Abstract
OBJECTIVES: This paper reports on estimated daily fluoride intake from water by itself, beverages, selected foods, dentifrice, and dietary supplements, both individually and combined (mg and mg F/kg bw), among 785 children in the Iowa Fluoride Study from 36 to 72 months of age.
METHODS: Children were recruited in 1992-95, with questionnaires sent at four- to six-month intervals. Dietary fluoride intake estimates used community and individual water fluoride levels and average fluoride levels of beverages and foods prepared with water. Descriptive statistics and generalized linear models (GLM) assessed levels and associations with demographic factors.
RESULTS: There was substantial variation in fluoride intake, with some individuals’ intakes greatly exceeding the means. Daily water fluoride intake estimates (in mg) increased with age, fluoride intake from other beverages and dentifrice both decreased slightly, and combined intake was quite consistent. For combined intake per unit body weight (mg F/kg bw), there was a steady decline with age. Therefore, the percentages with estimated intake exceeding possible thresholds for dental fluorosis also declined with age.
CONCLUSIONS: Daily mean fluoride intakes from single and combined sources are relatively stable from 36-72 months of age among these children.
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Systemic fluoride. Sources, amounts, and effects of ingestion
Fluoride may be ingested from a variety of sources, including many foods and beverages. Fluoride intake varies greatly among individuals and is dependent on dietary constituents and use of fluoride products. Although ingestion of toxic amounts of fluoride is rare, the prevalence of dental fluorosis has increased in North America, suggesting that the levels of fluoride ingestion
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Total fluoride intake and implications for dietary fluoride supplementation
This paper reviews the history and validity of recommended "optimal" levels of systemic fluoride intake and the available information on levels of fluoride intake in young children from foods and beverages (including water), dentifrices, dietary fluoride supplements, mouthrinses, and gels. Most of the studies emphasize the substantial variation in ingestion among individuals. Often, a substantial
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A quantitative look at fluorosis, fluoride exposure, and intake in children using a health risk assessment approach
The prevalence of dental fluorosis in the United States has increased during the last 30 years. In this study, we used a mathematical model commonly employed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to estimate average daily intake offluoride via all applicable exposure pathways contributing to fluorosis risk for infants and children
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Fluoride balance in infants and young children in the UK and its clinical relevance for the dental team.
Key Points Provides an overview of the main sources of fluoride in children. Stresses the proportion of fluoride (F) intake from ingestion of toothpaste. Draws attention to the implications for oral health of the F balance in infants and young children. Illustrates the importance of assessing fluoride exposure at an
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Risk factors associated with fluorosis in a non-fluoridated population in Norway.
In Norway, there is no water fluoridation and little naturally occurring fluoride in drinking water. Fluoride toothpaste is used by 95% of the population and there is a long tradition of fluoride supplement use. The purpose of this study was to record the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in
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Prenatal and postnatal ingestion of fluorides - A progress report.
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Another Fluoride Fatality: A Physician's Dilemma
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Fluoride & Perioral Dermatitis
Perioral dermatitis (PD) is a common rosacea-like dermatitis that was never reported prior to the mid-fifties. Although it can affect both sexes and all ages, most patients are women ages 20-50 years. Patients with PD frequently report a pre-existing tendency to blush. This disease is most likely multifactorial in origin, and fluoride preparations in dentrifices probably have played a role as precipitator.
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