FLUORIDE ACTION NETWORK PESTICIDE PROJECT

Return to FAN's Pesticide Homepage

Return to 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane Index Page


1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane. TOXNET profile from Hazardous Substances Data Bank.


See for Updates: http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB

1,1,1,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE
CASRN: 811-97-2
For other data, click on the Table of Contents

Human Health Effects:

Human Toxicity Excerpts:

PROPELLANT /FLUOROCARBON/ GASES WERE GENERATED ... FROM A DISTANCE OF 50 CM FOR PERIODS OF 15 TO 60 SECONDS. AT A MEASURED CONCN OF 95,000 MG/CU M (1700 PPM), THERE WAS BIPHASIC CHANGE IN VENTILATORY CAPACITY, THE FIRST REDUCTION OCCURRING WITHIN FEW MIN AFTER EXPOSURE, & SECOND DELAYED UNTIL 13 TO 30 MIN AFTER EXPOSURE. MOST SUBJECTS DEVELOPED BRADYCARDIA, & INVERSION OF THE T-WAVE. /PROPELLANT GASES/
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3081]**PEER REVIEWED**

EXCESSIVE SKIN CONTACT WITH LIQ FLUOROCARBONS SHOULD BE MINIMIZED TO PREVENT DEFATTING OF SKIN ... /FLUOROCARBONS/
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 897]**PEER REVIEWED**

... THE COMBINATION OF FLUOROCARBON WITH A SYMPATHOMIMETIC BRONCHODILATOR IS POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS FOR THE TREATMENT OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA. FOR THE SAME REASON, SYMPATHOMIMETIC DRUGS ARE CONTRAINDICATED IN CARDIAC RESUSCITATION OF PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM FLUOROCARBON POISONING. /FLUOROCARBON POISONING/
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3087]**PEER REVIEWED**

FLUOROCARBON VAPORS ARE 4 TO 5 TIMES HEAVIER THAN AIR. THUS HIGH CONCN TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN LOW-LYING AREAS, RESULTING IN HAZARD OF INHALATION OF CONCENTRATED VAPORS, WHICH MAY BE FATAL. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3101]**PEER REVIEWED**

UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS, FLUOROCARBON VAPORS MAY DECOMPOSE ON CONTACT WITH FLAMES OR HOT SURFACES, CREATING POTENTIAL HAZARD OF INHALATION OF TOXIC DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3101]**PEER REVIEWED**

EARLY ... HUMAN EXPERIENCE INDICATED THAT HIGH VAPOR CONCN (EG, 20%) MAY CAUSE CONFUSION, PULMONARY IRRITATION, TREMORS & RARELY COMA, BUT THAT THESE EFFECTS WERE GENERALLY TRANSIENT & WITHOUT LATE SEQUELAE. ... CAUSE OF DEATH /FROM ABUSE OF FLUOROCARBONS/ IS IN CONSIDERABLE DOUBT. FREEZING OF AIRWAY SOFT TISSUES CAN PROBABLY BE ELIMINATED AS A CAUSE OF DEATH EXCEPT IN CASES WHERE THE PRODUCT WAS SPRAYED DIRECTLY INTO THE MOUTH FROM ITS CONTAINER OR FROM A BALLOON CONTAINING SOME LIQUID. LARYNGEAL SPASM OR EDEMA, OXYGEN DISPLACEMENT, OR SENSITIZATION OF MYOCARDIUM TO ENDOGENOUS CATECHOLAMINES WITH SUBSEQUENT VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION APPEAR TO BE REASONABLE POSSIBILITIES. /FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS & PROPELLANTS/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-159]**PEER REVIEWED**

A SPECIAL CLASS OF CHEMICALS SUBJECT TO ABUSE BY INHALATION ARE THE FLUOROHYDROCARBONS ... THE "SNIFFING" OF SUCH AEROSOL SPRAYS IS HAZARDOUS PRACTICE. ... 110 "SUDDEN SNIFFING DEATHS" /HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED/ ... IN EACH CASE THE VICTIM SPRAYED THE AEROSOL INTO A PLASTIC BAG, INHALED THE CONTENTS, BECAME EXCITED, RAN 90 M OR SO, COLLAPSED, & DIED. NECROPSY FINDINGS WERE LARGELY NEGATIVE ... ALTHOUGH AMOUNT OF PROPELLANT ABSORBED INTO BLOOD FROM USE OF HAIRSPRAY, COSMETIC, HOUSEHOLD, & MEDICATED AEROSOLS MUST VARY WITH CIRCUMSTANCES, PHYSICIAN IS ADVISED TO COUNSEL ... PATIENT ON POTENTIAL DANGERS, PARTICULARLY FROM THEIR USE IN POORLY VENTILATED CONFINED AREAS. IT IS POSSIBLE THAT PATIENTS WITH CARDIAC OR RESPIRATORY DISORDERS MAY PROVE ESPECIALLY SUSCEPTIBLE. /FLUOROHYDROCARBONS/
[Goodman, L.S., and A. Gilman. (eds.) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 5th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975. 910]**PEER REVIEWED**

In a cross sectional study the neurological effects of fluorocarbons were evaluated in 27 refrigeration repair workers. Fourteen age matched reference subjects were selected from a local union of plumbers, pipe-fitters, and insulation workers. A case of peripheral neuropathy in a commercial refrigeration repairman prompted the investigation. Personal air samples from 2 worker-participants over the course of a typical workshift showed 1.4 ppm chlorodifluoromethane and 2.2 ppm chloropentafluoroethane. There were no cases of peripheral neuropathy in the study subjects. There was no significant difference in mean nerve conduction velocities (ulnar, median, peroneal, sural, tibial) between study and reference subjects. Lightheadedness and palpitations were reported significantly more often by refrigeration repair workers (p<0.05). /Fluorocarbons/
[Campell DD et al; Br J Ind Med 43:107-11 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Fluorocarbons were initially believed to be compounds low in toxicity. In the late 1960s there were early reports of deaths caused by intentional inhalation abuse of various aerosols. Victims frequently discharged the aerosol contents into a plastic bag and then inhaled the gaseous contents. Suffocation was initially considered to be the cause of death. In 1970, 110 cases of "sudden sniffing death" /were reviewed/ without finding evidence of suffocation. The majority of those deaths (59) involved fluorocarbon propellants. He noted that in several cases sudden death followed a burst of emotional stress or exercise. No significant findings were noted at autopsy. /Fluorocarbons/
[Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. 1281]**PEER REVIEWED**

Fluorocarbon propellants are anesthetic and cardiotoxic. ... Aerosol propellants produce hallucinogenic effects, and, rarely, contact dermatitis. /Fluorocarbon propellants/
[Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988. 528]**PEER REVIEWED**

Fluorocarbon propellants, benzene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, gasoline, toluene, and hydrocarbons have been implicated in 110 sudden deaths after inhalant abuse in which no obvious cardiac or pulmonary pathology existed. Heavy exercise or stress was associated with 18 of those deaths, /it was/ proposed that these inhalants act to sensitize the myocardium to endogenous catecholamines. Hypoxia, hypercarbia, and acidosis may exacerbate these effects. /Fluorocarbon propellants/
[Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988. 841]**PEER REVIEWED**

THERE ARE ISOLATED REPORTS OF POISONING FROM EXPOSURE TO FLUOROCARBON PROPELLANTS & SOME STUDIES SHOWING A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE AMONG HOSPITAL PERSONNEL & REFRIGERANT MECHANICS EXPOSED TO FLUOROCARBONS. ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATION IS REQUIRED TO ESTABLISH CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FLUOROCARBONS & CARDIOVASCULAR & BRONCHOPULMONARY DISEASES AMONG EXPOSED WORKERS. THE HIGH INCIDENCE OF CANCER AMONG HOSPITAL PERSONNEL REPEATEDLY EXPOSED TO FLUORINE-CONTAINING GENERAL ANESTHETICS RAISES A FUNDAMENTAL NEED TO EXAMINE OTHER FLUOROCARBON-EXPOSED WORKERS FOR SIMILAR EFFECTS. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3111]**PEER REVIEWED**

CLINICAL PATHOLOGISTS EXPOSED TO FLUOROCARBONS IN THE PREPN OF FROZEN TISSUE SECTIONS HAVE BEEN SEEN TO DEVELOP CORONARY HEART DISEASE. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3110]**PEER REVIEWED**

Freons are toxic to humans by several mechanisms. Inhaled fluorocarbons sensitized the myocardium to catecholamines, frequently resulting in lethal ventricular arrhythmias. Because they are gases heavier than air, fluorocarbons can displace atmospheric oxygen, thus resulting in asphyxiation. These compounds also have a central nervous system (CNS) anesthetic effect analogous to a structurally similar general anesthetic, halothane. Pressurized refrigerant or liquid fluorocarbons with a low boiling point hav a cyrogenic effect on exposed tissues, causing frostbite, laryngeal or pulmonary edema, and gastrointestinal perforation. Certain fluorocarbons degrade at high temperatures into toxic products of chlorine, hydrofluoric acid, or phosgene gases. /Freons/
[Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. 1281]**PEER REVIEWED**

... HIGH VAPOR CONCN (EG, 20%) MAY CAUSE CONFUSION, PULMONARY IRRITATION, TREMORS & RARELY COMA ... BUT ... THESE EFFECTS WERE GENERALLY TRANSIENT & WITHOUT LATE SEQUELAE. /FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS & PROPELLANTS/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-159]**PEER REVIEWED**

Non-occupational exposure and accidental or abusive inhalation of aerosols /due to Fluorocarbon propellants/ have also been documented, the main symptoms being CNS depression and cardiovascular reactions. Cardiac arrhythmia, possibly aggravated by elevated levels of catecholamines due to stress or by moderate hypercapnia, is suggested as the cause of these adverse response, which may lead to death. /Aerosols/
[WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons p.20 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**

EXCESSIVE SKIN CONTACT WITH LIQUID FLUOROCARBONS SHOULD BE MINIMIZED TO PREVENT DEFATTING OF SKIN ... /FLUOROCARBONS/
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 897]**PEER REVIEWED**

Fluorocarbons containing bromine ... are more toxic than the corresponding chloro compounds. /Fluorocarbons/
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. V10 867]**PEER REVIEWED**

... CAUSE OF DEATH /FROM ABUSE OF FLUOROCARBONS/ IS IN ... DOUBT. FREEZING OF AIRWAY SOFT TISSUES CAN PROBABLY BE ELIMINATED ... EXCEPT IN CASES WHERE PRODUCT WAS SPRAYED DIRECTLY INTO MOUTH FROM CONTAINER OR BALLOON CONTAINING SOME LIQ. /FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS & PROPELLANTS/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-159]**PEER REVIEWED**

... CAUSE OF DEATH /FROM ABUSE OF FLUOROCARBONS/ ... IN ... DOUBT. ... LARYNGEAL SPASM OR EDEMA, OXYGEN DISPLACEMENT, OF SENSITIZATION OF MYOCARDIUM TO ENDOGENOUS CATECHOLAMINES WITH ... VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION APPEAR TO BE ... POSSIBILITIES. /FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS & PROPELLANTS/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-159]**PEER REVIEWED**

1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane, which lacks ozone depleting potential, has been selected as a replacement refrigerant for dichlorodifluoromethane in air conditioning and chiller applications, and as a propellant for pharmaceutical aerosols. A variety of paradigms using rats and rabbits have shown that 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane has very little toxic potential. To strengthen the prediction of human hazard associated with 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane exposure, the rate of metabolism of this halocarbon by human hepatic microsomes was evaluated relative to similar tissue preparations derived from rats and rabbits. Human microsomes defluorinated 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane in a cytochrome p450 catalyzed reaction, common also to rat and rabbit. In absolute terms, the maximal rate of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane metabolism by human microsomes was very low, showed little interindividual variation among the samples evaluated (1.3 : 0.3 nmol fluoride ions/mg protein/15 min, x : standard deviation, n = 10), and did not exceed that in rat or rabbit liver microsomes. These findings support the argument that for characterization of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane toxicity, especially that which may be mediated by products of halocarbon metabolism, laboratory animals are an adequate surrogate for humans.
[Olson MJ, Surbrook S E Jr; Toxicol Lett (AMST) 59 (1-3): 89-100 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Populations at Special Risk:

In persons with impaired pulmonary function, especially those with obstructive airway diseases, the breathing of Refrigerant 114 might cause exacerbation of symptoms due to its irritant properties. ... In persons with impaired cardiovascular function, especially those with history of cardiac arrhythmias, the inhalation of Refrigerant 114 might cause exacerbation of disorders of the conduction mechanism due to sensitizing effects on the myocardium. /Freon 114/
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 1]**PEER REVIEWED**

IT IS POSSIBLE THAT PT WITH CARDIAC OR RESP DISORDERS MAY PROVE ESP SUSCEPTIBLE. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[Goodman, L.S., and A. Gilman. (eds.) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 5th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975. 910]**PEER REVIEWED**


Probable Routes of Human Exposure:

Occupational exposure to 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane may occur by inhalation or dermal contact during its production or use. (SRC)
**PEER REVIEWED**

... IN THE MANUFACTURE, USE, SERVICING, & DISPOSAL OF REFRIGERATION UNITS, FOOD PROCESSING, SOLVENT APPLICATIONS, PLASTIC FOAM BLOWING, & FIRE EXTINGUISHING. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3102]**PEER REVIEWED**

GREATEST OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE BY VOLUME USE OF REFRIGERANTS IS IN SERVICING (NOT INCLUDING RECHARGING), INITIAL CHARGING, & MANUFACTURING & INSTALLATION. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3102]**PEER REVIEWED**


Emergency Medical Treatment:

Emergency Medical Treatment:

EMT Copyright Disclaimer:
Portions of the POISINDEX(R) database are provided here for general reference. THE COMPLETE POISINDEX(R) DATABASE, AVAILABLE FROM MICROMEDEX, SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC CASES. Copyright 1974-1998 Micromedex, Inc. Denver, Colorado. All Rights Reserved. Any duplication, replication or redistribution of all or part of the POISINDEX(R) database is a violation of Micromedex' copyrights and is strictly prohibited.

The following Overview, *** FLUORINATED HYDROCARBONS ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical.

Life Support:
  o   This overview assumes that basic life support measures
      have been instituted.                           
Clinical Effects:
  SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
   0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   LOW CONCENTRATION - Inhalations such as those caused by
         leaking air conditioners or refrigerators usually
         result in transient eye, nose, and throat irritation.
         Palpitations,  light headedness, and headaches are also
         seen.
     o   HIGH CONCENTRATION - Inhalation associated with
         deliberate abuse, or spills or industrial use occurring
         in poorly ventilated areas has been associated with
         ventricular arrhythmias, pulmonary edema and sudden
         death.
  HEENT
   0.2.4.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   EYES - Eye irritation occurs with ambient exposure.
         Frostbite of the lids may be severe.  Ocular
         instillation results in corneal burns in rabbits.
     o   NOSE - Nasal irritation occurs with ambient exposure.
     o   THROAT - Irritation occurs.  Frostbite of the lips,
         tongue, buccal  mucosa and hard palate developed in a
         man after deliberate inhalation.
  CARDIOVASCULAR
   0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   Inhalation of high concentrations is associated with
         the development of refractory ventricular arrhythmias
         and sudden death, believed to be secondary, primarily,
         to myocardial sensitization to endogenous
         catecholamines.  Some individuals may be susceptible to
         arrhythmogenic effects at lower concentrations.
  RESPIRATORY
   0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   Pulmonary irritation, bronchial constriction, cough,
         dyspnea, and chest tightness may develop after
         inhalation.  Chronic pulmonary hyperreactivity may
         occur.  Adult respiratory distress syndrome has been
         reported following acute inhalational exposures.
         Pulmonary edema is an  autopsy finding in fatal cases.
  NEUROLOGIC
   0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   Headache, dizziness, and disorientation are common.
         Cerebral edema may be found on autopsy.  A syndrome of
         impaired psychomotor speed, impaired memory and
         learning, and emotional lability has been described in
         workers with chronic occupational exposure to
         fluorinated hydrocarbons.
  GASTROINTESTINAL
   0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   Nausea may develop.  Ingestion of a small amount of
         trichlorofluoromethane resulted in necrosis and
         perforation of the stomach in one patient.
  HEPATIC
   0.2.9.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   Jaundice and mild elevations in transaminases may
         develop after  inhalational exposure or ingestion.
         Hepatocellular coagulative necrosis has been observed
         on liver biopsy.
  DERMATOLOGIC
   0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   Dermal contact may result in defatting, irritation or
         contact dermatitis.  Severe frostbite has been reported
         as an effect of freon exposure.  Injection causes
         transient pain, erythema and edema.
  MUSCULOSKELETAL
   0.2.15.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   Rhabdomyolysis has been reported in a worker
         susceptible to malignant hyperthermia after exposure to
         fluorinated hydrocarbons and also following intentional
         freon inhalation.  Compartment syndrome is a rare
         complication of severe exposure.
  REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS
    o   Dichlorodifluoromethane was not teratogenic in rats and
        rabbits.
    o   The reproductive effects of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
        were studied in rats.  No adverse effects on
        reproductive performance was noted or on the
        development, maturation or reproductive performance of
        up to two successive generations.
  GENOTOXICITY
    o   The hydrochlorofluorocarbons, HCFC-225ca and HCFC-225cb,
        were not mutagenic in the Ames reverse mutation assay,
        or clastogenic in the chromosomal  aberration assay with
        Chinese hamster lung cells.  Neither induced unscheduled
        DNA synthesis in liver cells.  Both of these agents were
        clastogenic in the chromosomal aberration assay with
        human lymphocytes.                        
Laboratory:
  o   Fluorinated hydrocarbons plasma levels are not clinically
      useful.
  o   No specific lab work (CBC, electrolyte, urinalysis) is
      needed unless otherwise indicated.
  o   Obtain baseline pulse oximetry or arterial blood gas
      analysis.
Treatment Overview:
  SUMMARY EXPOSURE
    o   Monitor EKG and vital signs carefully.  Cardiopulmonary
        resuscitation may be necessary.
  ORAL EXPOSURE
    o   These substances may cause frostbite to the upper airway
        and gastrointestinal  tract after ingestion.  Administer
        oxygen and manage airway as clinically  indicated.
        Emesis, activated charcoal, and gastric lavage are not
        recommended.
  INHALATION EXPOSURE
    o   MONITOR ECG and VITAL SIGNS carefully.  Cardiopulmonary
        resuscitation may be necessary.  AVOID CATECHOLAMINES.
    o   PROVIDE A QUIET CALM ATMOSPHERE to prevent adrenaline
        surge if the patient is seen before the onset of cardiac
        arrhythmias.  Minimize physical exertion.
    o   MONITOR pulse oximetry or arterial blood gases.
    o   Provide symptomatic and supportive care.
    o   These substances may cause frostbite of the upper airway
        with the potential for  severe edema.  Administer oxygen
        and manage airway early in patients with evidence  of
        upper airway injury.
    o   PULMONARY EDEMA (NONCARDIOGENIC):  Maintain ventilation
        and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial
        blood gas or pulse oximetry monitoring.  Early use of
        PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
  EYE EXPOSURE
    o   DECONTAMINATION:  Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
        amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes.  If
        irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia
        persist, the patient should be seen in a health care
        facility.
    o   Ophthamologic consultation should be obtained in any
        symptomatic patients.
  DERMAL EXPOSURE
    o   DECONTAMINATION:  Remove contaminated clothing and wash
        exposed  area thoroughly with soap and water.  A
        physician may need to  examine the area if irritation or
        pain persists.
    o   If frostbite has occurred, refer to dermal treatment in
        the main body of this document for rewarming.
Range of Toxicity:
  o   Freons are very toxic when inhaled in high concentrations
      and/or for extended periods.  At lower concentrations or
      brief exposure, freons may cause transient eye, nose, and
      throat irritation.  There is significant interpatient
      variation and it is difficult to predict which patient
      will exhibit symptoms following exposure.            

[Rumack BH: POISINDEX(R) Information System. Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2001; CCIS Volume 110, edition exp November, 2001. Hall AH & Rumack BH (Eds):TOMES(R) Information System. Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2001; CCIS Volume 110, edition exp November, 2001.] **PEER REVIEWED**

Antidote and Emergency Treatment:

If the diagnosis of solvent abuse is suspected it can be confirmed by biochemical examination of the blood or urine. Emergency treatment is supportive and includes decontamination, oxygen, and any specific therapy required in a particular case such as antiarrhythmics or anticonvulsants. A few patients may require intermittent positive-pressure ventilation, dialysis, or treatment for hepatic failure. /Solvent abuse/
[Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. 1259]**PEER REVIEWED**

... In persons who are intoxicated with fluorocarbons, steps can be taken to lessen the risk of arrhythmias. ... Before evaluation at the hospital, patients should be advised to avoid strenuous exercise. In the hospital, patients can be placed in a quiet, nonthreatening environment and sedated if necessary. If hypoxic, oxygen should be administered and metabolic abnormalities corrected. Sympathomimetic drugs should be avoided. Ventricular arrhythmias are best treated with beta-blocking agents. /Fluorocarbons/
[Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. 81]**PEER REVIEWED**

Patients with fluorohydrocarbon poisoning should not be given epinephrine (Adrenalin) or similar drugs because of the tendency of fluorohydrocarbon to induce cardiac arrhythmia, including ventricular fibrillation. /Fluorohydrocarbons/
[Zenz, C. Occupational Medicine-Principles and Practical Applications. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Yearbook, Inc, 1988. 543]**PEER REVIEWED**

Victims of Freon inhalation require management for hypoxic, CNS anesthetic, and cardiac symptoms. Patients must be removed from the exposure environment, and high-flow supplemental oxygen should be utilized. The respiratory system should be evaluated for injury, aspiration, or pulmonary edema and treated appropriately. CNS findings should be treated supportively. A calm environment with no physical exertion is imperative to avoid increasing endogenous adrenegic levels. Exogenous adrenergic drugs must not be used to avoid inducing sensitized myocardial dysrhythmias. Atropine is ineffective in treating bradyarrhythmias. For ventricular dysrhythmias, diphenylhydantoin and countershock may be effective. Cryogenic dermal injuries should be treated by water bath rewarming at 40 to 42 deg C until vasodilatory flush has returned. Elevation of the limb and standard frostbite management with late surgical debridement should be utilized. Ocular exposure requires irrigation and slit-lamp evaluation for injury. /Freons/
[Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. 1282]**PEER REVIEWED**

... IF INHALATION OCCURS, EPINEPHRINE OR OTHER SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINES & ADRENERGIC ACTIVATORS SHOULD NOT BE ADMIN SINCE THEY WILL FURTHER SENSITIZE HEART TO DEVELOPMENT OF ARRHYTHMIAS. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3101]**PEER REVIEWED**


Animal Toxicity Studies:

Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:

1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane has been evaluated in a range of toxicity assays covering acute, sub-acute, sub-chronic and chronic toxicity, genotoxicity, teratogenicity and carcinogenicity. Some tests are still in progress or being considered. The presently available data are indicative of a low order of toxicity. 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane is a non-flammable gas with low water solubility and low chemical reactivity. 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane is of low acute toxicity with inhalation LC50 (4 hr) in rat higher than 5000,000 ppm (v/v). Acute symptoms are indicative or central nervous system depression with anesthetic effects induced at sub-lethal levels. The cardiac sensitizing potential is very low (threshold 75,000 ppm in dogs). 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane has been tested in sub-acute and sub-chronic inhalation on studies in rats at exposure levels ranging from 1000 to 50,000 ppm. A recent 90 day study established the no observable effect level at 50,000 ppm (6 hr/day 5 day/week exposure). 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane has been examined in two inhalation teratogenicity assays in the rat and in one recent study in the rabbit. No teratogenic effect was found at any of the exposure levels, although minimal maternal toxicity occurred at 40,000 ppm in rabbits and maternal together embryo fetal toxicity at 100,000 ppm in rats. 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane was not genotoxic in a battery of short term tests in vitro (Ames assasy, human lymphocyte assay, etc.) and in vivo (Micronucleus, dominant lethal, etc.) 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane has been tested for carcinogenicity in a limited in vivo bioassay in rats receiving during one year daily oral doses of 300 mg/kg body weight (in corn oil). After 125 weeks, no carcinogenic potential was found. In addition a 2 year inhalation combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity bioassay in rats is in progress. Exposure levels are 0, 5000, 15,000, and 50,000 ppm (6 hr/day, 6 day/week, 104 weeks). 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane metabolism has been assessed in the rat with radiolabelled material showing that this chemical is virtually not transformed in the body and is quickly eliminated via respiratory route and not accumulated in any particular organ.
[Millischer RJ; J Am Coll Toxicol 8 (6): 1220 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

EARLY ANIMAL ... WORK INDICATED THAT HIGH VAPOR CONCN (EG, 20%) MAY CAUSE CONFUSION, PULMONARY IRRITATION, TREMORS & RARELY COMA, BUT THAT THESE EFFECTS WERE GENERALLY TRANSIENT & WITHOUT LATE SEQUELAE. /FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS & PROPELLANTS/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-159]**PEER REVIEWED**

1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane is a non-ozone depleting alternative to dichlorodifluoromethane for use as an air conditioning refrigerant and as a propellant in anti-asthmatic and other pharmaceutical preparations. Hepatic microsomes, supplemented with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, catalyzed the release of fluoride ions from 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane; metabolite production was positively correlated with both duration of incubation and gas phase (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane). Defluorination of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane was inhibited by carbon monoxide, lack of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, or heat denaturation of microsomes. Release of fluoride ions from 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane biotransformation as shown by the near total lack of dehalogenation during anaerobic incubations. 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane did not produce a difference spectrum (360 to 500 nm) with either oxidized or dithionite reduced microsomes. Microsomes from phenobarbital or Aroclor 1254 treated rats produced greater amounts of fluoride ions per mg protein from high concn of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane than did microsomes from untreated rats, but when normalized for microsomal cytochrome p450 content both phenobarbital and Aroclor treatment decreased the specific activity (nmol fluoride ion/nmol cytochrome p450) of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane metabolism. Furthermore, while defluorination of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane by microsomes from livers of untreated rats was substrate-saturable (Vmax, 11 nmol of fluoride ion/nmol cytochrome p450/15 min; KM, 8% 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane dehalogenation by microsomes from Aroclor treated rats was nonsaturable with (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) as high as 69%. Microsomes from phenobarbital treated rats retained the saturable, low KM activity, but also exhibited the apparently nonsaturable kinetic component when [1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane] was greater than 24%.
[Olson MJ et al; Drug Metab Dispos Biol Fate Chem 18 (6): 992-8 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The thermodynamic behavior and lack of ozone depleting potential of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane suggest it as a likely replacement for dichlorodifluoromethane, now used as the refrigerant in many air conditioning systems. To further the presently incomplete toxicological analysis of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, the effects of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane on cell viability and functional competence of glucose metabolism were evaluated in suspension cultures of hepatocytes derived from fed or fasted rats. 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane concn up to and including 75% (750,000 ppm) in the gas phase of sealed culture flasks did not produce evidence of cytolethality (lactate dehydrogenase leakage) following 2 hr of exposure; in contrast, halothane (1,1,1-trifluoro-2-bromo-2-chloroethane) caused cell death at a gas phase concn of only 1250 ppm. In hepatocytes isolated from fed rats. 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane at concn of 12.5 to 75% increased glycolysis (production of lactate + pyruvate) in a concn dependent manner; no effect was observed at 5%. At 25%, dichlorodifluoromethane and 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-1,2-dichloroethane were of equal potency to 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane in stimulating glycolysis: 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoro-2-chloroethane depressed glycolysis slightly. Halothane, at concn as low as 300 ppm, markedly increased rates of glycolysis. Glucose production by hepatocytes of fed rats was decreased by 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, and 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-1,2-dichloroethane only at concn of 25% or more. On the other hand, halothane (greater than or equal to 300 ppm) potently decreased glucose production by hepatocytes. In cells isolated from livers of fasted rats, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane exposure inhibited gluconeogenesis in a concn dependent manner although this effect was not significant until 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane concn reached 12.5%. Comparative potency studies showed that 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, or 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-1,2-dichloroethane (25% gas phase) inhibited gluconeogenesis about equally while as little as 300 ppm halothane was effective and 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoro-2-chloroethane (25%) was without effect. Considering that the threshold for alteration of the rate of glucose metabolism in this in vitro paradigm is about 12.5% 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, it was concluded that toxicologically significant alteration of glucose-linked bioenergetics is unlikely at the levels of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane exposure anticipated in workplace or environment.
[Olson MJ et al; Fundam Appl Toxicol 15 (2): 270-80 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**

As a component of the program to phase out the chlorofluorocarbons, several new materials are being evaluated. Two are tetrafluoroethane and chlorotetrafluoroethane. These have many similarities to CFC 12 and CFC 114, respectively, and are considered as replacements in several applications. Both tetrafluoroethane and chlorotetrafluoroethane were not active in the Ames, cytogenetics and in vivo micronucleus assays. In addition, tetrafluoroethane did induce unscheduled DNA synthesis. Neither caused developmental effects in teratology studies with rabbits (tetrafluoroethane) or rats (chlorotetrafluoroethane) using exposure levels up to 40,000 and 50,000 ppm, respectively. In a 3 month inhalation toxicity with tetrafluoroethane, no treatment related effects were seen with exposures of 50,000 ppm. In a 4 week inhalation toxicity study with chlorotetrafluoroethane, which also involved exposures up to 50,000 ppm, transient depressed responsivity to noise was noted (probably indicating a light anesthia) during the exposures. This cleared up within minutes following completion of each exposure. A 3 month inhalation study was conducted again with exposure levels up to 50,000 ppm. The in-life phase of this study has been completed and the only effects seen to date are again signs of transient depressed responsivity to noise stimulus.
[Rusch GM; Toxicologist 11 (1): 102 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The chlorofluorocarbon substitute 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane is subject to metabolism by cytochrome p450 in hepatic microsomes from rat, rabbit, and human. In rat and rabbit, the p450 form 2E1 is a predominant low KM, high rate catalyst of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane biotranformation and is prominently involved in the metabolism of other tetrahaloalkanes of greater toxicity than 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (eg, 1,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane). In this study, it was determined that the human ortholog of p450 2E1 plays a role of similar importance in the metabolism of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane. In human hepatic microsomes from 12 individuals, preparations from subjects with relatively high p450 2E1 levels were shown to metabolize 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane at rates 5- to 10-fold greater than microsomes of individuals with lower levels of this enzyme; the increased rate of metabolism of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane was specifically linked to increased expression of p450 2E1. The primary evidence for the conclusion is drawn from studies using mechanism based inactivation of p450 2E1 by diethyldithiocarbamate, competitive inhibition of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane oxidation by p-nitrophenol (a high affinity substrate for p450 2E1), strong positive correlations of rates of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane defluorination with p-nitrophenol hydroxylation in the study population, and correlation of p450 2E1 levels with rates of halocarbon oxidation. Thus, our findings support the conclusion that human metabolism of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane is qualitatively similar to that of the species (rat and rabbit) used for toxicological assessment of this halocarbon. Although hazard from 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane exposure is not anticipated in most humans (based on toxicological evaluation in laboratory animals), our results suggest that 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane exposure should be minimized for individuals with chemical exposure histories commensurate with elevation of p450 2E1 (ie, frequent contact with agents such as ethanol, trichloroethylene, or pyridine). Furthermore, these findings suggest that toxicity assessment of certain other haloethanes currently under consideration as replacements for chlorofluorocarbons should be considered in animals with elevated p450 2E1.
[Surbrook S E Jr, Olson MJ; Drug Metab Dispos 20 (4): 518-24 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:

Metabolism/Metabolites:

1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane, a nonozone-depleting alternative air-conditioning refrigerant and propellant for pharmaceutical preparations, is oxidatively defluorinated by rat hepatic microsomes. In this report it is shown that induction of cytochrome p450 isoform IIE 11 or 1 in rats, by pyridine administration, resulted in an 8-fold increase in the rate of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane metabolism by hepatic microsomes (Vmax 47 vs. 6 nmol F-/mg microsomal protein/15 min). Furthermore, when data were normalized for p450 content, a 4-fold increase 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane metabolism was noted for IIE 1-enriched microsome preparations. In contrast, phenobarbital and Aroclor 1254 decreased the specific activity of hepatic microsomes for this function. The microsomal content of P-450IIE 1, as evaluated by Western blot, was evaluated significantly only in microsomes from pyridine treated rats. p-Nitrophenol and aniline, which are metabolized at high rates by rat cytochrome p450 isoform IIE1, decreased the rate of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane defluorination by hepatic microsomes; Dixon plot analysis indicated competitive inhibition with a Ki of 36 uM p-nitrophenol or 115 uM aniline. Pyridine also potently induced defluorination of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane catalyzed by rabbit liver microsomes. Studies with individual p450 isozymes purified from rabbit liver showed that the phenobarbital- and polycyclic hydrocarbon induced isozymes (IIB 1 and IA2) defluorinated 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane at negligible rates (1.9 and 0.4 nmol F-/nmol p450/60 min, respectively). In contrast, cytochrome p450 isoform IIE1 catalyzed defluorination of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane at a relatively high rate (16.2 nmol F-/nmol p450/60 min); isozyme IA1, which also is induced by nitrogen containing heterocycles such as pyridine, was somewhat active (5.3 nmol F-/nmol p450/60 min). /It was/ concluded that the cytochrome p450 dependent oxidation of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane is catalyzed primarily by cytochrome p450 isoform IIE1. Thus, it is likely that chronic exposure to inducers of cytochrome p450 isoform IIE1, such as ethanol, acetone, trichloroethylene, pyridine, pyrazole, imidaxole, and isoniazid, prior to 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane exposure in vivo will increase the conversion of this halocarbon to F- and fluorinated organic products such as trifluoroacetate.
[Olson MJ et al; Drug Metab Dispos 19 (2): 298-303 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The metabolism of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane was examined in adult male Fischer 344 rats treated with pyridine. Pyridine induced cytochrome p450IIE1 in rats resulted in an eight fold increase in the rate of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane metabolism by hepatic microsomes. A four fold increase in 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane metabolism was noted for IIE1 enriched microsome preparations. The specific activity of hepatic microsomes for this function was diminished by phenobarbital and Aroclor 1254 exposures. The rate of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane defluorination by hepatic microsomes was decreased by p-nitrophenol and aniline. Dioxin demonstrated a competitive inhibition with p-nitrophenol or aniline. Studies with individual cytochrome p450 isozymes purified from rabbit liver indicated that the phenobarbital and polycyclic hydrocarbon induced isozymes defluorinated 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane at negligible rates. In contrast, cytochrome p450IIE1 catalyzed defluorination of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane at a relatively high rate. Isozyme IA1 was somewhat active. The results indicated that cytochrome p450IIE1 was the predominant enzyme catalyzing 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane metabolism in rat liver microsomes. It was noted that human livers have been shown to express an inducible p450 homolog of cytochrome p450IIE1.
[Olson MJ et al; Drug Metab Dispos 19 (2): 298-303 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The metabolism of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane by hepatocytes was investigated. Liver cells were isolated from male Fischer 344 rats and exposed to atmospheres containing 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane and/or halothane and analyzed for fluoride. Fluoride was detected after exposure of hepatocytes to 25% 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, and the amount increased with the number of cells and with increasing 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane concn. A nonlinear relationship was seen between 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane concn and fluoride, indicating probable substrate saturation. When hepatocytes were incubated with 25% 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane and halothane, there was a reduction in fluoride production that was related to the concn of halothane. Hepatocytes from phenobarbital treated animals produced as much fluoride as untreated animals in the presence of 12.5% or less 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, however at a concn of 25% or more 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, phenobarbital treated cells produced more fluoride than untreated cells. It was concluded that 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane can be metabolized by liver cells, and may involve cytochrome p450.
[Olson MJ et al; Biochem Biophys Res Communic 166 (3): 1390-7 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:

... MAIN FACTOR AFFECTING FATE OF FLUOROCARBONS IS BODY FAT, WHERE THEY ARE CONCENTRATED & SLOWLY RELEASED INTO BLOOD @ CONCN THAT SHOULD NOT CAUSE ANY RISK OF CARDIAC SENSITIZATION. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. 781]**PEER REVIEWED**

THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT ACCUMULATION OF FLUOROCARBONS IN BRAIN, LIVER & LUNG COMPARED TO BLOOD LEVELS, SIGNIFYING A TISSUE DISTRIBUTION OF FLUOROCARBONS SIMILAR TO THAT OF CHLOROFORM. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3076]**PEER REVIEWED**

Abosrption of fluorocarbons is much lower after oral ingestion (35-48 times) than after inhalation. ... The lung generally has the highest fluorocarbon concentrations on autopsy. /Fluorocarbons/
[Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988. 884]**PEER REVIEWED**

Although fluorocarbons cause cardiac sensitization in certain animal species, rapid elimination prevents the development of cardiotoxic concentrations from aerosol bronchodilator use except at exceedingly high doses (12 to 24 doses in 2 minutes). /Fluorocarbons/
[Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988. 884]**PEER REVIEWED**

FLUOROCARBON COMPOUNDS ARE LIPID-SOLUBLE AND THUS ARE GENERALLY WELL ABSORBED THROUGH LUNG. ABSORPTION AFTER INGESTION IS 35 TO 48 TIMES LOWER THAN AFTER INHALATION. ... FLUOROCARBONS ARE ELIMINATED BY WAY OF LUNG. /FLUOROCARBON COMPOUNDS/
[National Research Council. Drinking Water and Health. Volume 3. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1980. 101]**PEER REVIEWED**


Interactions:

IF INHALATION OCCURS, EPINEPHRINE OR OTHER SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINES & ADRENERGIC ACTIVATORS SHOULD NOT BE ADMIN SINCE THEY WILL FURTHER SENSITIZE HEART TO DEVELOPMENT OF ARRHYTHMIAS. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3101]**PEER REVIEWED**


Pharmacology:

Interactions:

IF INHALATION OCCURS, EPINEPHRINE OR OTHER SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINES & ADRENERGIC ACTIVATORS SHOULD NOT BE ADMIN SINCE THEY WILL FURTHER SENSITIZE HEART TO DEVELOPMENT OF ARRHYTHMIAS. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3101]**PEER REVIEWED**


Environmental Fate & Exposure:

Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary:

1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane is an anthropogenic compound which holds potential as an alternative to chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs). It may be released to the environment as a fugitive emission during its production or use. If released to soil, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane will rapidly volatilize from either moist or dry soil to the atmosphere. It will display moderate to high mobility in soil. If released to water, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane will rapidly volatilize to the atmosphere. The estimated half-life for volatilization from a model river is 3.0 hrs. 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane will not bioconcentrate in fish and aquatic organisms nor will it adsorb to sediment and suspended organic matter. If released to the atmosphere, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane will undergo a very slow gas-phase reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half-life of 187 days. The atmospheric lifetime of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane has been estimated to range from 12.5 to 24 years. 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane may also undergo atmospheric removal by wet deposition processes; however, any removed is expected to rapidly re-volatilize to the atmosphere. Occupational exposure to 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane may occur by inhalation or dermal contact during its production or use. (SRC)
**PEER REVIEWED**


Probable Routes of Human Exposure:

Occupational exposure to 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane may occur by inhalation or dermal contact during its production or use. (SRC)
**PEER REVIEWED**

... IN THE MANUFACTURE, USE, SERVICING, & DISPOSAL OF REFRIGERATION UNITS, FOOD PROCESSING, SOLVENT APPLICATIONS, PLASTIC FOAM BLOWING, & FIRE EXTINGUISHING. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3102]**PEER REVIEWED**

GREATEST OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE BY VOLUME USE OF REFRIGERANTS IS IN SERVICING (NOT INCLUDING RECHARGING), INITIAL CHARGING, & MANUFACTURING & INSTALLATION. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3102]**PEER REVIEWED**


Natural Pollution Sources:

1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane is of anthropogenic origin, and it is not known to be produced by natural sources. (SRC)
**PEER REVIEWED**


Artificial Pollution Sources:

1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane is an anthropogenic compound which may be used as a replacement for chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)(1); if so, it may be released to the environment as a fugitive emission during its production or use(SRC).
[(1) McClinden MO, Didion DA; Int J Thermophys 10: 563-76 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Environmental Fate:

TERRESTRIAL FATE: If released to soil, an estimated vapor pressure for 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane of 4730 mm Hg at 25 deg C(1) indicates that it will rapidly volatilize from dry soil to the atmosphere(SRC). Estimated soil adsorption coefficients ranging from 117-432(1-3) indicate that it will display moderate to high mobility in soil(4). An estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.53 atm-cu m/mole at 25 deg C(3,SRC) indicates that 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane will also rapidly volatilize from moist soil to the atmosphere(SRC).
[(1) USEPA; PCGEMS & CLOGP (1988) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods NY: McGraw-Hill Chapt 4, 5 & 15 (1982) (3) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Environ Toxicol Chem 10: 1283-93 (1991) (4) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

AQUATIC FATE: If released to water, an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.53 atm-cu m/mole at 25 deg C(1) for 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane indicates that it will rapidly volatilize to the atmosphere. The estimated half-life for volatilization from a model river 1 m deep flowing at 1 m/sec with a wind speed of 3 m/sec is 3.0 hrs(2). Estimated bioconcentration factors ranging from 5 to 58(1-3,SRC) indicate that 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane will not bioconcentrate in fish and aquatic organisms. Estimated soil adsorption coefficients ranging from 117-432(1-3,SRC) indicate that it will not adsorb to sediment or suspended organic matter(SRC).
[(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Environ Toxicol Chem 10: 1283-93 (1991) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods NY: McGraw-Hill Chapt 4, 5 & 15 (1982) (3) USEPA; PCGEMS & CLOGP (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: If released to the atmosphere, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane will undergo a slow gas-phase reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. The recommended rate constant for this process of 8.54X10-15 cu cm/molec-sec(1) translates to an atmospheric half-life of 1878 days using an average atmospheric hydroxyl radical concn of 5X10+5 molec/cu cm(1). The atmospheric lifetime of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, calculated using both 1 and 2 dimensional models, ranges from 12.5 to 24 yrs(2). The estimated water solubility of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, 67 mg/L at 25 deg C(3-5), indicates that it may undergo atmospheric removal by wet deposition processes; however, any removed is expected to rapidly re-volatilize to the atmosphere(SRC).
[(1) Atkinson R; J Chem Phys Ref Data Monograph 1 (1989) (2) Fisher DA et al; Nature 344: 508-12 (1990) (3) Meylan WM, Howard PH; J Pharm Sci 84:83-92 (1995) (4) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods NY: McGraw-Hill Chapt 5 (1982) (5) USEPA; PCGEMS & CLOGP (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Environmental Abiotic Degradation:

Experimental rate constants for the gas-phase reaction of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals of 5.2X10-15 cu cm/molec-sec at ambient temperature(1), 6.9X10-15 cu cm/molec-sec at 301 deg K(2) and 8.32X10-15 cu cm/molec-sec at ambient temperature(3,4) have been reported. The recommended value of 8.54X10-15 cu cm/molec-sec(5) translates to an atmospheric half-life of 1878 days(SRC) using an average atmospheric hydroxyl radical concn of 5X10+5 molec/cu cm(5). The atmospheric lifetime of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, calculated using both 1 and 2 dimensional models, ranges from 12.5 to 24 yrs(6).
[(1) Makide Y, Rowland FS; Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78: 5933-7 (1981) (2) Brown AC et al; Atmos Environ 24A: 2499-511 (1990) (3) Cohen N, Benson SW; J Phys Chem 91: 162-70 (1987) (4) Cohen N, Benson SW; J Phys Chem 91: 171-5 (1987) (5) Atkinson R; J Chem Phys Ref Data Monograph 1 (1989) (6) Fisher DA et al; Nature 344: 508-12 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**

An important consideration in the selection of potential replacements for CFCs is the rate of hydrogen atom abstraction by the hydroxyl radical. Approximate linear correlations are investigated that allow the prediction of the relevant rate constants for partially fluorinated hydrocarbons. These rate constants may be used to infer tropospheric lifetimes. For fluorinated ethers, estimates are presented for important rate constants which have not yet been determined experimentally, and lifetimes are predicted. Differences between ethers and alkanes are discussed, and trends in the variation of lifetimes with the degree of fluorination are noted.
[Cooper DL et al; Atmos Environ Part A Gen Top 26 (7): 1331-4 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**

This study investigates the impact of halocarbon use on global warming during the next century. An improved 0-dimensional computer model is used to calculate annually until 2100 the equilibrium temperature at the earth's surface as determined by halocarbons, following the expected application of specific halocarbons having a significant global warming potential. Halocarbon applications that contribute most to temperature forcing are calculated to be refrigeration and mobile air conditioning, if H(C)FCs are used unrestrictedly to replace CFCs and halons. The gases that are expected to contribute most to calculated temperature forcing are HCFC-22 and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane. If hydrochlorofluorocarbons are phased out to protect the ozone layer and replaced by hydrofluorocarbons, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, -143a and -125 will be the most important contributors to global warming, being mainly emitted from refrigeration and mobile air conditioning appliances.
[Kroeze C, Reijnders L; Sci Total Environ 112 (2-3): 291-314 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Environmental Bioconcentration:

Estimated bioconcentration factors ranging from 5 to 58 can be calculated for 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane based on its estimated log octanol/water partition coefficient, 1.274(1), and estimated water solubility, 67 mg/L at 25 deg C(2,SRC), in turn estimated from its estimated Henry's Law constant(3,SRC) and estimated vapor pressure(1), using appropriate regression equations(2). These values indicate that 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane will not bioconcentrate in fish and aquatic organisms(SRC).
[(1) USEPA; PCGEMS & CLOGP (1988) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods NY: McGraw-Hill Chapt 4 & 15 (1982) (3) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Environ Toxicol Chem 10: 1283-93 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Soil Adsorption/Mobility:

Estimated soil adsorption coefficients ranging from 117 to 432 can be calculated for 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane based on its estimated log octanol/water partition coefficient, 1.274(1), and estimated water solubility, 67 mg/L at 25 deg C(2), in turn estimated from its estimated Henry's Law constant(3) and estimated vapor pressure(1,SRC), using appropriate regression equations(1). These values indicate that 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane will display moderate to high mobility in soil(4).
[(1) USEPA; PCGEMS & CLOGP (1988) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods NY: McGraw-Hill Chapt 4 & 15 (1982) (3) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Environ Toxicol Chem 10: 1283-93 (1991) (4) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Volatilization from Water/Soil:

An estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.53 atm-cu m/mole at 25 deg C(1) indicates that 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane will rapidly volatilize from water and moist soil to the atmosphere. The estimated half-life for volatilization from a model river 1 m deep flowing at 1 m/sec with a wind speed of 3 m/sec is 3.0 hrs(2). The estimated vapor pressure of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, 4730 mm Hg at 25 deg C(3), indicates that it will rapidly volatilize from dry soil to the atmosphere(SRC).
[(1) Meylan WM, Howard PH; Environ Toxicol Chem 10: 1283-93 (1991) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods NY: McGraw-Hill Chapt 15 (1982) (3) USEPA; PCGEMS & CLOGP (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Environmental Standards & Regulations:

Chemical/Physical Properties:

Molecular Formula:

C2-H2-F4
[Lide, D.R. (ed). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 72nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1991-1992.,p. 3-236]**PEER REVIEWED**


Molecular Weight:

102.03
[Lide, D.R. (ed). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 72nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1991-1992.,p. 3-236]**PEER REVIEWED**


Boiling Point:

-26.5 @ 736 mm Hg
[Lide, D.R. (ed). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 72nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1991-1992.,p. 3-236]**PEER REVIEWED**


Melting Point:

-101 deg C
[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. V10 857 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient:

log Kow= 1.274 (est)
[USEPA; PCGEMS & CLOGP (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Solubilities:

Solubility in ether >10%
[Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985. 606]**PEER REVIEWED**

Water solubility: 67 mg/l at 25 deg C (est)
[SRC; Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods NY: McGraw-Hill Chapt 5 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Spectral Properties:

MASS: 266 (Atlas of Mass Spectral Data)
[Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985. 606]**PEER REVIEWED**


Vapor Pressure:

4730 mm Hg at 25 deg C (est)
[USEPA; PCGEMS & CLOGP (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Other Chemical/Physical Properties:

Henry's Law constant: 1.53 atm-cu m/mole at 25 deg C (est)
[Meylan WM, Howard PH; Environ Toxicol Chem 10: 1283-93 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Ozone depletion potential: 0. (Ozone depletion potential relative to R11= 1.0. Scientific assessment of ozone: 1989.) /From table/
[Baxter V, Fairchild P; Oak Ridge National Laboratory Review No. 3 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Chemical Safety & Handling:

DOT Emergency Guidelines:

Fire or explosion: Some may burn, but none ignite readily. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-126]**QC REVIEWED**

Health: Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-126]**QC REVIEWED**

Public safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. Isolate spill or leak area immediately for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-126]**QC REVIEWED**

Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-126]**QC REVIEWED**

Evacuation: Large spill: Consider initial down wind evacuation for at least 500 meters (1/3 mile). Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-126]**QC REVIEWED**

Fire: Use extinguishing agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. Small fires: Dry chemical or CO2. Large fires: Water spray, fog or regular foam. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists. Fire involving tanks: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from the ends of tanks. Some of these materials, if spilled, may evaporate leaving a flammable residue.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-126]**QC REVIEWED**

Spill or leak: Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Allow substance to evaporate. Ventilate the area.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-126]**QC REVIEWED**

First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call emergency medical care. Apply artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with liquefied gas, thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. Keep victim warm and quiet. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect themselves.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-126]**QC REVIEWED**


Fire Fighting Procedures:

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty). Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Refrigerants NEC, gas or liquid, nonflammable (refrigerant, gas, NOS or dispersant gas, NOS/
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads,Hazardous Materials Systems (BOE), 1987. 599]**PEER REVIEWED**


Toxic Combustion Products:

ALL FLUOROCARBONS WILL UNDERGO THERMAL DECOMPOSITION WHEN EXPOSED TO FLAME OR RED-HOT METAL. DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS OF THE CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS WILL INCLUDE HYDROFLUORIC & HYDROCHLORIC ACID ALONG WITH SMALLER AMOUNTS OF PHOSGENE & CARBONYL FLUORIDE. THE LAST COMPOUND IS VERY UNSTABLE TO HYDROLYSIS & QUICKLY CHANGES TO HYDROFLUORIC ACID & CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE PRESENCE OF MOISTURE. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 897]**PEER REVIEWED**

IN CONTACT WITH OPEN FLAME OR VERY HOT SURFACE FLUOROCARBONS MAY DECOMP INTO HIGHLY IRRITANT & TOXIC GASES: CHLORINE, HYDROGEN FLUORIDE OR CHLORIDE, & EVEN PHOSGENE. /FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANT & PROPELLANTS/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-159]**PEER REVIEWED**

UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS, FLUOROCARBON VAPORS MAY DECOMPOSE ON CONTACT WITH FLAMES OR HOT SURFACES, CREATING THE POTENTIAL HAZARD OF INHALATION OF TOXIC DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3101]**PEER REVIEWED**


Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:

Dangerous ... on contact with acid or acid fumes, they emit highly toxic fumes. /Fluorides/
[Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984. 541]**PEER REVIEWED**


Hazardous Decomposition:

UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS, FLUOROCARBON VAPORS MAY DECOMPOSE ON CONTACT WITH FLAMES OR HOT SURFACES, CREATING THE POTENTIAL HAZARD OF INHALATION OF TOXIC DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3101]**PEER REVIEWED**

Dangerous; when heated to decomp ... they emit highly toxic fumes of /hydrogen fluorides/.
[Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984. 966]**PEER REVIEWED**


Protective Equipment & Clothing:

Many of the fluorocarbons are good solvents of skin oil, so protective ointment should be used. /Fluorocarbons/
[Zenz, C. Occupational Medicine-Principles and Practical Applications. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Yearbook, Inc, 1988. 544]**PEER REVIEWED**

NEOPRENE GLOVES, PROTECTIVE CLOTHING, & EYE PROTECTION MINIMIZE RISK OF TOPICAL CONTACT. DEGREASING EFFECT ON SKIN CAN BE TREATED WITH LANOLIN OINTMENT. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3102]**PEER REVIEWED**

FORCED AIR VENTILATION @ LEVEL OF VAPOR CONCN TOGETHER WITH USE OF INDIVIDUAL BREATHING DEVICES WITH INDEPENDENT AIR SUPPLY WILL MINIMIZE RISK OF INHALATION. LIFELINES SHOULD BE WORN WHEN ENTERING TANKS OR OTHER CONFINED SPACES. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3101]**PEER REVIEWED**


Preventive Measures:

SUFFICIENT EXHAUST & GENERAL VENTILATION SHOULD BE PROVIDED TO KEEP VAPOR CONCN BELOW RECOMMENDED LEVELS. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 897]**PEER REVIEWED**

INHALATION OF FLUOROCARBON VAPORS SHOULD BE AVOIDED. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3101]**PEER REVIEWED**

Forced air ventilation at the level of vapor concentration together with the use of individual breathing devices with independent air supply will minimize the risk of inhalation. Lifelines should be worn when entering tanks or other confined spaces. /Fluorocarbons/
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3101]**PEER REVIEWED**

Enclosure of process materials and isolation of reaction vessels and proper design and operation of filling heads for packaging and shipping /are administrative controls that may be instituted to limit occupational exposure to fluorocarbons during manufacture, packaging, and use/. /Fluorocarbons/
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3101]**PEER REVIEWED**

If material not involved in fire: attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. /Refrigerants, NEC, gas or liquid, nonflammable (refrigerant, gas, NOS, or dispersant gas, NOS/
[Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads,Hazardous Materials Systems (BOE), 1987. 599]**PEER REVIEWED**

FILLING AREAS SHOULD BE MONITORED TO ENSURE ... AMBIENT CONCN OF FLUOROCARBONS DOES NOT EXCEED 1000 PPM ... INHALATION OF FLUOROCARBON VAPORS SHOULD BE AVOIDED ... IF INHALATION OCCURS, EPINEPHRINE OR OTHER SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINES & ADRENERGIC ACTIVATORS SHOULD NOT BE ADMIN SINCE THEY WILL FURTHER SENSITIZE HEART TO DEVELOPMENT OF ARRHYTHMIAS. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3101]**PEER REVIEWED**

APPEARANCE OF TOXIC DECOMP PRODUCTS SERVES AS WARNING OF OCCURRENCE OF THERMAL DECOMP & DETECTION OF SHARP ACRID ODOR WARNS OF PRESENCE ... HALIDE LAMPS OR ELECTRONIC LEAK DETECTORS MAY ALSO BE USED. ADEQUATE VENTILATION ALSO AVOIDS PROBLEM OF TOXIC DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3101]**PEER REVIEWED**


Disposal Methods:

Because of recent discovery of potential ozone decomposition in the stratosphere by fluorotrichloromethane, this material should be released to the environment only as a last resort. Waste material should be /recovered and/ returned to the vendor, or to licensed waste disposal company.
[United Nations. Treatment and Disposal Methods for Waste Chemicals (IRPTC File). Data Profile Series No. 5. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Environmental Programme, Dec. 1985. 207]**PEER REVIEWED**


Occupational Exposure Standards:

Other Occupational Permissible Levels:

Workplace Environmental Exposure Level (WEEL): 8-hr Time-weighted Average (TWA) 1000 ppm.
[American Industrial Hygiene Association. The AIHA 1999 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines and Workplace Environmental Exposure Level Guides Handbook.American Industrial Hygiene Association. Fairfax, VA 1999. 40]**QC REVIEWED**


Manufacturing/Use Information:

Major Uses:

May be used as a replacement for chlorofluorocarbons.
[McClinden MO, Didion DA; Int J Thermophys 10: 563-76 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane is likely to replace dichlorodifluoromethane as an air-conditioner refrigerant.
[Olson MJ et al; Biochem Biophys Res Commun 166 (3): 1390-7 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**

MECHANICAL VAPOR COMPRESSION SYSTEMS USE FLUOROCARBONS FOR REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING & ACCOUNT FOR ... MAJORITY OF REFRIGERATION CAPABILITY IN US. ... FLUOROCARBONS ARE USED AS REFRIGERANTS IN HOME APPLIANCES, MOBILE AIR CONDITIONING UNITS, RETAIL FOOD REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS & ... CHILLERS. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3102]**PEER REVIEWED**


Manufacturers:

Du Pont & Company, Inc, Hq, 1007 Market Street, Wilmington, DE 19898, (302) 774-1000; Du Pont Chemicals, Fluorochemicals Division; Production site: Corpus Christi, TX 78400
[SRI. 1992 Directory of Chemical Producers-United States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International, 1992. 1018]**PEER REVIEWED**

Halocarbon Products Corp, Hq, 887 Kinderkamack Rd, PO Box 661, River Edge, NJ 07661; (202) 262-8899; Production site: North Augusta, SC 29841
[SRI. 1992 Directory of Chemical Producers-United States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International, 1992. 1018]**PEER REVIEWED**


U. S. Production:

(1984) 1.36X10+11 g (EST) /CFC-13, -113, -114, -115, FLUORINATED MONOMERS AND SPECIALITIES/
[CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: FLUOROCARBONS (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**


U. S. Imports:

(1984) GREATER THAN 4.54X10+9 g (EST) /UNCLASSIFIED FLUOROCARBONS/
[CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: FLUOROCARBONS (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**


U. S. Exports:

(1984) RANGE FROM 1.82X10+10 g TO 2.27X10+10 g (EST) /UNCLASSIFIED FLUOROCARBONS/
[CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: FLUOROCARBONS (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Laboratory Methods:

Clinical Laboratory Methods:

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR DETERMINING FLUOROCARBONS IS DESCRIBED. CONCN IN BODY FLUIDS ARE DETERMINED BY MEANS OF HEAD SPACE ANALYSIS. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[RAUWS ET AL; J PHARM PHARMACOL 25 (9): 718-22 (1973)]**PEER REVIEWED**

FLUOROCARBON DETERMINATION IN BLOOD: GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH ELECTRON CAPTURE DETECTION. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[Sunshine, Irving (ed.) Methodology for Analytical Toxicology. Cleveland: CRC Press, Inc., 1975. 175]**PEER REVIEWED**


Analytic Laboratory Methods:

The determination of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane purity by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection.
[Gehring DG et al; J Chromatogr Sci 30 (7): 280-4 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR DETERMINING FLUOROCARBONS IN AIR IS DESCRIBED. CONCN IN AIR ARE DETERMINED DIRECTLY. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[RAUWS ET AL; J PHARM PHARMACOL 25 (9): 718-22 (1973)]**PEER REVIEWED**

A GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING ATMOSPHERIC LEVELS OF FLUOROCARBONS IS DESCRIBED. COLUMN IS TEMP PROGRAMMED TO SEPARATE HALOGENATED COMPONENTS WHILE MAINTAINING SHORT RETENTION TIMES FOR EACH COMPONENT. FREON 113 INCL. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[RASMUSSEN ET AL; J AIR POLLUT CONTROL ASSOC 27 (6): 579-81 (1977)]**PEER REVIEWED**

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR MEASURING HALOCARBONS IN AMBIENT AIR SAMPLES IS PRESENTED. /HALOCARBONS/
[LILLIAN ET AL; J ENVIRON SCI HEALTH A-11 (12): 687-710 (1976)]**PEER REVIEWED**

FLUOROCARBONS IN AIR OF WORKING AREA & IN EXHALED AIR CAN BE ANALYZED BY IR SPECTROMETRY. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[TRIEBIG G, BURKHARDT K; INT ARCH OCCUP ENVIRON HEALTH 42 (2): 129-36 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD IS PRESENTED FOR FREONS. /FREONS/
[CHIOU WL, NIAZI S; RES COMMUN CHEM PATHOL PHARMACOL 6 (2): 481-98 (1973)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Characterization and determination of the impurities present in 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane is critically important to the authenticity of toxicological test results and to the evaluation of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane as a suitable refrigerant for replacement of primarily Freon 12. Following impurity identification by molecular spectroscopic techniques, two gas chromatographic methods, one capillary and the other a combination packed column with flame ionization detection, have been developed and are used to monitor the purity of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane samples prepared from various starting materials primarily for use in the Program for Alternative Fluorocarbon Toxicity Testing-related toxicity studies. A sampling and calibration technique has been implemented and found suitable for a gaseous product containing volatile impurities with a comparatively wide range of boiling points. Carbon number substituent effects were estimated and are used to determine the amounts of impurities present for which pure compounds are not available.
[Gehring DG et al; J Chromatogr Sci 30 (7): 280-4 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Special References:

Special Reports:

Zakhari S, Aviado DM; Cardiovascular Toxicology of Aerosol Propellants, Refrigerants and Related Solvents; Target Organ Toxicology Series: Cardiovascular Toxicology, XII+ 388 pages; Raven Press: New York, NY 281-326 (1982). Review of the toxicology of aerosol propellants, refrigerants and related solvents on the cardiovascular system of humans.

Nimitz JS, Skaggs SR; Estimating Tropospheric Lifetimes and Ozone-depletion POootentials of One- and Two-carbon Hydrofluorocarbons and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons; Environ Sci Technol 26 (4): 739-44 (1992). Tropospheric lifetimes and ozone depletion potentials are estimated for all 53 possible one and two carbon hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons.


Synonyms and Identifiers:

Synonyms:

R 134a
**PEER REVIEWED**

Norflurane
**PEER REVIEWED**


Administrative Information:

Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 6756

Last Revision Date: 20010809

Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 03/11/1993


Update History:

Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/16/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/29/2000, 5 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 06/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 06/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 03/28/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 05/17/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 06/03/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 11/01/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/04/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/01/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/09/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/14/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 07/27/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/26/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/12/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/21/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/04/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/01/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/03/1993, 47 fields added/edited/deleted.