heavy metals contamination and associated human health risk in Ajay River basin, India. Chemosphere 174:183–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.103

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  83. Singh A, Patel AK, Kumar M (2020) Mitigating the risk of arsenic and fluoride contamination of groundwater through a multi-model framework of statistical assessment and natural remediation techniques. In: Emerging issues in the water environment during anthropocene. Springer, Singapore, pp 285–300

  84. Soujanya Kamble B, Saxena PR, Kurakalva RM, Shankar K (2020) Evaluation of seasonal and temporal variations of groundwater quality around Jawaharnagar municipal solid waste dumpsite of Hyderabad city, India. SN Appl Sci 2(3):498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2199-0

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  85. Su F, Li P, He X, Elumalai V (2020a) Set pair analysis in earth and environmental sciences: development, challenges, and future prospects. Expo Health 12(3):343–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-020-00368-3

    Article  Google Scholar

  86. Su Z, Wu J, He X, Elumalai V (2020b) Temporal changes of groundwater quality within the groundwater depression cone and prediction of confined groundwater salinity using Grey Markov model in Yinchuan area of northwest China. Expo Health 12(3):447–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-020-00355-8

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  87. Tian R, Wu J (2019) Groundwater quality appraisal by improved set pair analysis with game theory weightage and health risk estimation of contaminants for Xuecha drinking water source in a loess area in Northwest China. Hum Ecol Risk Assess Int J 25(1–2):132–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2019.1573035

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  88. Todd DK, Mays LW (2005) Groundwater hydrology. Wiley, Hoboken

    Google Scholar

  89. Tolera MB, Choi H, Chang SW, Chung I-M (2020) Groundwater quality evaluation for different uses in the lower Ketar Watershed, Ethiopia. Environ Geochem Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00508-y

    Article  Google Scholar

  90. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (1989) Superfund public health evaluation manual. Washington, DC

  91. US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2001) Baseline human health risk assessment Vasquez Boulevard and I-70 superfund site, Denver CO. http://www.epa.gov/region8/superfund/sites/VB-170-Risk.pdf. Accessed 20 Jan 2011

  92. Varis O (2014) Resources: curb vast water use in central Asia. Nat News 514(7520):27

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  93. Vasquez LV, Hernandez JR, Lopez JR, Uribe AS, Mancilla OL (2006) The origin of fluoride in groundwater supply to Hermosillo City, Sonora, Mexico. Environ Geol 51:17–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-006-0300-7

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  94. Wagh VM, Panaskar DB, Shrikant VM, Manesh LA, Uday LS (2019a) Nitrate associated health risks from groundwater of Kadava River Basin Nashik, Maharashtra, India. Hum Ecol Risk Assess Int J. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1528861

    Article  Google Scholar

  95. Wagh VM, Panaskar DB, Jacobs JA, Mukate SV, Muley AA, Kadam AK (2019b) Influence of hydro-geochemical processes on groundwater quality through geostatistical techniques in Kadava River basin, Western India. Arab J Geosci 12(1):7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-4136-8

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  96. Wang D, Wu J, Wang Y, Ji Y (2020) Finding high-quality groundwater resources to reduce the hydatidosis incidence in the Shiqu County of Sichuan Province, China: analysis, assessment, and management. Expo Health 12(2):307–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-019-00314-y

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  97. WHO (2011) World health organisation guidelines for drinking water quality, 4th edn. In: Incorporating the first and second addenda, 1 Recommendation (Geneva)

  98. WHO (2017) Guidelines for drinking water quality: fourth edition incorporating the first addendum, 4th edn. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar

  99. Wu J, Zhou H, He S, Zhang Y (2019) Comprehensive understanding of groundwater quality for domestic and agricultural purposes in terms of health risks in a coal mine area of the Ordos basin, north of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Environ Earth Sci 78(15):446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8471-1

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  100. WWDR (2015) Water for a sustainable world. France: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

  101. Yadav KK, Kumar V, Gupta N, Kumar S, Rezania S, Singh N (2019) Human health risk assessment: study of a population exposed to fluoride through groundwater of Agra city, India. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 106:68–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.04.013

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

  102. Yitbarek A, Razack M, Ayenew T, Zemedagegnehu E, Azagegn T (2012) Hydrogeological and hydrochemical framework of Upper Awash River basin, Ethiopia: with special emphasis on inter-basins groundwater transfer between Blue Nile and Awash Rivers. J Afr Earth Sci 65:46–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2012.01.002

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar

Author information

Affiliations

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shankar Karuppannan.