Abstract
Fluoride is one of the common environmental pollutants. Internal exposure to fluoride is related to the lowered cognitive function and intelligence, particularly for children. Determination of protein content in brain tissue is a means to reflect the functional development of the central nervous system. Insulin and insulin receptor (IR) signaling systems are associated with cognitive ability. The present research focused on the assessment of the expressions of IR protein and mRNA in hippocampus and olfactory bulb (OB), as well as learning and memory ability of male Kunming mice. Mice were exposed to 50, 100, and 150?mg/L NaF for 90 continuous days. The results showed that learning and memory abilities as well as protein content of male mice brain was significantly decreased by fluoride. Fluoride could inhibit the protein and mRNA expressions of the IR in the hippocampus and OB of mice. IRs mainly distributed in the olfactory nerve layer of the outermost layer of the OB, and most distributed in the hippocampal cornu ammon 3 (CA3) region, followed by the dentate gyrus (DG) and cornu ammon 1 (CA1) regions. These findings suggested that inhibition of the IR protein and mRNA expressions in the hippocampus and OB by fluoride might in part affect learning and memory ability in male mice.
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Memory impairment induced by sodium fluoride is associated with changes in brain monoamine levels.
Previous studies suggest that sodium fluoride (NaF) can impair performance in some memory tasks, such as open-field habituation and two-way active avoidance. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of NaF intake (100 ppm in drinking water for 30 days) and its short-term (15 days) withdrawal on open-field habituation and brain monoamine
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Influence of chronic fluorosis on expression of phospho-Elk-1 in rat brains.
Objective: To investigate the expression and distribution of the downstream substrate of extracellular regulated protein kinase(ERK1/2) pathway, ternary complex factor phospho-Elk-1, in rat brains with chronic fluorosis, and reveal the mechanism of the impaired learning and memory ability caused by chronic fluorosis. Methods: Seventy-two SD rats, weighing 100 - 120 g,
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Gestational exposure to fluoride impairs cognition in C57 BL/6 J male offspring mice via the p-Creb1-BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway.
Highlights Pregnant mice were exposed to environmentally relevant doses of sodium fluoride from GD1 to GD20. Exposure to sodium fluoride resulted in structural and functional impairments in male offspring mouse hippocampus. The activation of P-Creb1 signaling pathway played a role in sodium fluoride-induced cognitive impairment. We provided new insight
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Effects of chronic fluoride exposure on object recognition memory and mRNA expression of SNARE complex in hippocampus of male mice
This study aimed to investigate the effects of long-term fluoride exposure on object recognition memory and mRNA expression of soluble N-ethylmaleimidesensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptors (SNARE) complex (synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25), vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP-2), and syntaxin 1A) in the hippocampus of male mice. Sixty sexually matured
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Prolonged Fluoride Exposure Induces Spatial-memory Deficit and Hippocampal Dysfunction by Inhibiting Small Heat Shock Protein 22 in Mice
Millions of residents in areas with high-fluoride drinking water supply ingest excessive levels of fluoride for long periods. This study investigated the mechanisms and impacts of lifelong exposure to naturally occurring moderate–high-fluoride drinking water on spatial-memory function by studying mice in controlled experiments. Spatial-memory deficits and disorders of hippocampal neuronal
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NRC (2006): Fluoride's Neurotoxicity and Neurobehavioral Effects
The NRC's analysis on fluoride and the brain.
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Fluoride's Direct Effects on Brain: Animal Studies
The possibility that fluoride ingestion may impair intelligence and other indices of neurological function is supported by a vast body of animal research, including over 40 studies that have investigated fluoride's effects on brain quality in animals. As discussed by the National Research Council, the studies have consistently demonstrated that fluoride, at widely varying concentrations, is toxic to the brain.
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Fluoride: Developmental Neurotoxicity.
Developmental Neurotoxicity There has been a tremendous amount of research done on the association of exposure to fluoride with developmental neurotoxicity. There are over 60 studies reporting reduced IQ in children and several on the impaired learning/memory in animals. And there are studies which link fluoride to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Teaching
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Fluoride's Effect on Fetal Brain
The human placenta does not prevent the passage of fluoride from a pregnant mother's bloodstream to the fetus. As a result, a fetus can be harmed by fluoride ingested pregnancy. Based on research from China, the fetal brain is one of the organs susceptible to fluoride poisoning. As highlighted by the excerpts
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Fluoride Affects Learning & Memory in Animals
An association between elevated fluoride exposure and reduced intelligence has now been observed in 65 IQ studies. Although a link between fluoride and intelligence might initially seem surprising or random, it is actually consistent with a large body of animal research. This animal research includes the following 45 studies (out
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