Abstract
BACKGROUND: Knee osteoarthritis caused by endemic skeletal fluorosis is a complex and chronic systemic disease,which can cause the damage of surrounding bone and sclerotin of knee joint.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis caused by endemic skeletal fluorosis.
METHODS: Nine patients suffered from knee osteoarthritis caused by skeletal fluorosis that diagnosed by local epidemiology,dental fluorosis,clinical and imaging from March 2010 to October 2011 and all the patients were treated with bilateral TKA. The clinical efficacy was evaluated according to the knee scoring system of United States Hospital for Special Surgery before arthroplasty and final follow-up after arthroplasty.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Score results showed that 5 knees were excellent, 3 knees were good and 1 knee was fair after knee arthroplasty. All patients have been improved in pain, function and range of motion. TKA is an effective method for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis caused by skeletal fluorosis.
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Industrial skeletal fluorosis: preliminary report on 61 cases from aluminum smelter
SchIegel presented data on 61 cases of skeletal f1uorosis among workers of a Swiss aluminum factory. Of 350 cases ofìndustrial fluorosis reported in the world's literature, approximately 20 occcured in the smelting area of the aluminum industry. For processing aluminum from clay, cryolite (NaAlF6) is used as a fluxing agent.
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Prevalence and estimation of the occupational risk of the musculoskeletal disorders in workers of aluminum potrooms
The aim of this research is to investigate the role of the occupational risks in the development of pain syndromes of the locomotor system in workers employed in basic workplaces at aluminum potrooms, basing on the periodic health screenings data. It has been determined that working under the conditions of
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Bone mineral structure after six years fluoride treatment investigated by backscattered electron imaging (BSEI) and small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS): a case report
NaF, a bone formation stimulating agent, is used for the treatment of osteoporosis. Controversy exists concerning the quality of the newly formed bone and the antifracture effectiveness. We report about a 70 years old woman, who had received 50 mg NaF/d for about 6 years. Calcium or Vit D supplements
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X-ray diagnosis of fluorine-associated arthropathy
I. Pathological basis and X-ray signs of fluorine-associated arthropathy Long-term uptake of excessive fluorine may cause pathological changes of bone structure and bone periphery; furthermore, animal experiments and epidemiological investigations demonstrate that fluorosis may cause necrosis, degeneration and ulceration of articular cartilage, and also cause necrosis of subchondral bones, leading to
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A roentgenologic study of a human population exposed to high-fluoride domestic water; a ten-year study
As shown in Table 1, a limited number of participants from both Bartlett and Cameron showed some degree of roentgenographic bone change but, in general, these changes were minimal. There was a larger number with no observable change in the ten-year interval, a fact disregarded or unreported in most fluoride
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Skeletal Fluorosis: The Misdiagnosis Problem
It is a virtual certainty that there are individuals in the general population unknowingly suffering from some form of skeletal fluorosis as a result of a doctor's failure to consider fluoride as a cause of their symptoms. Proof that this is the case can be found in the following case reports of skeletal fluorosis written by doctors in the U.S. and other western countries. As can be seen, a consistent feature of these reports is that fluorosis patients--even those with crippling skeletal fluorosis--are misdiagnosed for years by multiple teams of doctors who routinely fail to consider fluoride as a possible cause of their disease.
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"Pre-Skeletal" Fluorosis
As demonstrated by the studies below, skeletal fluorosis may produce adverse symptoms, including arthritic pains, clinical osteoarthritis, gastrointestinal disturbances, and bone fragility, before the classic bone change of fluorosis (i.e., osteosclerosis in the spine and pelvis) is detectable by x-ray. Relying on x-rays, therefore, to diagnosis skeletal fluorosis will invariably fail to protect those individuals who are suffering from the pre-skeletal phase of the disease. Moreover, some individuals with clinical skeletal fluorosis will not develop an increase in bone density, let alone osteosclerosis, of the spine. Thus, relying on unusual increases in spinal bone density will under-detect the rate of skeletal fluoride poisoning in a population.
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Fluoride & Osteoarthritis
While the osteoarthritic effects that occurred from fluoride exposure were once considered to be limited to those with skeletal fluorosis, recent research shows that fluoride can cause osteoarthritis in the absence of traditionally defined fluorosis. Conventional methods used for detecting skeletal fluorosis, therefore, will fail to detect the full range of people suffering from fluoride-induced osteoarthritis.
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Gastrointestinal Problems Among Individuals with Skeletal Fluorosis
Humans suffering from skeletal fluorosis are known to suffer from an increased occurrence of gastrointestinal disorders. When fluoride intake is reduced, these gastrointestinal problems are among the first symptoms to disappear. The following are some of the studies that have examined this issue: "It is clear from the observations presented in this article
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Variability in Radiographic Appearance of Skeletal Fluorosis
Osteosclerosis (dense bone) is the bone change typically associated with skeletal fluorosis, particularly in the axial skeleton (spine, pelvis, and ribs). Research shows, however, that skeletal fluorosis produces a spectrum of bone changes, including osteomalacia, osteoporosis, exostoses, changes resulting from secondary hyperparathyroidism, and combinations thereof. Although the reason for this radiographic variability is not yet fully understood, it is believed to relate to the dose of fluoride consumed, the individual's nutritional status, exposure to aluminum, genetic susceptibility, presence of kidney disease, and area of the skeleton examined.
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