FLUORIDE ACTION NETWORK PESTICIDE PROJECT
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Cryolite (Sodium aluminum fluoride). TOXNET from Hazardous Substances Data Bank.
See for Updates: http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB
ALUMINUM SODIUM FLUORIDE
CASRN: 15096-52-3
For other data, click on the Table of ContentsHuman Health Effects:
Human Toxicity Excerpts:
/CHRONIC FLUORINE POISONING OCCURS AMONG MINERS OF CRYOLITE/ LOSS OF WEIGHT, ANOREXIA, ANEMIA, WASTING ... AND DENTAL DEFECTS ARE AMONG COMMON FINDINGS IN CHRONIC FLUORINE POISONING. THERE MAY BE AN EOSINOPHILIA, AND IMPAIRMENT OF GROWTH IN YOUNG WORKERS. SYMPTOMS OF INTOXICATION INCLUDE GASTRIC, INTESTINAL, CIRCULATORY, RESP AND NERVOUS COMPLAINTS AND SKIN RASHES.
ABOUT HALF OF ... CRYOLITE WORKERS COMPLAINED OF LACK OF APPETITE, SHORTNESS OF BREATH; A SMALLER PROPORTION MENTIONED CONSTIPATION, LOCALIZED PAIN IN REGION OF LIVER AND OTHER SYMPTOMS. ... A SLIGHT DEGREE OF FLUOROSIS WAS FOUND IN /CRYOLITE/ WORKERS EXPOSED FOR 2-2.5 YEARS WHILE MORE DEFINITE SIGNS WERE FOUND IN THOSE EXPOSED NEARLY 5 YEARS, AND SIGNS OF MODERATE FLUOROSIS APPEARED IN THOSE WITH MORE THAN 11 YEARS OF EXPOSURE.
A study of the health effects of occupational exposure to cryolite was conducted. The study group consisted of 101 males, 21 to 67 years old, employed in the Danish cryolite production industry. They completed a questionnaire to obtain information on respiratory and other work related symptoms, smoking habits, and length of employment. The amount of exposure was determined from the length of time employed in cryolite production. Spirometric testing was performed. Chest x-rays were offered to five subjects who had been employed in cryolite production for 312 to 516 months. Smokers had significantly lower 1 second forced expiratory volumes than nonsmokers or exsmokers. The forced epiratory volume in 1 sec was not significantly correlated with exposure. No radiographic abnormalities were detected. Asthma, chronic bronchitis mucosal membrane and skin irritation, and nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea were frequently reported by the subjects. The frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms was highest in workers with the longest exposures. The overall frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms, 33.7%, was significantly higher than that observed in a random sample of the male Danish population, 3.8%. Chronic bronchitis was significantly associated with smoking, but not exposure. /Results suggest/ that exposure to cryolite does not seem to impair lung function. Cryolite exposure does not seem to contribute to chronic bronchitis to the extent that it could statisticlly compete with the effect of smoking. Cryolite workers have a high prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms.
... THE MAJOR MANIFESTATIONS OF CHRONIC INGESTION OF EXCESSIVE AMT OF FLUORIDE ARE OSTEOSCLEROSIS & MOTTLED ENAMEL. CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO EXCESS FLUORIDE CAUSES INCR OSTEOBLASTIC ACTIVITY. ... DENSITY AND CALCIFICATION OF BONE ARE INCREASED; IN THE CASE OF FLUORIDE INTOXICATION, IT IS THOUGHT TO REPRESENT THE REPLACEMENT OF HYDROXYAPATITE BY THE DENSER FLUOROAPATITE. /FLUORIDE SALTS/
Sodium fluoride was reported to induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in cultured human cells, and conflicting results were obtained on the induction of chromosome aberrations; it did not induce sister chromatid exchanges. /Sodium fluoride/
A cross sectional study was performed to clarify a possible role of atopy in the occurrence of acute bronchoconstrictive impairment observed in workers in a plant for the electrolytic extraction of aluminum. At the time of examination, mean hydrogen fluoride exposure was 0.56 mg/cu m, mean particulate fluoride exposure was 0.15 mg/cu m, and mean sulfur dioxide concentration was 3.38 mg/cu m. No information on duration of exposure or employment is provided. Of 227 workers examined (mean age 37, 43% current smokers) the percentage of those with a history of atopy and positive skin tests for common allergens was within the expected range. Six had a positive patch test with 2% sodium fluoride. Among 7 workers with paroxysmal wheezing and dyspnea, of whom 3 were light smokers, 3 had positive skin tests with common allergens but only 1 had an increased IgE value. The same worker also had a positive patch test with 2% sodium fluoride. Two had symptoms defined as chronic bronchitis. Forced expiratory volumes, with 2 exceptions, measured at the beginning of the workshift were within normal limits. In 5 of the 7 workers, nonspecific bronchoprovocative tests with histamine or metacholine indicated objectively the presence of bronchial hyperreactivty. /Sodium fluoride/
Numerous reports of accidental and intentional poisonings with flouride were tabulated and concluded that a dose range of 5 to 10 g of sodium fluoride can be cited as a reasonable estimate of a "certainly lethal (single) dose" for a 70 kg man. They noted that this corresponds from 70 to 140 mg/kg. /Sodium fluoride/
Chronic poisoning: Intake of more than 6 mg of fluoride per day results in fluorosis. Symptoms are weight loss, brittleness of bones, anemia, weakness, general ill health, stiffness of joints. ... /Fluoride/
THERE IS SOME EVIDENCE THAT @ INTAKE LEVELS CONSIDERABLY HIGHER THAN NORMAL THERE IS TENDENCY FOR BODY TO BECOME DEPLETED OF /PHOSPHORUS/, OWING TO BINDING OF DIETARY PHOSPHATE BY ALUMINUM IN DIGESTIVE TRACT. /ALUMINUM/
LOCALLY IN SOLN ... /ALUM IS/ RARELY IRRITATING BUT THE DRY POWDER MAY CAUSE MARKED INFLAMMATION OR CORROSION OF THE SKIN & MUCOUS MEMBRANES. WHEN INGESTED AS CONCN SOLN OR AS SOLID ... THERE IS GI IRRITATION OR CORROSION, WITH NAUSEA, VOMITING, ABDOMINAL PAIN & DIARRHEA. /ALUM/
Nineteen young male workers exposed occupationally from 1975-1977 to inhaled particles of aluminum experienced breathlessness with reversible airways obstruction after an average of 4 mo employment. At standardized methacholine provocation tests, 17 of 19 workers with normal spirometry showed airway hyperreactivity with a fall of forced expiratory volume in 1 sec of greater than or equal to 15% after 0.1% methacholine. Fifteen initially asthmatic workers were followed for 2-5 yr with methacholine provocation tests. Mean threshold dose 15%of forced expiratory volume in 1 sec 11 workers did not change significantly after an average of 41 mo of nonexposure. Six workers continuously exposed for 48 mo also failed to change normal airway reactivity. /Aluminum salts/
Nuclear and chromatin fractions were prepared from the cerebral cortex of 34 human and 37 animal brains. Chromatin was separated into a heavy heterochromatin fraction and two euchromatin fractions: intermediate euchromatin and light euchromatin. Compared to age matched controls, aluminum content expressed per gram of DNA was significantly increased in nuclear and heterochromatin fractions in pre-senile Alzheimer's disease. In contrast, nuclear preparations from brains of patients who had died with dialysis encephalopathy contained less aluminum than controls, although whole tissue concn were elevated ten to fifteen times above the control concn. Direct injection of aluminum into the cerebrospinal fluid of cats resulted in a progressive encephalopathy with neurofibrillary degeneration and increased intranuclear aluminum content. It is speculated that in Alzheimer's disease, the normal blood-brain and cytoplasmic barriers for this neurotoxic metal are defective, permitting aluminum to gain access to DNA containing constituents of the nuclei. /Aluminum/
Though the etiology of the dialysis dementia has not been conclusively established, there is ample evidence to implicate aluminum as the causative agent for this fatal syndrome. ... Dialysis dementia is a severe syndrome characterized by progressive neurological impairment, speech disorders, dysarthria, dyspraxia, dysphasia, aphemia, amnesia, mutism, facial grimacing and myoclonus. Of sixty dialysis dementia cases recently reviewed, 87% exhibited disturbances in communication, 66% in cognition and 93% in movement. The onset is usually insidious, with the first symptoms occurring after a mean of 37 mo from the beginning of the dialysis treatment. Hesitant, stuttering, misarticulated and non-fluent speech, difficulty in concentration, diurnal drowsiness, reduction of attention span, poor memory, dysgraphia and twitching of limbs are usually the earliest signs. Patients exhibit a very characteristic electroencephalogram demonstrating paroxysmal slowing, diffuse rhythmical bursts, with diphasic or triphasic spiked waves in the high-voltage delta frequency range in the initial early stages and only pronounced generalized delta and theta activity late in the course of the dialysis dementia. Reports exist on possible epileptogenic activity arising in the middle diencephalon and a few indicate localized cortical atrophy. Low protein content in the frontal grey matter may indicate that dialysis encephalopathy is accompanied by defects in the blood-brain barrier. Episodic apnea was also related to the EEG abnormality with intermittent respiratory arrest occurring simultaneously with paroxysmal slowing. ... The actual pathogenesis is complicated, since the symptoms are developed in some patients and not in other equally exposed patients. This can be attributed to the rate of exposure or peak free aluminum concn as well as other factors, such as parathyroid hormone, that affects aluminum absorption and/or distribution, and the impairment of some functions of the central nervous system. /Aluminum/
On occasion workers chronically exposed to aluminum containing dusts or fumes have developed severe pulmonary reactions including fibrosis, emphysema and pneumothorax. A much rarer encephalopathy has also been described. The factors which predispose to lung damage are not well characterized. ... /Aluminum (dust or fumes)/
Fluorosis. Inhalation of fluoride poses a potential hazard in workers in primary aluminium production, but the majority of workers are clinically unaffected. Clinical fluorosis, which is rare, commences with stiffness in the lower back followed by pain and then limitation of rotation of the trunk. Later, the spine becomes rigid and stiff, with restriction of chest movement and of the large joints, particularly the hip, that is accompanied by osteosclerosis. /Aluminum fluorides/
/Aluminum (dust or powder) is a/ respiratory and eye irritant only. /Aluminum (dust or powder)/
The high levels of aluminum found in the brain tissue of uremic patients who died are thought to be the cause of dialysis encephalopathy. Aluminum in the water supply and in phosphate binding gels is the likely source. Aluminum toxicity also is manifested by abnormal accumulation in bone. Osteomalacia is rare when aluminum-free dialysate is used and oral aluminum ingestion is minimized. /Aluminum/
Certain dusts produce primarily interstitial fibrotic disease (eg, acute berylliosis, aluminosis, asbestosis) rather than the focal nodular lesions seen in simple pneumoconiosis. Fibrotic lesions appear out of proportion to the presence of dust-laden macrophages. /Aluminum dust/
Hazardous exposures are confined to the production of Aluminum and the making of Aluminum abrasives; dusts and fumes in the reduction plants consist of alumina dust and fume, cryolite, ... the fluorides of aluminum, coal tar pitch volatiles consisting of 14 identified polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide. ... The production of aluminum abrasives, however, in which bauxite, iron, coke, and silica are fused at 2000 deg C, poses the threat of Shaver's disease, an often fatal and rapidly progressive interstitial fibrosis of the lung, unless exposures are properly controlled. Present-day control measures have almost removed the threat.
Recently reported adverse effects of aluminum in humans have resulted from inhalation or ingestion of aluminum in concentrations many times greater than the amounts present in normal circumstances. Following large oral doses of aluminum, toxic syndromes involve gastrointestinal tract irritation and eventually, interference with phosphate absorption, which results in rickets. Industrial exposure to high concentrations of aluminum containing airborne dusts has resulted in a number of cases of occupational pneumoconiosis. Most of these exposures were chronic, and other substances were involved in nearly all instances. For example, an asthma like disease has been reported in workers engaged in the production of aluminum from its oxide. This condition may result from the hydrogen fluoride that evolves from the use of fluorine bearing materials in the production of metallic aluminum. Silicosis, aluminosis, aluminum lung, and bauxite pneumoconiosis are the result of pulmonary fibrotic reactions to silica and aluminum containing compounds, which have been observed in the lung tissue in humans. Paradoxically, aluminum powder has been used in the prevention and therapy of silicosis. The rationale is that small amounts of metallic aluminum inhibit the solubility of siliceous materials in the lungs or diminish their fibrogenic properties. There is no unequivocable evidence that the procedure is clinically effective. /Aluminum/
Variable degrees of bony fluorosis have been seen. The first stage of this condition consists simply of an increase in bone density, particularly marked in the vertebral bodies and pelvis. As fluoride is further absorbed into bone, calcification of the ligaments of the pelvis may be seen ... In the event of extreme and protracted exposure to fluoride, calcification of the paraspinal and other ligamentous structures as well as about joints are noted. /Aluminum fluorides/
A report from Italy indicated that aluminum production workers may also suffer from pneumoconiosis. Chest X ray examination of 119 potroom workers and a similarly sized control group revealed tht the exposed group included significantly more cases of suspected and definite pneumoconiosis (30%) than the control group (15%). Small inorganic fibrous particles have been discovered in the potrooms of the Norwegian aluminum industry. The health significance of this finding is as yet unknown. /Aluminum/
Asthma, chronic pulmonary disease and skin lesions occur in potroom workers. Fluorosis has occurred in workers in the aluminum production industry. /Aluminum/
The available epidemiological studies provide limited evidence that ... exposures ... are carcinogenic to humans, giving rise to cancer of the lung and bladder. A possible causative agent is pitch fume. There is inadequate evidence that occupational exposures in the aluminum production industry result in haematolymphopoietic and pancreatic cancer. There is sufficient evidence that samples of particulate polynuclear organic matter from one aluminum production plant were carcinogenic to experimental animals. However, because of the incomplete characterization of the samples tested, no evaluation of the carcinogenicity to experimental animals of complex mixtures that occur in the aluminum production industry could be made. A number of individual polynuclear aromatic compounds for which there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals have been measured at high levels in air samples taken from certain areas in aluminium production plants. Taken together, the available evidence indicates that certain exposures in the aluminum production industry are probably carcinogenic to humans. /Aluminum/
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
Respiratory and eye irritant only. /Aluminum (dust or powder)/
Drug Warnings:
Food and Environmental Agents: Effect on Breast-Feeding: Reported Sign or Symptom in Infant or Effect on Lactation: Fluorides: None. /from Table 7/
Medical Surveillance:
Fluoride levels in urine should be checked periodically and all workers should be subjected to periodical skeletal X-ray exam particularly of the pelvis. /Fluoride and cmpd/
Populations at Special Risk:
Populations that appear to be at increased risk from the effects of fluoride are individuals that suffer from diabetes insipidus or some forms of renal impairment. These high risk populations represent a relatively small segment of the general populations. /Fluoride/
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
INTAKE OF ALUMINUM IS CHIEFLY BY MOUTH, FROM FOODS AND BEVERAGES, ALSO BY LUNGS, FROM THE ATMOSPHERIC DUST CONTENT. IT IS PRESENT IN NATURAL DIET, IN AMT VARYING FROM VERY LOW IN ANIMAL PRODUCTS TO RELATIVELY HIGH IN PLANTS. /ALUMINUM/
/FROM RESIDUES/ ON SOME CROPS, ESPECIALLY PEACH ... .
ABOUT HALF OF ... CRYOLITE WORKERS COMPLAINED OF LACK OF APPETITE, SHORTNESS OF BREATH; A SMALLER PROPORTION MENTIONED CONSTIPATION, LOCALIZED PAIN IN REGION OF LIVER AND OTHER SYMPTOMS. ... A SLIGHT DEGREE OF FLUOROSIS WAS FOUND IN /CRYOLITE/ WORKERS EXPOSED FOR 2-2.5 YEARS WHILE MORE DEFINITE SIGNS WERE FOUND IN THOSE EXPOSED NEARLY 5 YEARS, AND SIGNS OF MODERATE FLUOROSIS APPEARED IN THOSE WITH MORE THAN 11 YEARS OF EXPOSURE. MOST SEVERE CASES /OF FLUOROSIS/ WERE THOSE OF MEN WHO HAD 21 YEARS OF EXPOSURE. HOWEVER, NOT ALL /CRYOLITE/ WORKERS DEVELOPED FLUOROSIS, NO ABNORMALITIES BEING DETECTED IN 1 MAN AFTER 24 YEARS OF WORK.
... In workers in bauxite mines, foundries, and factories. In more than 1000 exposed workers given X-ray examinations of the chest, pulmonary changes were found in 3.5 percent of those exposed to bauxite dust, & in 4.9 percent exposed to cryolite dust in foundries and in factory workers exposed to alumina.
Chronic fluorosis generally develops after prolonged (10-20 years) exposure to industrial dusts, insecticides, or water where fluorides exceed 3 to 4 ppm. This is especially true in workers involved in the production of aluminum, steel, or glass. /Aluminum fluorides/
Production of aluminum sulfate and aluminum fluoride is associated with exposure to several irritant substances. Such production has been connected with reversible bronchial obstruction or asthma. In an aluminum plant in Sweden, 6 cases of asthma occurred in 1975, and 7 in 1976. The number of exposed workers was 35-40. The levels of aluminum fluoride (personal sampling) were measured during these two years, and the mean concentrations were 3-6 mg/cu m. In 1977, improvements were made at this plant thereby reducing the mean levels of aluminum fluoride to 0.4-1.0 mg/cu m. During the years 1978-1980, only two cases of asthma occurred. /Aluminum fluorides/
Hazards to workers, the general population & the environment resulting from the emission of fluoride-containing gases, smokes and dusts due to the use of cryolite flux ... in cryolite processing plants ... .
Electrolytic production of aluminum can lead to a substantial exposure to fluorides and carcinogenic tar oils, including polyaromatic hydrocarbons. /Aluminum fluorides/
Primary aluminum production plants are located in about 40 countries. The two main methods used for aluminum production are Soderberg and prebake, which encompass a number of processes and job categories. Substantial exposures to airborne polynuclear aromatic compounds have been measured in certain occupational settings in this industry. Exposures have been higher in potrooms of plants using the Soderberg process than in those using the prebake process; some workers may have exposed to both process. Exposures to fluorides and a variety of other contaminants also occur in potrooms. /Aluminum fluorides/
In aluminum reduction plants ... from exposure to coal tar pitch volatiles and their associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ... Among coke oven workers, implicating coal tar pitch volatiles, a mutual exposure in aluminum reduction plants ... . /Aluminum/
Body Burden:
FROM ANALYSIS OF BONES OF 2 /CRYOLITE/ WORKERS ... /IT WAS/ ESTIMATED THAT THEIR SKELETAL SYSTEMS CONTAINED 50 AND 90 G OF FLUORINE, RESPECTIVELY. THE LATTER AMT HAD BEEN DEPOSITED DURING 7500 WORKING DAYS, CORRESPONDING TO AN AVG DEPOSITION OF 12 MG/DAY.
A body burden of 100 mg/70 kg man with a daily dietary intake of approximately 36.4 mg. /From table, aluminum/
THE NORMAL BLOOD LEVEL OF ALUMINUM IS 17 UG/100 ML AND MOST SOFT TISSUES CONTAIN BETWEEN 0.2 AND 0.6 PPM. HUMAN BODY BURDEN OF ALUMINUM IS 50 TO 150 MG & IS APPARENTLY UNAFFECTED BY EITHER NORMAL DAILY INTAKE LEVELS ESTIMATED TO BE APPROXIMATELY 10 TO 100 MG OR CONSIDERABLY HIGHER DOSES. /ALUMINUM/
Aluminum content of normal human brain ranged from 0.1-3.9 ug/g dry weight. In a study of 208 samples taken from 7 patients, ... a mean aluminum content of 1.9 + or - 0.07 ug/g dry weight of gray matter /was found/ to be abnormal. In a study of 585 areas sampled from the brain tissue of 10 patients with Alzheimer's disease they found 28% had an aluminum concn > 4 ug/g. The range of the 585 samples was 0.4-107 ug/g. /Aluminum/
Average Daily Intake:
The daily ingestion of aluminum by humans was estimated to be 30-50 mg. /Aluminum/
Emergency Medical Treatment:
Emergency Medical Treatment:
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The following Overview, *** FLUORIDE ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical. |
| Life Support: |
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures
have been instituted. |
| Clinical Effects: |
SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Following ingestion, sodium fluoride probably reacts
with gastric acid to produce highly corrosive HF which
may cause the nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal
pains, and acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis reported
following massive overdose.
o In most instances, gastrointestinal signs and symptoms
predominate. Other effects include headache, numbness,
carpopedal spasm, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and
hyperkalemia. In severe poisoning hypotension and
dysrhythmias may develop. Death usually occurs from
cardiac failure or respiratory paralysis.
o Respiratory and mucous membrane irritation may develop
after inhalation.
CARDIOVASCULAR
0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Cardiac arrhythmias consistent with hyperkalemia may be
noted. Fatal cardiac arrest occurred in several
patients with renal failure exposed to fluoride during
hemodialysis.
RESPIRATORY
0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Respirations are first stimulated then depressed.
Death is usually from respiratory paralysis. Following
inhalation, coughing and choking may be noted.
NEUROLOGIC
0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Hyperactive reflexes, painful muscle spasms, weakness
and tetanic contractures may be noted due to fluoride
induced hypocalcemia.
GASTROINTESTINAL
0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Epigastric pain, nausea, dysphagia, salivation,
hematemesis, and diarrhea may be noted. These effects
may be delayed for several hours following exposure.
GI symptoms are noted when 3 to 5 mg/kg of fluoride are
ingested.
FLUID-ELECTROLYTE
0.2.12.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Hyperkalemia may be noted. Hypocalcemia is likely.
DERMATOLOGIC
0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Urticaria and pruritus have been reported following
exposure to fluoride.
REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS
o Prenatal fluoride supplementation (2.2 mg NaF or 1 mg
fluoride daily) during the last two trimesters of
pregnancy has been reported to be safe.
OTHER
0.2.23.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o CHRONIC EXPOSURE - Prolonged exposure to fluorinated
water may cause fluorosis. Signs and symptoms of
fluorosis include brittle bones, calcified ligaments,
and other crippling changes. |
| Laboratory: |
o Monitor serum calcium, potassium, and magnesium levels
regularly in symptomatic patients.
o No other specific lab work (CBC, electrolyte, urinalysis)
is needed unless otherwise indicated.
o Monitor EKG in significant intoxications. |
| Treatment Overview: |
ORAL EXPOSURE
o ADMINISTER milk, calcium gluconate, or calcium lactate
to bind fluoride ion in the gastrointestinal tract.
o ANTACIDS (aluminum and/or magnesium based) should be
administered.
o IV calcium (gluconate or chloride) and magnesium may be
necessary to correct serum deficits of these divalent
metals in serious overdosage.
o Monitor EKG and vital signs.
INHALATION EXPOSURE
o INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for
respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing
develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation,
bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and
assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with
beta2 agonist and corticosteroid aerosols.
EYE EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes. If
irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia
persist, the patient should be seen in a health care
facility.
DERMAL EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash
exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A
physician may need to examine the area if irritation or
pain persists. |
| Range of Toxicity: |
o The estimated toxic dose is 5 to 10 mg/kg of fluoride (not
sodium fluoride). GI symptoms have occurred following
ingestion of 3 to 5 mg/kg of fluoride. Accidental
ingestion of sodium fluoride by children usually does not
present serious risk if the amount of fluoride ingested is
less than 5 mg/kg. Death has been reported following
ingestion of 16 mg/kg of fluoride. Fluoride toothpaste
typically contains a maximum of 1 milligram of fluoride
per gram of toothpaste. |
Antidote and Emergency Treatment:
TREATMENT: TO RELIEVE THE GI DISTRESS /CAUSED BY SWALLOWING ALUMINUM SALTS/... THE DEGREE OF DEHYDRATION & ELECTROLYTE LOSS CAUSED BY VOMITING & DIARRHEA MUST BE DETERMINED, & CORRECTED BY IV INFUSIONS OF APPROPRIATE SOLUTIONS. /ALUMINUM SALTS/
DIAGNOSIS: WHEN HISTORY IS UNATTAINABLE, DIAGNOSIS DEPENDS ON THE DEMONSTRATION OF LARGE AMT OF ALUMINUM IN VOMITUS, STOMACH CONTENTS OR FECES. /ALUMINUM CMPD/
Deferoxamine has been used to treat dialysis encephalopathy and osteomalacia with symptomatic relief reported. The use of deferoxamine for aluminum-toxic dialysis patients has been suggested for serum levels of aluminum between 100 and 200 ug/ml. Deferoxamine also has been used to diagnose aluminum related osteodystrophy. After a deferoxamine infusion of 40 mg/kg over 2 hours, an increment in plasma aluminum concentration of 200 ug/l identified 35 of 37 patients with biopsy proven aluminum related osteodystrophy (sensitivity, 94%; specificity, 50%). Calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid does not appear as effective as deferoxamine in chelating aluminum. Especially in dialysis patients, aluminum containing medications should be reduced. /Aluminum/
Animal Toxicity Studies:
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:
... /CRYOLITE/ IS NON-PHYTOTOXIC @ INSECTICIDAL CONCN. ... IT IS OF LOW ACUTE TOXICITY TO MAMMALS; CHRONIC INTOXICATION IS PRODUCED IN SOME ANIMAL SPECIES BY DAILY ADMINISTRATION OF 15-150 MG/KG.
ACUTE TOXICITY BY INGESTION IS KNOWN TO BE VERY LOW (EG, IP LETHAL DOSE IN RATS IS 100 TIMES THAT OF SODIUM FLUORIDE).
RATS INHALING A MIXTURE OF CRYOLITE AT 0.5 MG/CU M & HYDROGEN FLUORIDE AT 0.35 MG/CU M 6 HR/DAY FOR 5 MO SHOWED DECR PHAGOCYTIC ACTIVITY BY THEIR LEUKOCYTES. ACTIVITY RETURNED TO NORMAL AFTER INHALATION WAS DISCONTINUED.
... The lowest oral dose (LDLO) resulting in death for aluminum trifluoride in the guinea pig was 190 mg aluminum/kg; subcutaneously, 965 aluminum/kg. The complex sodium aluminum fluoride, natural cryolite, has a reported LDLO for the rabbit of 9000 mg/kg, indicating essential nontoxicity by this route; the synthetic form is somewhat more toxic. Intraperitoneally, however, the LD50 for the rat is 59 mg/kg, indicating high toxicity. ...
In one study, concentrations of aluminum ranging from 500 to 1,000 ug/g body weight were added to the diets of pregnant rats from day 6 to day 19 of gestation, when the fetuses were removed by Caesarean section. Aluminum in the diet did not affect embryo or fetal mortality rate, litter size, fetal body weight, or length. However, in a similarly designed experiment in which the pregnant mothers received subcutaneous injections of parathyroid hormone (68 U/kg) on days 6, 9, 12, 15, or 18 of gestation, there was an increase only in the resorption rate in those animals receiving aluminum at 1,000 ug/g body weight. /Aluminum/
... Animal studies show that aluminum particles, in particular stamped aluminum powder, may cause fibrosis of the lung whereas particles of aluminum compounds appear to be less reactive. /Aluminum powder/
Severe aluminum intoxication following parenteral or oral administration of aluminum hydroxide, chloride, or sulfate to rats is characterized by lethargy, anorexia, or death. ... Intratracheal instillation of aluminum salts or metallic aluminum powder has produced pulmonary fibross. Injected intraperitoneally, aluminum compounds produce fibrotic peritonitis. /Aluminum cmpd/
Because aluminum is only sparingly absorbed from the gut, LD50 values for aluminum ingestion are unavailable, since death occurs from intestinal blockage due to precipitated aluminum species rather than systemic aluminum toxicity. /Aluminum/
Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fitted with dorsal aortic cannulae were exposed in a flow-through soft water system to three acidities (pH 5.2, 4.8, or 4.4) and two concentrations of calcium (45 or 410 uequiv/l), in the presence (105 ug/l) or absence of aluminum in the form of aluminum chloride. Mortalities were recorded and blood was sampled for respiratory gases, ions, metabolites, and hematology before and at 4, 18, 28, 42, and 66 hr. Aluminum was most toxic to cannulated rainbow trout at pH 5.2 and least toxic at pH 4.4. Higher water calcium concentrations reduced mortality owing to aluminum at pH 5.2 and 4.8, but had no significant effect at pH 4.4, where mortality was 0-35% in the presence or absence of aluminum. Most fish deaths occurred between 42 and 66 hr, with the exception of the aluminum exposure at pH 5.2, low calcium treatment, where 4 of 10 fish died at about 30 hr. Two toxic mechanisms of aluminum and acidity were seen: ionoregulatory toxicity, which was caused by aluminum at pH 5.2 and 4.8 and by acidity at pH 4.4, and respiratory toxicity, which was caused solely by aluminum, and was greatest at higher pH. Ionoregulatory toxicity involved decreases in plasma sodium+ and chloride-, red cell swelling, and hemoconcentration. Respiratory toxicity involved reduced blood oxygen tension, elevated blood carbon dioxide tension, and increases in blood lactate. /Aluminum chloride/
... Fingerling brook trout weighing from 1.5 to 4.0 g ... exposed to high aluminum /ion/ concn (> 0.2 mg/l) in the lab, experienced a 3.2 to 3.5%/hr reduction in sodium content during the first 8 hr exposure at pH 5.0. A pH of 4.6 resulted in sodium loss at a similar rate. ... The presence of aluminum can accelerate net sodium loss in brook trout at pH 5.0. Field experiments indicated that substantial net sodium loss can also occur in natural settings where aluminum concn is high. Body sodium concn data subjected to two-way analysis of variance showed significant effects due to exposure site and time for each species /of trout/ tested. /Aluminum/
Groups of ten 2 yr old brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) were exposed for up to 96 hr using Synthetic Laiozza, a media made up from deionized water and salts added according to concn found in Lake Laiozza, a poorly buffered mountain lake (pH 5.3) in the Swiss Alps (containing 105 + or - 9 ug total aluminum/l; 45 + or - 18 ug labile aluminum/l). Synthetic Laiozza was enriched with 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 4.0 meq sodium chloride/l media. Addition of sodium chloride to the Synthetic Laiozza media significantly increased the MT50 (when 50% of the exposed fish had turned over) value only when 4 meq sodium chloride was added (MT50= 85 hr). /Aluminum/
Total nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide kinase activity is twice as high in the aluminum tolerant wheat strain (BHG) than in the aluminum sensitive variety (Grana). In the former the calmodulin dependent enzyme constitutes about 50% of the total activity, whereas in the latter it does not exceed 30%. Aluminum induced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide kinase activity 2.5 fold in the sensitive variety Grana and six fold in the aluminum tolerant BHG upon 10 hr incubation in 0.74 mM aluminum. The induction, abolished by cycloheximide, involves both calmodulin dependent and calmodulin independent enzymes in Grana, whereas in the aluminum tolerant genotype BHG, the induction involves only the calmodulin independent form, and the activity of the calmodulin dependent enzyme becomes marginal. Changes in the activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide kinase are paralleled by the shift in the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ratio. /Aluminum/
Effects of a low calcium, high aluminum diet were studied in juvenile Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). After being fed a specially formulated diet containing 0.32% calcium, with or without supplemental aluminum (150 mg daily) and manganese (50 daily) for 41-46 mo, the animals exhibited mild calcium and aluminum deposition and degenerative changes compatible with those of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism, dementia in motor neurons of the spinal cord, brain stem, substantia nigra and cerebrum. The highest number of neurons with abnormally phosphorylated neurofilaments was observed in the two monkeys fed the low calcium diet supplemented with aluminum and manganese. In contrast, these abnormal neurons were not observed in a control monkey fed a normal calcium diet. /Aluminum/
Female Swiss Webster mice (6 to 8 wk old) were fed diets containing 25, 100, 500 or 1000 ug/g aluminum for up to 10 wk. After mice had consumed their diets for either 7 or 10 wk they were killed and their brains removed. No differences in body wt gain were observed among the groups. After 10 wk, liver aluminum concn was significantly higher in the 1000 ug/g aluminum group, compared to the 25 and 100 ug/g groups (p< 0.05). Levels of aluminum in brain supernatants were below assay detection limits (10 ug/g). Tubulin polymerization in high speed brain supernatants was not found to be affected by dietary aluminum. However, the addition of aluminum (1 to 50 uM, as aluminum sulfate in vitro stimulated microtubule assembly in brain supernatants from mice fed control diets. The lowest aluminum concn that produced significant stimulation was 10 uM (27 + or - 7%, n= 6, p< 0.05); at 25 uM the incr of the initial velocity was 65 + or - 12% (n= 6, p< 0.01). /Aluminum/
/ACUTE POISONING/ IF SUFFICIENT FLUORIDE IS ABSORBED ... FLUORIDE ION INCREASES CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY AND ALSO PRODUCES A COAGULATION DEFECT. THESE ACTIONS LEAD TO HEMORRHAGIC GASTROENTERITIS & HEMORRHAGES, CONGESTION, & EDEMA IN VARIOUS ORGANS INCL THE BRAIN. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS INCLUDE EXCITABILITY, MUSCLE TREMORS, WEAKNESS, URINATION, DEFECATION, SALIVATION, EMESIS, SUDDEN COLLAPSE, CLONIC CONVULSIONS, COMA, & DEATH DUE TO RESP & CARDIAC FAILURE. CYANOSIS & EARLY RIGOR MORTIS ... . /FLUORIDE/
After intraperitoneal administration of a single large dose of fluoride (sodium fluoride, 35 mg/kg body weight), the calcium contents of the renal cortex and medulla of fluoride intoxicated rats were increased by 33 and 10 times, respectively. /Sodium fluoride/
The ionic fluoride levels in plasma following intraperitoneal administration of 15, 20, or 25 mg of fluoride per kg body weight to 200 g rats /was studied/. In animals given 25 mg/kg, the mean ionic fluoride level in plasma was 38 mg/liter after 10 min and the animals invariably died within 1 hr. All animals receiving 15 or 20 mg/kg survived, despite mean ionic fluoride levels in plasma of 22.9 and 29.2 mg/l, respectively. /Sodium fluoride/
Typical symptoms of acute toxicity are reduction or loss of appetite, local or general congestion, and sub-mucosal hemorrhages of the gastrointestinal tract. Such acute responses were recognized when chickens were fed for 10 days on a diet containing 6786 mg fluoride/kg (as sodium fluoride). Roosters receiving sodium fluoride at 200 mg/kg body weight, twice in 24 hr, developed gastroenteritis with edema of the mucosa of the stomach and upper bowels, subcutaneous edema, hepatomegaly, and atrophy of the pancreas. /Sodium fluoride/
No effect of sodium fluoride in drinking water on the frequency of sister chromatid exchange in mice /were found/. Twelve week old mice were taken from colonies which had been maintained for at least the seven prior generations on a low fluoride diet (estimated to equal less than 0.1 mg/kg/day) or a high fluoride diet (50 ppm estimated to equal 10 mg/kg/day). Sodium fluoride was added to the drinking water of the group exposed to 50 ppm fluoride. Sister chromatid exchange status was identified in a separate laboratory with no knowledge of the fluoride status of the animals. No significant differences in sister chromatid exchange status were found between the low and high fluoride groups. /Sodium fluoride/
In a chronic study, mice (female, CSE mice, 3 to 4 weeks old, initially weighing 22.5 to 25.5 g) were given drinking water containing 1 to 6 mg fluoride (as sodium flouride)/l for six months. No histological effects attributable to fluoride were seen in the heart, stomach, intestines, or bones. /Sodium fluoride/
The acute and subacute physiological and pathological effects of fluoride (as sodium fluoride) administered intravenously and orally to male and female dogs /were described/. When fluoride was infused intravenously in four dogs at the rate of 5.4 mg fluoride/min, the mean acute lethal dose was 36.0 + or - 0.5 mg fluoride/kg with death occurring after 59 to 64 minutes of infusion. The principal effects observed were a progressive decline in blood pressure, heart rate, central nervous system activity (pupil size, response to light, tendon reflexes) with vomiting and defecation. /Sodium fluoride/
... LAMENESS; PAINFUL, STIFF GAIT OR POSTURE; DECR FEED INTAKE; ANOREXIA; ROUGH HAIRCOAT; EMACIATION; & DECR MILK PRODUCTION. BONY EXOSTOSES ... TEETH HAVE ... MOTTLING & PATCHY LOSS OF DENTINE. ... SPONTANEOUS FRACTURES MAY OCCUR. ... LESIONS CONSIST OF HYPEROSTOSIS, POROSIS, ENLARGEMENT ... ROUGHENING. /FLUORIDE/
Nuclear and chromatin fractions were prepared from the cerebral cortex of ... 37 animal brains. Chromatin was separated into a heavy heterochromatin fraction and two euchromatin fractions: intermediate euchromatin and light euchromatin. ... Direct injection of aluminum into the cerebrospinal fluid of cats resulted in a progressive encephalopathy with neurofibrillary degeneration and increased intranuclear aluminum content. /Aluminum/
Subcutaneous implants of aluminum foil and repeated subcutaneous injections of aluminum-dextran (0.2 ml dose not given) in rats and mice have produced sarcomas at the site of instillation or injection. On the other hand, intraperitoneally administered aluminum nitrate has inhibited the growth of a transplanted carcinoma in rodents.
Aluminum compounds have been evaluated as non-mutagenic by most standard methods of mutagenic assays. /Aluminum cmpd/
Non-Human Toxicity Values:
LD50 Rat ip 59 mg/kg
Ecotoxicity Values:
EC50 Simocephalus 5.0 mg/l/48 hr at 15 deg C, first instar (95% confidence limit 3.6-6.8 mg/l) Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l. /Technical material, 96%/
EC50 Daphnia pulex 10.0 mg/l/48 hr at 15 deg C, first instar (95% confidence limit 7.6-13.0 mg/l) Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l. /Technical material, 96%/
LC50 Rainbow trout 47.0 mg/l/96 hr at 12 deg C, wt 1.8 g Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l. /Technical material, 96%/
LC50 Bluegill more than 400 mg/l/96 hr at 24 deg C, wt 0.8 g Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l. /Technical material, 96%/
Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:
Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:
MEAN CONCN OF FLUORINE IN URINE OF ... WORKERS WAS 16.05 MG/L, RANGE BEING 2.41-43.41 MG/L. IN THOSE WITH LESS SEVERE EXPOSURE, MEAN URINARY CONCN WAS 4.81 MG/L WITH A RANGE OF 1.78-11.67 MG/L. /FLUORINE/
MALE RATS ELIMINATED 45.9% OF FLUORIDE WHICH HAD BEEN ADMIN ORALLY AS CRYOLITE. OF TISSUES ANALYZED, ONLY KIDNEY AND FEMUR SHOWED ANY CORRELATION WITH AMT OF FLUORIDE ABSORBED OR RETAINED.
Exposure to cryolite dust may result in skeletal fluorosis. Eight male workers at a cryolite concentrator participated in a 4 day study after 5 days of vacation. Dust exposures were 0.16 to 21.2 mg/cu m. Urine was collected before work began and during two 4 hr periods. Preshift urine fluoride concentrations increased during the week. Fluoride concentrations in postshift urine and serum both correlated with the dust exposures. Serum fluoride concentrations decreased with a half-life of 3.3 to 6.9 hr after work. Fluoride clearance was 40.5 ml/min at urinary flow rates of 0.89 to 2.21 ml/min. Serum aluminum concentrations varied without relation to the exposure, but the urinary aluminum excretion correlated with the fluoride levels. Preshift serum phosphate concentrations increased significantly during the week, possibly indicating changes in mineral metabolism. For monitoring of individual uptake of cryolite dust, serum fluoride measurements are most useful.
It was calculated that a dialysate aluminum concn of 0.2-1.0 mg/l (a concn readily found in many water supplies) would result in the direct transfer of aluminum into the blood of 3-16 mg for each dialysis treatment or 42-211 mg/mo. /Aluminum/
A given oral dose of aluminum results in significantly higher serum and tissue levels of the metal in nephrectomized rats than in intact controls in spite of the fact that only minimal amounts of aluminum are normally excreted in the urine. /Aluminum/
It was found that 70-90% of total aluminum bound to plasma proteins (60-70% to a high molecular weight protein and 10-20% to albumin while only 10-30% was unbound). This high affinity of aluminum for plasma proteins strongly suggests high levels of binding of aluminum to a variety of tissue proteins. /Aluminum/
It was shown that the uptake of aluminum into the blood during renal dialysis was due to the extensive binding of aluminum to plasma proteins leaving very little aluminum in the non-bound state in plasma. Thus, the plasma proteins served as a trap for accumulating the metal. It was shown that the component of plasma protein that binds aluminum is saturable. Consistent with this ... is the fact that, during dialysis with aluminum-containing dialysate, plasma aluminum levels reach a plateau. /Aluminum/
Renal clearance of aluminum has been shown to be approximately 5-10% of that of urea or creatinine clearance. This is entirely consistent with the marked protein binding of aluminum in plasma, thus leaving only a small fraction of the total aluminum available for filtration in the kidney. /Aluminum/
In dogs undergoing renal dialysis ligation of the ureter (resulting in cessation of urinary output), there is a greater increase in plasma aluminum concn than in intact dogs undergoing comparable dialysis. This indicates That the kidney is responsible for the elimination of a major portion of absorbed aluminum. /Aluminum/
The 200-300 mg of aluminum/kg tissue weight is most likely due to local deposition of particulate aluminum from the air following inhalation and not due to a specific predilection of lung tissue for aluminum. Aluminum has been reported in both non-urban and urban air with the latter containing as much as 10 ug/cu m. /Aluminum/
The aluminum content of gray matter of brain (essentially the inner cellular mass of the brain) was not significantly different than that in the white matter (the outer myelinated fibers of the brain). /Aluminum/
SINCE LITTLE ALUMINUM IS ABSORBED, IT IS EXCRETED IN THE FECES, MUCH OF IT IN THE FORM OF ALUMINUM PHOSPHATE. THERE IS NO INCR IN THE AMT OF ALUMINUM IN TISSUES, EXCEPT IN BONE (ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS). /ALUMINUM/
AMT OF ALUMINUM IN TISSUES, ORGANS, BLOOD & URINE IS SMALL. ADULT HUMAN BODY MAY CONTAIN 50-150 MG ... AFTER INGESTION OF LARGE AMT VERY LITTLE APPEARS IN URINE ... BETWEEN 50 & 100 MG DAILY FOR ABOUT 70 DAYS. /ALUMINUM/
Cations that form insoluble phosphates interfere with the absorption of phosphorus. For example, high intakes of aluminum decrease absorption of phosphorus (as phosphate) by forming insoluble aluminum phosphate and increasing the excretory loss of phosphorus. /Aluminum/
Absorption of inhaled aluminum compounds has not been studied in detail; one reason for this is probably the fact that no stable radioactive isotope of aluminum is available. Workers exposed to aluminum in connection with the production of raw aluminum, aluminum sulfate, corundum or welding of aluminum have elevated levels of aluminum in urine. This is evidence of pulmonary absorption. ... Total urinary elimination of aluminum /was measured/ in three volunteers exposed to respirable aluminum fume from welding. The urinary excretion was 0.1-0.3% of the estimated inhaled amount. In experimental animals exposed to aluminum oxide as well as in humans occupationally exposed to aluminum particles, inhaled or deposited particles of aluminum may be retained in the lungs over long periods of time. /Aluminum cmpd/
Studies ... strongly suggest that aluminum in the gastrointestinal tract and its subsequent distribution in tissue can be influenced by increasing the concentration of parathyroid hormone. Male rats were fed aluminum as 0.1% of their diet for 25 days. The ready absorption of aluminum from the gastrointestinal tract of these normal rats was enhanced by injections of parathyroid hormone (17 U twice weekly). There was also increased deposition of the metal in the kidney, muscle, bone, and the gray matter of the brain, but not in the liver or in the white matter of the brain. Thus, the parathyroid hormone exerted a specific effect on the absorption and distribution of aluminum. In 1977, a positive correlation between increased serum parathyroid hormone and serum aluminum levels in dialysis patients ... had been reported. /Aluminum/
Trace determination of aluminum was carried out in blood samples from 11 patients with chronic renal failure undergoing periodical hemodialysis treatment. Analysis for aluminum was made by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry in samples taken at the beginning and end of dialysis, and of dialysate from the inflow (pre) and outflow (post) lines of dialyzers. Healthy individuals, without history of renal disease, were used as controls. The aluminum concn in pre- and post-dialysis whole blood was 58 + or - 9 ug/l and 139 + or - 19 ug/l, respectively. The aluminum concn in pre- and post-dialysate was 235 + or - 39 ug/l and 129 + or - 10 ug/l, respectively. Blood aluminum concn of control subjects did not show significant differences when compared with data reported by other authors. Aluminum was transferred to the patients' blood during the dialysis treatments, because of the high metal content tap water used to prepare the dialysates. /Aluminum/
ALUMINUM SALTS ARE ABSORBED IN ... SMALL AMT FROM THE DIGESTIVE TRACT. /ALUMINUM SALTS/
25 Preterm infants with birth wt 540 to 2280 g (20 with birth wt < 1500 g) and gestational ages 24 to 37 wk, were studied to determine the response to 2 levels of aluminum loading from currently unavoidable contamination of various components of parenteral nutrition soln. The high aluminum loading group received solutions with measured aluminum content of 306 + or - 16 ug/l and the low aluminum loading group received solutions with 144 + or - 16 ug aluminum/l. Urine aluminum:creatinine ratios (ug:mg) became elevated and significantly higher in the high aluminum group (1.6 + or - 0.38 vs 0.5 + or - 0.1 at the third sampling point (mean 19 days). Serum aluminum concn were highest at onset in both groups and stabilized with study but remained consistently higher than the normal median of 18 ug/l. Calculated urine aluminum excretions were consistently low and were 34 + or - 6% vs 28 + or - 5% in the high and low groups, respectively. In both groups, urine aluminum excretions were significantly lower than the calculated aluminum intakes. One infant in the low group who died 39 days after termination of the study showed the presence of aluminum in bone trabeculae and excessive unmineralized osteoid along the trabeculae. /Aluminum/
/Studies in man revealed/ peak serum levels are reached within a half hour, and levels fall promptly, with 20% of a given dose being excreted in the urine within 4 hr. /Sodium fluoride/
FLUORIDES ARE ABSORBED FROM GI TRACT, LUNG, & SKIN. GI TRACT IS MAJOR SITE OF ABSORPTION. THE RELATIVELY SOL CMPD, SUCH AS SODIUM FLUORIDE, ARE ALMOST COMPLETELY ABSORBED. ... FLUORIDE HAS BEEN DETECTED IN ALL ORGANS & TISSUES EXAMINED. ... THERE IS NO EVIDENCE THAT IT IS CONCENTRATED IN ANY TISSUES EXCEPT BONE, THYROID, AORTA, & PERHAPS KIDNEY. FLUORIDE IS PREPONDERANTLY DEPOSITED IN THE SKELETON & TEETH, & THE DEGREE OF SKELETAL STORAGE IS RELATED TO INTAKE AND AGE. ... MAJOR ROUTE OF ... EXCRETION IS BY WAY OF KIDNEYS; ... ALSO EXCRETED IN SMALL AMT BY SWEAT GLANDS, LACTATING BREAST, & GI TRACT. ... ABOUT 90% OF FLUORIDE ION FILTERED BY GLOMERULUS IS REABSORBED BY RENAL TUBULES. /FLUORIDE/
/RENAL CLEARANCE/ 1. VIRTUALLY ALL FLUORIDE IN PLASMA ... IS ULTRAFILTERABLE. 2. RENAL EXCRETION OF RADIOFLUORIDE DEPENDS ON GLOMERULAR FILTRATION & VARIABLE TUBULAR REABSORPTION. 3. PROBABLY, REABSORPTION IS LARGELY PASSIVE ... 4. FLUORIDE EXCRETION INCR WHEN PLASMA CONCN IS INCREASED. 5. PROCEDURES THAT INCREASE URINARY FLOW RATE (EG, ADMIN OF OSMOTIC DIURETICS, HYPERTONIC SALINE, OR DIURETIC DRUGS) INCREASE THE CLEARANCE OF FLUORIDE. /FLUORIDE/
RATS GIVEN (18)FLUORIDE ION AS A RADIOTRACER BY CONTINUOUS IV INFUSION OF SODIUM FLUORIDE FOR 3 HR SHOWED AT SUBLETHAL DOSE RATES, BLOOD FLUORIDE CONCN NEARS STEADY STATE PROPORTIONAL TO FLUORIDE INFUSION RATE. BLOOD, KIDNEY, & LUNG HAD HIGHEST CONCN @ DOSES UP TO 3 MG FLUORIDE/KG/HR, BUT @ 6 MG/KG/HR THE FLUORIDE OF THE LIVER, SPLEEN & HOLLOW ORGANS INCR SHARPLY. AMT ABOVE THIS WAS NOT WELL PROCESSED BY EXCRETORY MECHANISM. RATS INFUSED 3 HR WITH 6 MG FLUORIDE/KG/HR: DURING INFUSION FLUORIDE CONCN OF BONE & OTHER TISSUES WAS HIGH, BONE THE HIGHEST. OF SOFT TISSUES, LUNG HAD THE HIGHEST, BRAIN, TESTES, & FAT PADS THE LEAST CONCN. DURING DEPLETION PHASE, TISSUE FLUORIDE CONCN DECR, BONE FLUORIDE REMAINED CONSTANT, & SUBSTANTIAL AMOUNT REMAINED IN THE LUNG. /SODIUM FLOURIDE/
Following ingestion, soluble fluorides are rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract at least to the extent of 97%. Absorbed fluoride is distributed throughout the tissues of the body by the blood. Fluoride concentrations in soft tissues fall to pre-exposure levels within a few hours of exposure. Fluoride exchange with hydroxyl radicals of hydroxyapatite (the inorganic constituent of bone) to form fluorohydroxyapatite. Fluoride that is not retained is excreted rapidly in urine. In adults under steady state intake conditions, the urinary concentration of fluoride tends to approximate the concentration of fluoride in the drinking water. This reflects the decreasing retention of fluoride (primarily in bone) with increasing age. Under certain conditions perspiration may be an important route of fluoride excretion. The concentration of fluoride retained in bones and teeth is a function of both the concentration of fluoride intake and the duration of exposure. Periods of excessive fluoride exposure will result in increased retention in the bone. However, when the excessive exposure is eliminated, the bone fluoride concentration will decrease to a concentration that is again reflective of intake. /Fluoride/
Biological Half-Life:
The mean plasma half-life of aluminum after iv admin in dogs is approx 4.5 hr. /Aluminum/
The shorter half-life for the urinary elimination of aluminum was about 8 hr. /Aluminum/
Mechanism of Action:
The mechanism of action of orally and topically administered fluorides in reducing tooth decay are not fully understood. Fluoride ions are incorporated into and stabilize the apatite crystal of teeth and bone. /Fluorides/
FLUORIDE IS VERY REACTIVE AND CAPABLE OF INHIBITING A NUMBER OF ENZYMES, INCL PREGLYCOLYTIC ENZYMES, PHOSPHATASES, AND CHOLINESTERASE. THE RESULT IS INHIBITION OF CELLULAR GLUCOSE PHOSPHORYLATION (HENCE SUBSEQUENT GLYCOLYSIS) AND RESPIRATION AND INCR SENSITIVITY OF CHOLINERGIC MECHANISMS TO ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. /SODIUM FLUORIDE/
INHIBITION OF ONE OR MORE ENZYMES CONTROLLING CELLULAR GLYCOLYSIS (& PERHAPS RESP) MAY RESULT IN A CRITICAL LESION. ... BINDING OR PRECIPITATION OF CALCIUM AS CALCIUM FLUORIDE ... SUGGESTED AS MECHANISM UNDERLYING MANY DIVERSE SIGNS & SYMPTOMS IN FLUORIDE POISONING, PARTICULARLY IF DEATH IS DELAYED. ... AT LEAST IN SOME SPECIES FLUORIDE INTERFERES WITH BOTH CONTRACTILE POWER OF HEART AND THE MECHANISM OF BEAT IN A WAY THAT CANNOT BE ASCRIBED TO HYPOCALCEMIA. /FLUORIDE/
Interactions:
Groups of 120 Atlantic salmon fry (Salmo salar, 1 g mass) were kept in through-flow tanks of water (pH 5) containing various concn of aluminum and silicic acid. The aluminum concn in all but the control tank (0.85 umol aluminum/l) were 6-7 umol/l, at acutely toxic levels. Silicon levels were 0.66 umol/l (control), 93.06, 24.89, 5.46, and 0.60 umol/l, corresponding to silicon:aluminum ratios of 13.0, 3.7, 0.9, and 0.1. Exchangeable aluminum, ie, aluminum retained on Amberlite, was 6.00, 5.00, 4.11, and 1.52 umol/l in test tanks, respectively. Fish were exposed for 96 hr, and the proportion of dead fish was recorded at 12 hr intervals. The whole experiment was run three times; data are from all runs combined. At a silicon:aluminum ratio of 13, acute toxicity of aluminum was eliminated and gill structures of the fish were normal. Percent survival versus time was higher for the higher silicon:aluminum ratio groups. Accumulation of aluminum by fish fell sharply as the exchangeable aluminum increased. Aluminum and silicon levels in fish were 0.44 and 0.01 (control), 0.40 and 0.54 (silicon:aluminum ratio of 13), 2.04 and 0.35 (silicon:aluminum ratio of 3.7), 2.49 and 0.33 (silicon:aluminum ratio of 0.9), 2.38 and 0.08 (silicon:aluminum ratio of 0.1) umol per g dry mass, respectively. /Aluminum/
... PRETREATMENT OF RATS WITH FLUORIDE INCR THEIR SENSITIVITY TO SUCCINYLCHOLINE, DEMETON & PARATHION. /FLUORIDE/
Pharmacology:
Drug Warnings:
Food and Environmental Agents: Effect on Breast-Feeding: Reported Sign or Symptom in Infant or Effect on Lactation: Fluorides: None. /from Table 7/
Interactions:
Groups of 120 Atlantic salmon fry (Salmo salar, 1 g mass) were kept in through-flow tanks of water (pH 5) containing various concn of aluminum and silicic acid. The aluminum concn in all but the control tank (0.85 umol aluminum/l) were 6-7 umol/l, at acutely toxic levels. Silicon levels were 0.66 umol/l (control), 93.06, 24.89, 5.46, and 0.60 umol/l, corresponding to silicon:aluminum ratios of 13.0, 3.7, 0.9, and 0.1. Exchangeable aluminum, ie, aluminum retained on Amberlite, was 6.00, 5.00, 4.11, and 1.52 umol/l in test tanks, respectively. Fish were exposed for 96 hr, and the proportion of dead fish was recorded at 12 hr intervals. The whole experiment was run three times; data are from all runs combined. At a silicon:aluminum ratio of 13, acute toxicity of aluminum was eliminated and gill structures of the fish were normal. Percent survival versus time was higher for the higher silicon:aluminum ratio groups. Accumulation of aluminum by fish fell sharply as the exchangeable aluminum increased. Aluminum and silicon levels in fish were 0.44 and 0.01 (control), 0.40 and 0.54 (silicon:aluminum ratio of 13), 2.04 and 0.35 (silicon:aluminum ratio of 3.7), 2.49 and 0.33 (silicon:aluminum ratio of 0.9), 2.38 and 0.08 (silicon:aluminum ratio of 0.1) umol per g dry mass, respectively. /Aluminum/
... PRETREATMENT OF RATS WITH FLUORIDE INCR THEIR SENSITIVITY TO SUCCINYLCHOLINE, DEMETON & PARATHION. /FLUORIDE/
Environmental Fate & Exposure:
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
INTAKE OF ALUMINUM IS CHIEFLY BY MOUTH, FROM FOODS AND BEVERAGES, ALSO BY LUNGS, FROM THE ATMOSPHERIC DUST CONTENT. IT IS PRESENT IN NATURAL DIET, IN AMT VARYING FROM VERY LOW IN ANIMAL PRODUCTS TO RELATIVELY HIGH IN PLANTS. /ALUMINUM/
/FROM RESIDUES/ ON SOME CROPS, ESPECIALLY PEACH ... .
ABOUT HALF OF ... CRYOLITE WORKERS COMPLAINED OF LACK OF APPETITE, SHORTNESS OF BREATH; A SMALLER PROPORTION MENTIONED CONSTIPATION, LOCALIZED PAIN IN REGION OF LIVER AND OTHER SYMPTOMS. ... A SLIGHT DEGREE OF FLUOROSIS WAS FOUND IN /CRYOLITE/ WORKERS EXPOSED FOR 2-2.5 YEARS WHILE MORE DEFINITE SIGNS WERE FOUND IN THOSE EXPOSED NEARLY 5 YEARS, AND SIGNS OF MODERATE FLUOROSIS APPEARED IN THOSE WITH MORE THAN 11 YEARS OF EXPOSURE. MOST SEVERE CASES /OF FLUOROSIS/ WERE THOSE OF MEN WHO HAD 21 YEARS OF EXPOSURE. HOWEVER, NOT ALL /CRYOLITE/ WORKERS DEVELOPED FLUOROSIS, NO ABNORMALITIES BEING DETECTED IN 1 MAN AFTER 24 YEARS OF WORK.
... In workers in bauxite mines, foundries, and factories. In more than 1000 exposed workers given X-ray examinations of the chest, pulmonary changes were found in 3.5 percent of those exposed to bauxite dust, & in 4.9 percent exposed to cryolite dust in foundries and in factory workers exposed to alumina.
Chronic fluorosis generally develops after prolonged (10-20 years) exposure to industrial dusts, insecticides, or water where fluorides exceed 3 to 4 ppm. This is especially true in workers involved in the production of aluminum, steel, or glass. /Aluminum fluorides/
Production of aluminum sulfate and aluminum fluoride is associated with exposure to several irritant substances. Such production has been connected with reversible bronchial obstruction or asthma. In an aluminum plant in Sweden, 6 cases of asthma occurred in 1975, and 7 in 1976. The number of exposed workers was 35-40. The levels of aluminum fluoride (personal sampling) were measured during these two years, and the mean concentrations were 3-6 mg/cu m. In 1977, improvements were made at this plant thereby reducing the mean levels of aluminum fluoride to 0.4-1.0 mg/cu m. During the years 1978-1980, only two cases of asthma occurred. /Aluminum fluorides/
Hazards to workers, the general population & the environment resulting from the emission of fluoride-containing gases, smokes and dusts due to the use of cryolite flux ... in cryolite processing plants ... .
Electrolytic production of aluminum can lead to a substantial exposure to fluorides and carcinogenic tar oils, including polyaromatic hydrocarbons. /Aluminum fluorides/
Primary aluminum production plants are located in about 40 countries. The two main methods used for aluminum production are Soderberg and prebake, which encompass a number of processes and job categories. Substantial exposures to airborne polynuclear aromatic compounds have been measured in certain occupational settings in this industry. Exposures have been higher in potrooms of plants using the Soderberg process than in those using the prebake process; some workers may have exposed to both process. Exposures to fluorides and a variety of other contaminants also occur in potrooms. /Aluminum fluorides/
In aluminum reduction plants ... from exposure to coal tar pitch volatiles and their associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ... Among coke oven workers, implicating coal tar pitch volatiles, a mutual exposure in aluminum reduction plants ... . /Aluminum/
Body Burden:
FROM ANALYSIS OF BONES OF 2 /CRYOLITE/ WORKERS ... /IT WAS/ ESTIMATED THAT THEIR SKELETAL SYSTEMS CONTAINED 50 AND 90 G OF FLUORINE, RESPECTIVELY. THE LATTER AMT HAD BEEN DEPOSITED DURING 7500 WORKING DAYS, CORRESPONDING TO AN AVG DEPOSITION OF 12 MG/DAY.
A body burden of 100 mg/70 kg man with a daily dietary intake of approximately 36.4 mg. /From table, aluminum/
THE NORMAL BLOOD LEVEL OF ALUMINUM IS 17 UG/100 ML AND MOST SOFT TISSUES CONTAIN BETWEEN 0.2 AND 0.6 PPM. HUMAN BODY BURDEN OF ALUMINUM IS 50 TO 150 MG & IS APPARENTLY UNAFFECTED BY EITHER NORMAL DAILY INTAKE LEVELS ESTIMATED TO BE APPROXIMATELY 10 TO 100 MG OR CONSIDERABLY HIGHER DOSES. /ALUMINUM/
Aluminum content of normal human brain ranged from 0.1-3.9 ug/g dry weight. In a study of 208 samples taken from 7 patients, ... a mean aluminum content of 1.9 + or - 0.07 ug/g dry weight of gray matter /was found/ to be abnormal. In a study of 585 areas sampled from the brain tissue of 10 patients with Alzheimer's disease they found 28% had an aluminum concn > 4 ug/g. The range of the 585 samples was 0.4-107 ug/g. /Aluminum/
Average Daily Intake:
The daily ingestion of aluminum by humans was estimated to be 30-50 mg. /Aluminum/
Natural Pollution Sources:
... LARGE DEPOSITS EXIST IN GREENLAND AND IN THE URALS.
A NATURALLY OCCURRING MINERAL CONTAINING UP TO 98% SODIUM ALUMINOFLUORIDE.
Environmental Fate:
AQUATIC FATE: The adsorption of aluminum by fine particulates was studied in Whitray Beck, a hill stream in England. ... Uptake of aluminum by the particles increased with total aluminum, with pH, and with particle concentration, although the fraction of aluminum bound at a given pH and particle concentration decreased with total aluminum ... . /Total aluminum/
TERRESTRIAL FATE: Air dried, <2 mm fractions of 3 soil samples from The Netherlands and 1 from New Hampshire, were taken from the surface and sub-surface horizons of two podzols (Haplorthods) and of a recent driftsand (Udipsamment). Duplicate samples of each emulsion soil horizon were leached ... with aqueous hydrogen chloride (pH 3.0). ... Charge balances of the leachates indicate that dissolved aluminum is present mainly as aquo-aluminum(+3). Only in leachates of podzol Bhs horizons is a significant fraction (20-30%) of dissolved aluminum organically complexed. Dissolved aluminum concn are significantly correlated with the organic tetrasodium pyrophosphorate extractable) aluminum content of the soil sample. Mobility of aluminum in the Hubbard Brook soils is significantly lower than in the Dutch soils, because of higher soil-solution pH values. /Aluminum cmpd/
Albic and spodic soil horizons were sampled from old growth eastern white pine/mixed northern hardwoods. Adirondacks, and an ochric soil horizon was sampled from the Appalachian plateau of NY State. 21 Three-horizon forest floor and 21 forest floor/mineral soil (field moist equivalent of 12.0 oven-dry albic, spodic, or ochric mineral soil) columns were leached in triplicate with either 10 uM nitric acid (pH 5), 5 uM sulfuric acid (pH 5), 100 uM nitric acid (pH 4), 50 uM sulfuric acid (pH 4), 1000 uM nitric acid (pH 3), 500 uM sulfuric acid (pH 3), or distilled, deionized water (pH 5.7) control treatment. Nitric acid leached more aluminum than did sulfuric acid from forest floor/spodic soil columns. Increasing the nitric acid concn from pH 3 to 5 increased total aluminum concn in leachates from 0.70 to 0.85 mM, while increasing sulfuric acid had no effect. Addition of pH 3 sulfuric acid to forest floor/spodic columns raised leachate pH relative to pH 3 nitric acid and controls, and resulted in the lowest aluminum concn of all treatments in the first 3 of 4 sequential leachings. /Aluminum/
Albic and spodic soil horizons were sampled from old growth eastern white pine/mixed northern hardwoods sites in the Adirondacks, and an ochric soil horizon was sampled from the Appalachian Plateau of NY State. 9 Three-horizon forest floor, 9 mineral soil (field moist equivalent of 12.0 oven-dry albic, spodic, or ochric mineral soil) and 9 forest floor/mineral soil columns were leached with 60 ml of (a) 10 mM ammonium nitrate (control), (b) 1.0 mM nitric acid in 10 mM ammonium nitrate (pH 3), and (c) 1.0 mM ammonium nitrate (pH 3) at the rate of 10 ml/hr. The above procedure was repeated on each mineral soil without a forest floor, except leaching soln were 0.5 mM calcium nitrate or calcium sulfate, each in 10 mM ammonium nitrate. Adding 2 and 0.5 cmol sub c (H+)/kg to forest floor and mineral soils, respectively, simulated snowmelt additions. Total aluminum concn in leachates from forest floor/albic or forest floor/ochric columns were greater than the sum of concn in leachates from the forest floor and mineral horizon when leached separately. This positive synergistic behavior of the forest floor-mineral horizon sequences was also observed in the forest floor-spodic horizon sequence when leached with control soln, but the synergism was negative for both labile and non-labile aluminum when leached with the acids. Sulfuric acid leached less aluminum from the spodic horizon than did nitric acid, regardless of the presence of a forest floor, but nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and control soln leached similar concn of aluminum from the albic and ochric horizons. The forest floor effects on the mineral soil leachates were attributed to effects of calcium, sulfate, nitrate, and dissolved organic carbon leached from the forest floor to the mineral horizon since forest floor removed nearly all added H+. /Aluminum/
Environmental Water Concentrations:
The solute and particulate aluminum chemistry of a relatively unpolluted snowfall associated with a maritime airmass was measured by neutron activation analysis and inductively coupled plasma analysis (soluble fraction) and neutron activation analysis (particulate material), to characterize background conditions for the Scottish Highlands. Aluminum concentrations were compared to those found in a polluted black snowfall with a trajectory that originated over eastern Europe and to those levels found in seasonal snowpack. The variability of the concentration of solute and the chemical composition of particulate material is reported on an intra and intersite basis. The solute aluminum content of Scottish snowfall in the intersite survey was 19.2 ug/l, and in the intra-site survey 52.2 ug/l. The aluminum composition of particulate matter found within Scottish snow was 20,600 ppm in the intersite survey, and 21,100 ppm in the intrasite survey. For the black snow, the solute aluminum content was 84 + or - 3 ug/l, and the aluminum composition of particulate matter was 52,300 ppm. The mean concentration of aluminum in seasonal snowpack was 27,200 ppm. /Aluminum solute & particulate/
Plant Concentrations:
CRYOLITE APPLIED TO GRAPES AT VARIOUS RATES & FORMULATIONS FOR CONTROL OF OMNIVEROUS LEAF ROLLER: APPLIED ON JUNE 3 & JULY 21, RESIDUES AFTER 30 DAYS WERE APPROX 5.9 PPM (ACCEPTABLE). LATER APPLICATIONS GAVE UNACCEPTABLE LEVELS (GREATER THAN 7 PPM) IN RAISINS PRODUCED.
Environmental Standards & Regulations:
FIFRA Requirements:
A tolerance of 7 ppm is established for combined residues of the insecticidal fluorine cmpd cryolite & synthetic cryolite (sodium aluminum fluoride) in or on the following agricultural commodities: apples; apricots; beans; beets (roots & tops); blackberries; blueberries (huckleberries); boysenberries; broccoli; brussel sprouts; cabbage; carrots; cauliflower; citrus fruits; collards; corn; cranberries; cucumbers; dewberries; eggplant; grapes; kale; kohlrabi; lettuce; loganberries; melons; mustard greens; nectarines; okra; peaches; peanuts; pears; peas; peppers; plums (fresh prunes); pumpkins; quinces; radish (roots & tops); raspberries; rutabaga (roots & tops); squash (winter & summer); strawberries; tomatoes; turnips (roots & tops); & youngberries.
A tolerance with regional registration is established for the combined residues of the insecticidal fluorine cmpd, cryolite & synthetic cryolite (sodium aluminum fluoride), in or on the raw agricultural commodity: kiwifruit.
As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Cryolite is found on List A, which contains most food use pesticides and consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA, as amended in 1988. Case No: 0087; Pesticide type: insecticide; Registration Standard Date: 05/23/88; Case Status: RED Approved 06/96; OPP has made a decision that some/all uses of the pesticide are eligible for reregistration, as reflected in a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Cryolite; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 07/20/90; AI Status: OPP has completed a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document for the case/AI.
Federal Drinking Water Guidelines:
EPA 50-200 ug/l /Aluminum/
State Drinking Water Standards:
(CA) CALIFORNIA 1000 ug/l /Aluminum/
State Drinking Water Guidelines:
(AZ) ARIZONA 73 ug/l /Aluminum/
(CA) CALIFORNIA 200 ug/l /Aluminum/
(ME) MAINE 1430 ug/l /Aluminum/
Allowable Tolerances:
A tolerance of 7 ppm is established for combined residues of the insecticidal fluorine cmpd cryolite & synthetic cryolite (sodium aluminum fluoride) in or on the following agricultural commodities: apples; apricots; beans; beets (roots & tops); blackberries; blueberries (huckleberries); boysenberries; broccoli; brussel sprouts; cabbage; carrots; cauliflower; citrus fruits; collards; corn; cranberries; cucumbers; dewberries; eggplant; grapes; kale; kohlrabi; lettuce; loganberries; melons; mustard greens; nectarines; okra; peaches; peanuts; pears; peas; peppers; plums (fresh prunes); pumpkins; quinces; radish (roots & tops); raspberries; rutabaga (roots & tops); squash (winter & summer); strawberries; tomatoes; turnips (roots & tops); & youngberries.
A tolerance with regional registration of 15 ppm is established for the combined residues of the insecticidal fluorine cmpd, cryolite & synthetic cryolite (sodium aluminum fluoride), in or on the raw agricultural commodity: kiwifruit.
A tolerance of 7 ppm is established for combined residues of the insecticidal fluorine cmpd cryolite & synthetic cryolite (sodium aluminum fluoride) in or on the following agricultural commodities: apples; apricots; beans; beets (roots & tops); blackberries; blueberries (huckleberries); boysenberries; broccoli; brussel sprouts; cabbage; carrots; cauliflower; citrus fruits; collards; corn; cranberries; cucumbers; dewberries; eggplant; grapes; kale; kohlrabi; lettuce; loganberries; melons; mustard greens; nectarines; okra; peaches; peanuts; pears; peas; peppers; plums (fresh prunes); pumpkins; quinces; radish (roots & tops); raspberries; rutabaga (roots & tops); squash (winter & summer); strawberries; tomatoes; turnips (roots & tops); & youngberries.
Chemical/Physical Properties:
Molecular Formula:
Al-F6.3Na
Molecular Weight:
209.97
Color/Form:
MONOCLINIC CRYSTALS (NATURAL PRODUCT); AMORPHOUS POWDER (SYNTHETIC PRODUCT)
SNOW-WHITE, SEMI-OPAQUE MASSES, VITREOUS FRACTURE; NATURAL FORM MAY BE COLORED REDDISH OR BROWN OR EVEN BLACK BUT LOSES THIS DISCOLORATION ON HEATING
Colorless to dark solid [Note: Loses color on heating].
Odor:
Odorless.
Melting Point:
1000 DEG C
Density/Specific Gravity:
2.95
Solubilities:
SOL IN DILUTE ALKALI
SOL IN FUSED ALUMINUM, FERRIC SALTS
INSOL IN ALCOHOL
SOL IN CONCENTRATED SULFURIC ACID
Spectral Properties:
INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.338
Other Chemical/Physical Properties:
ALUMINUM OXIDE IS SOL AND DISSOCIABLE IN MOLTEN CRYOLITE, AND ELECTRODEPOSITION OF ALUMINUM METAL IS THUS POSSIBLE; MOHS' HARDNESS 2.5-3; FUSES FAIRLY EASILY
Chemical Safety & Handling:
DOT Emergency Guidelines:
Fire or explosion: Flammable/combustible material. May ignite on contact with air or moist air. May burn rapidly with flare-burning effect. Some react vigorously or explosively on contact with water. Some may decompose explosively when heated or involved in a fire. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard. /Aluminum powder, pyrophoric/
Health: Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Inhalation of decomposition products may cause severe injury or death. Contact with substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution. /Aluminum powder, pyrophoric/
Public safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. Isolate spill or leak area immediately for at least 100 to 150 meters (330 to 490 feet) in all directions. Stay upwind. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Keep out of low areas. /Aluminum powder, pyrophoric/
Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing which is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Aluminum powder, pyrophoric/
Evacuation: Spill: See the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for highlighted substances. For non-highlighted substances, increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown under "PUBLIC SAFETY". Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. /Aluminum powder, pyrophoric/
Fire: Do not use water, CO2, or foam on material itself. Some of these materials may react violently with water. Small fires: Dry chemical, soda ash, lime or dry sand. Large fires: Dry sand, dry chemical, soda ash or lime or withdraw from area and let fire burn. Caution: Dithionite (Hydrosulfite/Hydrosulphite) fires may require flooding with water in order to eliminate hazardous reaction since the materials generate their own oxygen. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers or in contact with substance. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from the ends of tanks. /Aluminum powder, pyrophoric/
Spill or leak: Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leak with no fire. ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Small spills: Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand, or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. /Aluminum powder, pyrophoric/
First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call emergency medical care. Apply artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. Keep victim warm and quiet. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect themselves. /Aluminum powder, pyrophoric/
Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:
Respiratory and eye irritant only. /Aluminum (dust or powder)/
Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:
INCOMPATIBILITIES: ... /CRYOLITE IS/ INCOMPATIBLE WITH ALKALINE PESTICIDES SUCH AS LIME SULFUR, BORDEAUX MIXTURE.
INCOMPATIBILITIES: WITH LIME, CRYOLITE UNDERGOES THE FOLLOWING REACTION: NA3ALF6 + 3CA(OH)2 YIELDS NA3ALO3 + 3CAF2 + 3H2O WHICH RESULTS IN PLANT INJURY.
Strong oxidizers.
Hazardous Decomposition:
WHEN HEATED ... EMITS HIGHLY TOXIC FUMES OF /HYDROGEN FLUORIDE AND DISODIUM OXIDE./
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
250 mg/cu m /Fluorides (as F)/
Protective Equipment & Clothing:
Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.
Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 12.5 mg/cu m. Respirator Class(es): Any dust and mist respirator.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 25 mg/cu m. Respirator Class(es): Any dust and mist respirator except single-use and quarter-mask respirators. May require eye protection. Any supplied-air respirator. May require eye protection.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 62.5 mg/cu m. Respirator Class(es): Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous flow mode. May require eye protection. Any powered, air-purifying respirator with a dust and mist filter. May require eye protection.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 125 mg/cu m. Respirator Class(es): Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator with a high-efficiency particulate filter. May need acid gas sorbent. Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece. Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 250 mg/cu m. Respirator Class(es): Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Emergency or planned entry into unknown concn or IDLH conditions: Respirator Class(es): Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Escape from suddenly occurring respiratory hazards: Respirator Class(es): Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator with a high-efficiency particulate filter. May need acid gas sorbent.
Preventive Measures:
The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.
Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed or replaced.
Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
Stability/Shelf Life:
MORE STABLE THAN FLUOSILICATE WITH RESPECT TO HYDROLYSIS
DECOMP BY BOILING WITH AQ ALKALI HYDROXIDES OR AQ CALCIUM HYDROXIDE
Occupational Exposure Standards:
OSHA Standards:
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 2.5 mg/cu m. /Fluorides, as F/
Threshold Limit Values:
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA) 2.5 mg/cu m /Fluorides (as F)/
Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed five times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Fluorides (as F)/
Biological Exposure Index adoption (1990-91 edition): Fluorides in urine prior to shift is 3 mg/g creatinine. Fluorides in urine at end of shift is 10 mg/g creatinine. The determinant is usually present in a significant amt in biological specimens collected from subjects who have not been occupationally exposed. Such background levels are incl in the BEI value. The determinant is nonspecific, since it is observed after exposure to some other chemicals. These nonspecific tests are preferred because they are easy to use and usually offer a better correlation with exposure than specific tests. In such instances, a BEI for a specific, less quantitative biological determinant is recommended as a confirmatory test. /Fluorides (as F)/
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA) 2 mg/cu m /Aluminum, soluble salts, as Al/
Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed five times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Aluminum, soluble salts, as Al/
A4. A4= Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Fluorides, as F/
NIOSH Recommendations:
10 HR Time-Weighted avg: 2.5 mg/cu m /Fluorides (as F)/
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
250 mg/cu m /Fluorides (as F)/
Other Occupational Permissible Levels:
USSR: 1 mg/cu m /Fluorides, as hydrogen fluoride/
Manufacturing/Use Information:
Major Uses:
STOMACH AND CONTACT INSECTICIDE
IN ALUMINUM & FLUORINE INDUSTRY
PRINCIPALLY AN ELECTROLYTE IN PRODN & REFINING OF ALUMINUM; FLUX IN PRODN OF VARIOUS METALS & ALLOYS; FLUX & OPACIFIER IN MANUFACTURE OF GLASS & ENAMELS; COATING FOR WELDING RODS; FILLER FOR RESIN, RUBBER, CERAMIC-BONDED GRINDING WHEELS
ELECTRIC INSULATION; EXPLOSIVES; POLISHES.
Added to fireworks to produce yellow-colored explosion.
Added to several gun propellants at 0.3%
Used with a sodium salt for heating of vanadium ores prior to leaching for metal removal.
MEDICATION
Manufacturers:
ALUMINUM CO OF AMERICA, POINT COMFORT, TX
KAISER ALUMINUM & CHEM CORP, KAISER CHEMS DIV, CHALMETTE, LA
PENNWALT CORP, CHEM DIV, PITTSBURGH, PA
REYNOLDS METALS CO, CHEMS DIV, BAUXITE, AR
Methods of Manufacturing:
REACTION OF HYDROFLUORIC ACID, HYDRATED ALUMINA, & SODIUM CARBONATE
IT IS COMMONLY PRODUCED BY MIXING SODIUM ALUMINATE SOLN WITH LIQUID OR GASEOUS HYDROGEN FLUORIDE.
... SYNTHETICALLY FROM ALUMINUM FLUORIDE, AMMONIUM FLUORIDE AND SALT.
SYNTHETIC CRYOLITE IS USUALLY MADE FROM SODIUM ALUMINATE, SODIUM BICARBONATE, & SODIUM FLUORIDE.
Cryolite may be obtained by (a) mining natural mineral cryolite or (b) synthesis by the reaction of aluminum oxide, sodium chloride and hydrogen fluoride
A low-grade fluoroboric acid is used in the manufacture of cryolite for the electrolytic production of aluminum /reaction involves fluoroboric acid, aluminum oxide, water and Na2SO4NaF/
General Manufacturing Information:
/CRYOLITE IS/ INCOMPATIBLE WITH ALKALINE PESTICIDES SUCH AS LIME SULFUR, BORDEAUX MIXTURE.
WITH LIME, CRYOLITE UNDERGOES ... /A CHEMICAL/ REACTION /THAT/ ... RESULTS IN PLANT INJURY.
THE SUPPLY IN SOILS IS ABUNDANT. SOME ACID SOILS CONTAIN SUFFICIENT ALUMINUM IN SOLUTION FORM TO KILL CERTAIN PLANTS. /ALUMINUM/
Formulations/Preparations:
Kryocide /insecticide produced by Pennwalt/ 96% sodium fluoaluminate
... GENERALLY @ 0.2% SUSPENSION /AS INSECTICIDE/
Consumption Patterns:
ABOUT 75% IN THE PRODN & REFINING OF ALUMINUM; 25% IN ALL OTHER APPLICATIONS (1965)
U. S. Production:
(1972) AT LEAST 8.8X10+10 G
(1975) AT LEAST 8.3X10+10 G (EST)
U. S. Imports:
(1972) 2.33X10+10 G
(1973) 3.48X10+10 G
U. S. Exports:
(1972) 6.14X10+8 G (INCL OTHER MINERALS)
(1975) 1.60X10+9 G QUARTZ, QUARTZITE, CHIOLITE
Laboratory Methods:
Clinical Laboratory Methods:
NIOSH Method 114. Analyte: Fluoride. Matrix: Urine. Procedure: Ion specific electrode. The electrode recommended range is 0.19-1900 ml/l urine. Hydroxide is the only positive interference which is eliminated by the use of pH buffer. /Fluoride/
NIOSH Method 8310. Urine samples containing aluminum and its compounds are analyzed using Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy at a wavelength of 308.2 nm. Sample preparation includes addition of a polydithiocarbamate resin, filtration, ashing, and dissolution with concentrated nitric/concentrated perchloric acid (4:1 v/v). This method has a detection limit of 0.1 ug/sample and a relative standard deviation of 0.088 over a range of 0.25 to 200 ug/sample with a recovery of 100%. /Aluminum/
Procedures for aluminum determination in body fluids by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry with a graphite furnace are described. Topics covered include sample preparation, applicable specifications, and possible difficulties which can arise. /Aluminum/
A microanalytical method for the measurement of aluminum in biological samples is presented, which requires 1-500 mg of brain tissues and less than 1 ml of blood, urine, or other aqueous samples. /Aluminum/
A CATION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY PROCEDURE IS OUTLINED FOR THE SIMPLE AND QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF ALUMINUM IN BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL (URINE) EMPLOYING NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS. /ALUMINUM/
Blood and urine aluminum concn were studied in industrially exposed workers using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The detection limit was 5 ug/l for aluminum in blood and 3 ug/l for aluminum in urine. /Aluminum/
Analytic Laboratory Methods:
NATURAL PRODUCT SAMPLE, TITRATION METHOD FOR TOTAL FLUORINE. /FLUORINE/
NIOSH Method 117. Analyte: Total fluoride. Matrix: Air. Procedure: Collection via impinger, ion specific electrode. The range covered by the analytical method for a 40 l sample is 0.05 to 475 mg/cu m. Precision for sampling and analysis of 16 samples of approximately 100 mg hydrogen fluoride was 6.5% RSD. The analytical precision at 50 mg fluoride is 0.8% RSD. /Fluoride/
Method 413B: Electrode Method. This method is suitable for fluoride concn from 0.1 to more than 10 mg/l. The fluoride electrode is a selective ion sensor. The key element in the fluoride electrode is the laser-type doped lanthanum fluoride crystal across which a potential is established by fluoride soln of different concn. The crystal contacts the sample soln at one face and an internal reference soln at the other. The fluoride electrode measures the ion activity of fluoride in soln rather than concn. Fluoride ion activity depends on the soln total ionic strength and pH, and on fluoride complexing species. Adding an appropriate buffer provides a uniform ionic strength background, adjusts pH, and breaks up complexes so that, in effect, the electrode measures concn. A synthetic sample containing 0.850 mg fluoride ion/l in distilled water was analyzed in 111 laboratories with relative standard deviation of 3.6% and relative error of 0.7%. /Fluoride/
NIOSH Method 173. Analyte: Sodium. Matrix: Air. Procedure: Atomic absorption spectrometry. Samples are treated with nitric acid to ash the organic matrix and to dissolve the metal present in the sample. The analysis is subsequently made by atomic absorption spectrometry. The relative standard deviation of the method is 3 percent. This method has the sensitivity of 0.015 ug/ml, detection limit of 0.0002 ug/ml for the range of 0.5-5.0 ug/ml to 21-210 ug/cu m. /Sodium/
Determination in air: Atomic absorption analysis. /Aluminum and its cmpd/
NIOSH Method 7013. Samples containing aluminum and its compounds are analyzed using Atomic Absorption, Flame at a wave length of 309.3 nm. Sample preparation includes filtration, ashing, and dissolution with concentrated nitric/concentrated perchloric acid (4:1 v/v). This method has a detection limit of 2 ug/sample and precision of 0.03 over a range of 50 to 5000 mg/sample. /Aluminum/
NIOSH Method 7300. Air samples containing aluminum are analyzed using Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy at a wavelength of 308.2. An ashing step with concentrated nitric acid/concentrated perchloric acid (4:1 v/v) is necessary. This method has an instrumental detection limit of 14 ng/ml, a sensitivity of 0.23 ug/ml, and a precision of 0.092 at 2.5 ug/filter. /Aluminum/
EMISSION SPECTROGRAPHIC METHODS. ALUMINUM ... IN PLANTS. /ALUMINUM/
Titrimetric Method. Aluminum ... in plants. /Aluminum/
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric method. Aluminum in ... soil. /Aluminum/
USE OF ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPE TO ANALYZE ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLES CONTAINING ALUMINUM. /ALUMINUM/
NIOSH METHOD 173. ANALYTE: ALUMINUM; MATRIX: AIR; RANGE: 5-50 UG/ML, 210-2100 UG/CU M; PROCEDURE: FILTER COLLECTION, ACID DIGESTION, ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTMETRY AT 309.3 NM. /ALUMINUM/
Sampling Procedures:
NIOSH Method 114. Analyte: Fluoride. Matrix: Urine. Procedure: Urine samples are collected in chemically clean bottles containing 0.2 g of EDTA. Samples that can not be analyzed within 48 hours should be refrigerated. /Fluoride/
NIOSH Method 173. Analyte: Sodium. Matrix: Air. Procedure: Collection on a membrane filter. Personal sampling pumps are operated at 1.5 l/min. A 2 hr sample at 1.5 l/min will provide enough sample to detect the element sought at air concentrations of 0.2 times TLV. /Sodium/
Determination in air: Filter collection. /Aluminum and its cmpd/
NIOSH Method 173. Analyte: Aluminum; Matrix: Air; Procedure: Filter collection, acid digestion; Flow rate: 1.5 l/min; Sample Size: 180 liters. /Aluminum/
NIOSH Method 7300. Analyte: Aluminum; Matrix: Air; Sampler: Filter (0.8 um, cellulose ester membrane); Flow Rate: 1 to 4 l/min; Sample Size: 500 liters. /Aluminum/
NIOSH Method 7013. Analyte: Aluminum; Matrix: Air; Sampler: Filter (0.8 um, cellulose ester membrane); Flow Rate: 1 to 3 l/min; Sampler Size: 100 liters. /Aluminum/
Special References:
Synonyms and Identifiers:
Related HSDB Records:
Synonyms:
CHIOLITE
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CRYOLITE
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ICETONE
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KOYOSIDE
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KRIOLIT
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KRYOCIDE
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Kryolith
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KRYOLITH (GERMAN)
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NATRIUMALUMINIUMFLUORID (GERMAN)
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NATRIUMHEXAFLUOROALUMINATE (GERMAN)
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SODIUM ALUMINOFLUORIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**
SODIUM ALUMINUM FLUORIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**
SODIUM FLUOALUMINATE
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SODIUM HEXAFLUOROALUMINATE
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VILLIAUMITE
**PEER REVIEWED**Formulations/Preparations:
Kryocide /insecticide produced by Pennwalt/ 96% sodium fluoaluminate
... GENERALLY @ 0.2% SUSPENSION /AS INSECTICIDE/
RTECS Number:
NIOSH/WA9625000