Abstract
Fluoride emissions from an aluminum plant in New York State just west to the bridge to Cornwall, Ontario, Canada, are in compliance with New York State and U.S. Federal standards. Ambient air fluoride virtually never exceeds New York State standards. In a New York State dairy farm, downwind from the aluminum plant about 40% of the time and with the fields within 1300 to 2800 m from the plant, fluoride contamination of forage ranged from 13 to 25 ppm, well below the 40 ppm which is the “tolerance” level by National Academy of Sciences. Sixty-three of 82 dairy cattle on that farm were slaughtered in 1979 because of chronic fluoride poisoning. In the 19 cattle left on the farm in June, 1979, there was no dental fluorosis in calves less than 4 months of age, mild to moderate dental fluorosis in older calves and heifers and severe dental fluorosis in the 4 young adult cattle. Ash fluoride in a stillborn calf was 280 ppm and in the oldest cattle 2800; the increase was significantly correlated to age. It is concluded that New York State and U.S. Federal standards for fluoride emissions, New York State standards for ambient air fluoride and National Academy of Sciences “tolerance” levels for ingestion of fluoride do not protect cattle health.
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Dental fluorosis and caries in high-fluoride districts in Sweden.
An investigation of the occurrence of fluorosis and caries was carried out in districts in Sweden with extremely high fluoride (F) concentrations in the drinking water. In areas with ? 10 ppm F* severe fluorosis, DEAN'S Index Grade 3 and 4, occurred on all permanent teeth and most of the
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Fluoride excess and periostitis in transplant patients receiving long-term voriconazole therapy.
BACKGROUND: We describe a heart transplant patient with painful periostitis and exostoses who was receiving long-term therapy with voriconazole, which is a fluoride-containing medication. Elevated plasma and bone fluoride levels were identified. Discontinuation of voriconazole therapy led to improvement in pain and reduced fluoride and alkaline phosphatase levels. METHODS: To determine
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Excessive fluoride in water and bone chemistry; comparison of two cases
Analytic chemical studies of similar human skeletal tissues obtained at autopsy from two comparable women were conducted to determine the effect of a prolonged exposure to drinking water containing 8.0 ppm of fluoride on the chemistry of human bones. As a result of the prolonged .use of this fluoride drinking water,
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Changing risk factors for fluorosis among South Australian children.
BACKGROUND: Research in the last decade has shown changing exposure patterns to discretionary fluorides and declining prevalence of fluorosis among South Australian children, raising the question of how risk factors for fluorosis have changed. OBJECTIVE: To examine and compare risk factors for fluorosis among representative samples of South Australian children in
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Dental Fluorosis over Time: A comparison of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2001-2002 and 2011-2012.
Purpose: Excessive fluoride ingestion has been associated with dental fluorosis. The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a difference in dental fluorosis prevalence comparing National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) trend data for adolescents, aged 16 and 17 years, when compared to data collected in
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Mechanisms by Which Fluoride Causes Dental Fluorosis Remain Unknown
When it comes to how fluoride impacts human health, no tissue in the body has been studied more than the teeth. Yet, despite over 50 years of research, the mechanism by which fluoride causes dental fluorosis (a hypo-mineralization of the enamel that results in significant staining of the teeth) is not
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Dental Fluorosis in the U.S. 1950-2004
Before the widespread use of fluoride in dentistry, dental fluorosis was rarely found in western countries. Today, with virtually every toothpaste now containing fluoride, and most U.S. water supplies containing fluoride chemicals, dental fluorosis rates have reached unprecedented levels. In the 1950s, it was estimated that only 10% of children in
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Moderate/Severe Dental Fluorosis
In its "moderate" and severe forms, fluoride causes a marked increase in the porosity of the enamel. After eruption into mouth, the porous enamel of moderate to severe fluorosis readily takes up stain, creating permanent brown and black discolorations of the teeth. In addition to extensive staining, teeth with moderate to severe fluorosis are more prone to attrition and wear - leading to pitting, chipping, and decay.
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Dental Fluorosis Is a "Hypo-mineralization" of Enamel
Teeth with fluorosis have an increase in porosity in the subsurface enamel ("hypomineralization"). The increased porosity of enamel found in fluorosis is a result of a fluoride-induced impairment in the clearance of proteins (amelogenins) from the developing teeth. Despite over 50 years of research, the exact mechanism by which fluoride impairs amelogin
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Racial Disparities in Dental Fluorosis
In 2005, the Centers for Disease Control published the results of a national survey of dental fluorosis conducted between 1999 and 2002. According to the CDC, black children in the United States have significantly higher rates of dental fluorosis than either white or Hispanic children. This was not the first time that black children were found to suffer higher rates of dental fluorosis. At least five other studies -- dating as far back as the 1960s -- have found black children in the United States are disproportionately impacted by dental fluorosis.
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