Abstract
24 recently weaned Sprague-Dawley rats were divided equally into 3 groups and given distilled drinking water ad libitum containing 0, 1 or 5 ppm F- (as NaF), respectively. Among the 13 animals that received the fluoridated water and survived the 2-year experimental period, 4 developed macroradiographically demonstrable resorption cavities in their femurs. Three of these animals belonged to the 1 ppm group. No resorption cavities were seen in the 6 surviving, control rats. There was no sign of tooth changes, especially no striated depigmentation of the enamel of the incisors.
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The relationship between water-borne fluoride, dental fluorosis and skeletal development in 11-15 year old Tanzanian girls
Dental fluorosis was evaluated by a classification system, previously shown to be sensitive, and skeletal changes evaluated by bone maturity and structure. Dental fluorosis was more severe in posterior than in anterior teeth in both jaws irrespective of fluoride concentration of the drinking water. There appeared to be no dependence between fluoride content
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Experimental chronic fluorine intoxication: Effect on bones and teeth
Chronic fluorine intoxication of puppies produced extensive systemic changes of the bones and developing teeth. The intensity depended upon the age of the animal, the dose, and the duration of the administration of sodium fluoride. In puppies fed exclusively the milk of their fluorine-poisoned mother, changes of the bones were
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Effect of fluoride ions on apatite crystal formation in rat hard tissues.
Fluoride is widely believed to be a useful chemical substance for preventing dental caries. However, the mechanism underlying crystal perforation in the tooth enamel and the effect of fluoride on hard tissues are unclear. To clarify the mechanism of the biological action of fluoride in the mineralization process, we examined
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Circulating levels of sialic acid and glycosaminoglycans: a diagnostic test for ankylosing spondylitis
The circulating levels of sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid) and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were measured in 69 patients with spinal disorders of orthopaedic interest (ankylosing spondylitis 17, osteofluorosis 6, idiopathic backache 10, osteoarthrosis 16, osteoporosis 20). The serum GAG levels showed no statistically significant change from control values in the five disorders
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Increased ash contents and estimation of dissolution from chemical changes due to in-vitro fluoride treatments
The in-vitro fluoride treatment technique has been introduced to investigate the composite behavior of bone tissue. Bone tissue with different mechanical properties can be obtained by varying the concentration, pH and immersion time in fluoride ion solutions. The chemical and physical changes in intact pieces of bone treated in-vitro with
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Dental Fluorosis Is a "Hypo-mineralization" of Enamel
Teeth with fluorosis have an increase in porosity in the subsurface enamel ("hypomineralization"). The increased porosity of enamel found in fluorosis is a result of a fluoride-induced impairment in the clearance of proteins (amelogenins) from the developing teeth. Despite over 50 years of research, the exact mechanism by which fluoride impairs amelogin
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Diagnostic Criteria for Dental Fluorosis: The Thylstrup-Fejerskov (TF) Index
The traditional criteria (the "Dean Index") for diagnosing dental fluorosis was developed in the first half of the 20th century by H. Trendley Dean. While the Dean Index is still widely used in surveys of fluorosis -- including the CDC's national surveys of fluorosis in the United States -- dental
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Racial Disparities in Dental Fluorosis
In 2005, the Centers for Disease Control published the results of a national survey of dental fluorosis conducted between 1999 and 2002. According to the CDC, black children in the United States have significantly higher rates of dental fluorosis than either white or Hispanic children. This was not the first time that black children were found to suffer higher rates of dental fluorosis. At least five other studies -- dating as far back as the 1960s -- have found black children in the United States are disproportionately impacted by dental fluorosis.
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Moderate/Severe Dental Fluorosis
In its "moderate" and severe forms, fluoride causes a marked increase in the porosity of the enamel. After eruption into mouth, the porous enamel of moderate to severe fluorosis readily takes up stain, creating permanent brown and black discolorations of the teeth. In addition to extensive staining, teeth with moderate to severe fluorosis are more prone to attrition and wear - leading to pitting, chipping, and decay.
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Dental Fluorosis: The "Cosmetic" Factor
Any condition that can cause children to be embarrassed about their physical appearance can have significant consequences on their self-esteem and confidence. Researchers have repeatedly found that "physical appearance [is] the best predictor of self-esteem" in adolescents, (Harter 2000) and that facial attractiveness, particularly the appearance of one's teeth, is a
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