Abstract

Fluoride emissions from an aluminum plant in New York State just west to the bridge to Cornwall, Ontario, Canada, are in compliance with New York State and U.S. Federal standards. Ambient air fluoride virtually never exceeds New York State standards. In a New York State dairy farm, downwind from the aluminum plant about 40% of the time and with the fields within 1300 to 2800 m from the plant, fluoride contamination of forage ranged from 13 to 25 ppm, well below the 40 ppm which is the “tolerance” level by National Academy of Sciences. Sixty-three of 82 dairy cattle on that farm were slaughtered in 1979 because of chronic fluoride poisoning. In the 19 cattle left on the farm in June, 1979, there was no dental fluorosis in calves less than 4 months of age, mild to moderate dental fluorosis in older calves and heifers and severe dental fluorosis in the 4 young adult cattle. Ash fluoride in a stillborn calf was 280 ppm and in the oldest cattle 2800; the increase was significantly correlated to age. It is concluded that New York State and U.S. Federal standards for fluoride emissions, New York State standards for ambient air fluoride and National Academy of Sciences “tolerance” levels for ingestion of fluoride do not protect cattle health.

• Related Studies :

  • Dental fluorosis and caries in high-fluoride districts in Sweden.

    An investigation of the occurrence of fluorosis and caries was carried out in districts in Sweden with extremely high fluoride (F) concentrations in the drinking water. In areas with ? 10 ppm F* severe fluorosis, DEAN'S Index Grade 3 and 4, occurred on all permanent teeth and most of the

  • Risk factors associated with fluorosis in a non-fluoridated population in Norway.

    In Norway, there is no water fluoridation and little naturally occurring fluoride in drinking water. Fluoride toothpaste is used by 95% of the population and there is a long tradition of fluoride supplement use. The purpose of this study was to record the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in

  • Histological and chemical studies in man on effects of fluoride

    The presence of elevated concentrations of fluorides in the atmosphere has been associated with changes in certain plants and an increase in the fluoride content of forage in certain areas in Utah. Long-term ingestion of such forage by some animals has produced changes characteristic of fluorosis in some of them.

  • Relation of endemic dental fluorosis to malnutrition

    Summary The prevalence and severity of endemic dental fluorosis were studied in 928 undernourished inhabitants who had resided since birth in two fluoride endemic areas in Italy (Compagnano di Roma and Quarto). The data were compared with the index of mottling in endemic areas in the United States with similar fluorine

  • Association between developmental defects of enamel and different concentrations of fluoride in the public water supply

    OBJECTIVES: To compare the prevalence and severity of developmental defects of enamel (DDE) among subjects whose maxillary incisors developed during periods with different concentrations of fluoride in the public water supply. METHODS: Standardized intra-oral photographs of random samples of 12-year-old children were collected in 1983, 1991 and 2001 (n = 1,990)

• Related FAN Content :

  • Dental Fluorosis in the U.S. 1950-2004

    Before the widespread use of fluoride in dentistry, dental fluorosis was rarely found in western countries. Today, with virtually every toothpaste now containing fluoride, and most U.S. water supplies containing fluoride chemicals, dental fluorosis rates have reached unprecedented levels. In the 1950s, it was estimated that only 10% of children in

  • Diagnostic Criteria for Dental Fluorosis: The TSIF ("Total Surface Index of Fluorosis")

    The traditional criteria (the "Dean Index") for diagnosing dental fluorosis was developed in the first half of the 20th century by H. Trendley Dean. While the Dean Index is still widely used in surveys of fluorosis -- including the CDC's national surveys of fluorosis in the United States -- dental

  • Community Fluorosis Index (CFI)

    The current Community Fluorosis Index for U.S. adolescents as a whole (from both fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas) is roughly 5 times higher than the CFI health authorities predicted for fluoridated areas when fluoridation first began. It is also higher than the CFI that the NIDR found in fluoridated areas back in the 1980s. It is readily apparent, therefore, that children are ingesting far more fluoride than was the case in the 1950s, and even as recently as the 1980s.

  • Moderate/Severe Dental Fluorosis

    In its "moderate" and severe forms, fluoride causes a marked increase in the porosity of the enamel. After eruption into mouth, the porous enamel of moderate to severe fluorosis readily takes up stain, creating permanent brown and black discolorations of the teeth. In addition to extensive staining, teeth with moderate to severe fluorosis are more prone to attrition and wear - leading to pitting, chipping, and decay.

  • Dental Fluorosis Impacts Dentin in Addition to Enamel

    Dental fluorosis is a mineralization defect of tooth enamel marked by increased subsurface porosity. The enamel, however, is not the only component of teeth that is effected. As several studies have demonstrated, dental fluorosis can also impair the mineralization of dentin as well. As noted in one review: "The fact that