Abstract
The concentrations of serum osteocalcin (OCN) and calcitonin (CTN) were determined in sixty male workers exposed to fluoride (F) at an aluminum plant in Danjiang city, and in thirty non-F exposed males of the same general age from the local market town Gaolou village of Jun county in Danjiang city (control group). The F-exposed workers were divided into two groups according to the levels of their urine and serum F: a high-F burden group (urine F>4.0 mg/L; serum F>0.20 mg/L) and a low-F burden group (2.0 mg/L<urine F ?4.0 mg/L; 0.10 mg/L<serum F ?0.20 mg/L). Compared with the control group, the concentrations of serum OCN and CTN were significantly higher in both the high-F and low-F burden groups (p<0.05). This study found for the first time that the concentrations of serum OCN and CTN increased concurrently in a F-exposed worker population. On the basis of these findings, we propose that serum OCN and CTN might be sensitive biomarkers for detecting early stages of F bone injuries.
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Fluoride-induced oxidative stress in three-dimensional culture of OS732 cells and rats.
Exposure to excessive fluoride poses a threat to human health, including increased susceptibility to developing the skeletal fluorosis. Despite its recognized importance as an endemic disease, little is known about how fluoride directly impacts on osteoblasts. We previously reported that fluoride-stimulating monolayer-cultured osteoblast proliferation or inhibiting cell viability depended on
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The relationship between Alu I polymorphisms in the calcitonin receptor gene and fluorosis endemic to Chongqing, China
OBJECTIVE: This study explored the association between an Alu I polymorphism at position 1,377 of the calcitonin receptor (CTR) gene and endemic fluorosis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A case-control study of 321 participants was conducted in regions with high fluorosis rates (Wushan and Fengjie counties) and those without high fluorosis rates (Yubei
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Comparison of two village primary schools in northern Tanzania affected by fluorosis
High fluoride levels in drinking water sources are a problem throughout the East African Rift Valley and can lead to dental fluorosis (DF) and skeletal fluorosis (SF) in exposed local populations. Two villages in the Hai District of northern Tanzania in which fluoride has been identified as a problem were
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[Dermatoglyphic indices in assessing the predisposition to occupational fluorosis].
Dermatoglyphic investigations which prove the existence of genetic predisposition to occupational fluorosis in workers of aluminum and criolite plants were carried out. Mathematical methods of pattern recognition were used for the multifactorial analysis. It was found that the complex analysis of ten the most informative dermatoglyphic parameters permits to prognosticate
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Bone resorption marker and ultrasound measurements in adults residing in an endemic fluorosis area of Turkey
The purpose of this prospective study was to investigate the quantity and quality of bone by quantitative ultrasound (QUS) measurements and to assess bone resorption by urinary excretion measurement of C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) in an adult Turkish population living in an endemic fluorosis area and consuming
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"Pre-Skeletal" Fluorosis
As demonstrated by the studies below, skeletal fluorosis may produce adverse symptoms, including arthritic pains, clinical osteoarthritis, gastrointestinal disturbances, and bone fragility, before the classic bone change of fluorosis (i.e., osteosclerosis in the spine and pelvis) is detectable by x-ray. Relying on x-rays, therefore, to diagnosis skeletal fluorosis will invariably fail to protect those individuals who are suffering from the pre-skeletal phase of the disease. Moreover, some individuals with clinical skeletal fluorosis will not develop an increase in bone density, let alone osteosclerosis, of the spine. Thus, relying on unusual increases in spinal bone density will under-detect the rate of skeletal fluoride poisoning in a population.
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Skeletal Fluorosis: The Misdiagnosis Problem
It is a virtual certainty that there are individuals in the general population unknowingly suffering from some form of skeletal fluorosis as a result of a doctor's failure to consider fluoride as a cause of their symptoms. Proof that this is the case can be found in the following case reports of skeletal fluorosis written by doctors in the U.S. and other western countries. As can be seen, a consistent feature of these reports is that fluorosis patients--even those with crippling skeletal fluorosis--are misdiagnosed for years by multiple teams of doctors who routinely fail to consider fluoride as a possible cause of their disease.
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Fluoride & Osteoarthritis
While the osteoarthritic effects that occurred from fluoride exposure were once considered to be limited to those with skeletal fluorosis, recent research shows that fluoride can cause osteoarthritis in the absence of traditionally defined fluorosis. Conventional methods used for detecting skeletal fluorosis, therefore, will fail to detect the full range of people suffering from fluoride-induced osteoarthritis.
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Fluoride & DISH (Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis)
Among individuals with skeletal fluorosis, the fluoride-induced changes to the spine, and the accompanying symptoms, can bear a close resemblance to DISH (Forestier's Disease). Some authors report that skeletal fluorosis can so closely resemble that DISH that the only way to distinguish the two would be to conduct an invasive bone biopsy. No studies have ever been conducted to determine what role, if any, fluoride plays in the development of DISH.
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Fluoride Magnifies Impact of Repetitive Stress on Joints
Research has repeatedly found that fluoride's effect on the skeleton is most pronounced in the bones and joints that undergo the greatest strain. Indeed, both the symptoms of fluorosis (i.e., joint pain and stiffness) as well as the radiological findings (e.g., exostoses, interosseuous membrane calcification) have been found to occur earliest, and most severely, in the joints
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