Abstracts
Carbon tetrafluoride
CAS No. 75-73-0
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Adverse Effects

ACTIVITY: Former US EPA List 3 Inert (Propellant, Halogenated organic)

Structure:

http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/inerts.fr.jun24.98.htm

Former "EPA List 3 Inert" used in pesticide formulations.
On June 24, 1998, Carbon tetrafluoride was included in a Federal Register notice of "Inert Ingredients No Longer Used in Pesticide Products."


http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/carbon.tetrafluoride.MSDS.pdf

Undated - DuPont's Material Safety Data Sheet

Potential Health Effects
Inhalation of high concentrations of vapor is harmful and may cause heart irregularities, unconsciousness, or death. Intentional misuse can be fatal. Vapor reduces oxygen available for breathing and is heavier than air. Liquid contact causes frostbite.

HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS
Overexposure by inhalation may include temporary central nervous system depression with such effects as dizziness, headache, confusion, incoordination, and loss of consciousness; or with gross overexposure (>20%), temporary alteration of the heart's electrical activity with irregular pulse, palpitations or inadequate circulation. Eye or skin contact with the liquid may cause frostbite.

Individuals with preexisting diseases of the central nervous or cardiovascular systems may have increased susceptibility to the toxicity of excessive exposures.


Light perfluorocarbons, such as carbon tetrafluoride, are produced or emitted from a variety of processes, including manufacture of aluminum and processing of semiconductor devices. At the same time, the long atmospheric lifetime and high global warming potential of such compounds makes them an environmental concern.


Undated - US Department of State - http://www.state.gov/www/global/oes/97climate_report/part4b.html

Mitigating Climate Change.

Carbon tetrafluoride (CF4) and carbon hexafluoride (C2F6) are emitted as by-products of the primary aluminum production process. Both are potent greenhouse gases, with global warming potentials of approximately 6,500 and 9,200 times that of CO2, respectively, and lifetimes that exceed 10,000 years.

Note from FAN:
Another major source of Carbon tetrafluoride is from the processing of semiconductor devices, discussed in some of the abstracts below. - EC


Reports available from
The National Technical Information Service
(NTIS)

Order from NTIS by: phone at 1-800-553-NTIS (U.S. customers); (703)605-6000 (other countries); fax at (703)605-6900; and email at orders@ntis.gov. NTIS is located at 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA, 22161, USA.
Order No. Title Abstract / Keywords

NTIS/N19970023218

8p

1996 - Increase of Stratospheric Carbon Tetrafluoride (CF4) Based on ATMOS Observations from Space.

Authors: Zander R, Solomon S, Mahieu E, Goldman A, Rinsland CP

Jet Propulsion Lab., Pasadena, CA.

Stratospheric volume mixing ratio profiles of carbon tetrafluoride, CF4, obtained with the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) instrument during the ATLAS (Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science) -3 mission of 1994 are reported. Overall the profiles are nearly constant over the altitude range 20 to 50 km, indicative of the very long lifetime of CF4 in the atmosphere. In comparison to the stratospheric values of CF4 inferred from the ATMOSpacelab 3 mission of 1985, the 1994 concentrations are consistent with an exponential increase of (1.6 +/- 0.6)% yr(exp -1). This increase is discussed with regard to previous results and likely sources of CF4 at the ground. Further, it is shown that simultaneous measurements of N2O and CF4 provide a means of constraining the lower limit of the atmospheric lifetime of CF4 at least 2,300 years, two sigma.

NTIS/OTS0556814

EPA/OTS; Doc #86940000219

1994 - KINETICS AND MECHANISMS FOR THE REACTIONS OF HALOGENATED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN THE TROPOSPHERE - STEP-HALOCSIDE/AFEAS WORKSHOP, WITH COVER LETTER DATED 03-24-94

UNIV COLLEGE DUBLIN

Keywords:
AFEAS
ETHANE, 1,1,1,2-TETRAFLUORO- (811-97-2)
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
PHOTOLYSIS
TRANSPORT PROCESSES
HYDROLYSIS
HENRY'S LAW CONSTANT

CAS Registry Numbers:
[too many to list, but includes]
75-73-0

NTIS/OTS0520347

EPA/OTS; Doc #86-890000908S

1989 - KITCHEN TESTS ON "FREON" REFRIGERANTS WITH COVER SHEET DATED 06-12-89 (SANITIZED)

Keywords:
CONFIDENTIAL
FREON 113 (76-13-1)
HEALTH EFFECTS
ACUTE TOXICITY

MAMMALS
GUINEA PIGS
INHALATION

CAS Registry Numbers:
75-43-4
75-45-6
75-46-7
75-71-8
75-72-9
75-73-0

76-13-1
76-19-7
2837-89-0
25989-16-6

NTIS/OTS0520988

EPA/OTS; Doc #86-890000873

1989 - KITCHEN TESTS ON FREON REFRIGERANTS WITH COVER SHEET DATED 06-12-89

HASKELL LABORATORIES

Keywords:
E I DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO
CHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE (75-45-6)
HEALTH EFFECTS
ACUTE TOXICITY
MAMMALS
GUINEA PIGS INHALATION

CAS Registry Numbers:
75-43-4
75-45-6
75-71-8
75-72-9
75-73-0

76-13-1
2837-89-0
9010-75-7
25989-16-6

NTIS/OTS0520870

EPA/OTS; Doc #86-890000751

1989 - KITCHEN TEST ON "FREON" REFRIGERANTS WITH COVER SHEET AND LETTER DATED 05-05-89

HASKELL LABORATORIES

Keywords:
E I DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO
DICHLOROMONOFLUOROMETHANE (75-43-4)
HEALTH EFFECTS
ACUTE TOXICITY
MAMMALS
GUINEA PIGS
INHALATION

CAS Registry Numbers:
75-43-4
75-45-6
75-71-8
75-72-9
75-73-0

76-13-1
9010-75-7
25989-16-6

NTIS/AD-A082 936/6

108p

1980 - Advanced Concept in Aircraft Crash Firefighting Using Carbon Tetrafluoride

Geyer GB, Neri LM, Urban CH

National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center Atlantic City NJ

Supporting Agency: Air Force Engineering and Services Center, Tyndall AFB, FL. Engineering and Services Lab

The objective of this effort was to establish the feasibility of replacing a potentially lethal aircraft cabin environment with a cool habitable atmosphere which is nonsupportive of combustion during passenger evacuation in fire emergencies. For this purpose, carbon tetrafluoride (CF4) was chosen as the fire extinguishant because of its very low toxicity and high molecular stability under thermal insult. Four large-scale experiments were performed in the completely instrumented cabin of a DC7 aircraft employing both Class A and B combustible materials. Three experiments were performed using the habitable inert atmosphere (27-volume percent CF4) discharging at the rate of 3,300 cubic feet per minute into the aircraft cabin through a window exit. For comparative purposes, the fourth experiment was performed using neat CF4 discharged from two simulated points of fuselage penetration by a ballistically-powered aircraft skin penetrator nozzle. Both of these prototype fire extinguishing systems were d [abstract truncated]


1999 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY; 33 (11). 1892-1897.

Surface wave plasma abatement of CHF3 and CF4 containing semiconductor process emissions.

WOFFORD BA JACKSON MW HARTZ C BEVAN JW

Department of Chemistry, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX, 77843-3255, USA.

Abstract: Projected exponential growth in semiconductor device manufacture over the next few years demands technology to reduce the corresponding increase in etchants such as perfluorocompounds (PFCs), CHF3, and SF6 that would be emitted into the atmosphere. These compounds are a cause for concern because of their large global warming potentials relative to CO2 and of their long lifetimes in the atmosphere, often tens of thousands of years. We demonstrate that a plasma-based technology can yield effective rom 500 to 1950 W were investigated and DREs for CF4 and CHF3 reported. Final product analysis indicated that PFC conversion was limited to low molecular weight gases such as CO2, CO, COF2, H2O, and HF. These investigations demonstrate that surface wave plasma destruction of the referenced PFCs at the output of semiconductor etch tools is a viable nonintrusive point of use abatement technology.


1999 CLIMATIC CHANGE; 42 (4). 633-662.

A model for estimating future emissions of sulfur hexafluoride and perfluorocarbons.

VICTOR DG MACDONALD GJ

Council on Foreign Relations, 58 E. 68th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA.

Abstract: Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), perfluoromethane (CF4) and perfluoroethane (C2F6) are strong greenhouse gases with long (>1000 year) atmospheric residence times. We derive emission factors for the major anthropogenic sources and project future emissions for 5 regions and the world. Although firms in many industrialized countries are already limiting emissions, without further policy intervention global emissions will rise 150% (CF4 and C2F6) and 210% (SF6) between 1990 and 2050; radiative forcing wil he 1997 Kyoto Protocol, which includes commitments for industrialized countries to regulate these and other greenhouse gases. More complete and transparent data are urgently needed. West European nations, for example, can 'cut' their emissions of these gases by half by 2010 simply by manipulating emission factors within the current bounds of uncertainty.


1998 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY; 32 (20). 3237-3240.

A carbon Arc process for treatment of CF4 emissions.

CHEN DT DAVID MM TIERS G VD SCHROEPFER JN

3M Occup. Health and Environ. Safety Div., 3M Cent., Build. 260-3B-08, St. Paul, MN 55144-1000, USA.

Abstract: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Light perfluorocarbons, such as carbon tetrafluoride, are produced or emitted from a variety of processes, including manufacture of aluminum and processing of semiconductor devices. At the same time, the long atmospheric lifetime and high global warming potential of such compounds makes them an environmental concern. A new process for the abatement of perfluorocarbon emissions using a carbon arc plasma was investigated. In particular, the conversion of CF4 to C2F4 and higher fluorinated species, including poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) was demonstrated, General features of the reaction chemistry are discussed, including primary reactions to form radicals and ions and secondary reactions to form C2F4 and higher compounds. The conversion efficiencies and products obtained in the reported experiments indicate potential applicability of the process for point source emission control of high global warming potential perfluorocarbons.


1998 AMBIO; 27 (3). 187-197.

Trace-gas greenhouse effect and global warming: Underlying principles and outstanding issues: Volvo Environmental Prize Lecture 1997.

RAMANATHAN V

Cent. Clouds Chem. Climate, Scripps Inst. Oceanography, Univ. Calif. San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0221, USA.

Abstract: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. This paper describes the developments that transformed the global warming problem from that arising solely from CO2 increase to the trace-gas greenhouse effect problem in which several non-CO2 gases, CFCs, CH4, N20, O3 and others contribute as much as CO2. Observed trace-gas increases, including CO2 increase, since the mid-19th century have enhanced the atmospheric greenhouse effect, Ga, ( 130 | 5 W m-2) by about 2%. Without other competing factors, this heating should have committed the planet to a warming of about 1 to 1.5 K. The added radiative energy is maximum in the low latitudes and about a factor of two smaller in the polar regions. The largest effect of the warming is increased back radiation at the surface by as much as 6 to 8 W m-2 per degree warming. Not all of this increased energy is balanced by surface emission; evaporation (and hence precipitation) increases to restore surface energy balance, by as much as 2 to 4% per degree warming. The increase in eva


1997 IN VITRO TOXICOLOGY; 10 (4). 455-457.

Potential toxicity of CF3X halocarbons.

KOSKI WS, ROSZAK S, KAUFMAN JJ, BALASUBRAMANIAN K

Dep. Chem., Johns Hopkins Univ., 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.

Abstract: A molecular model for the carcinogenicity of carbon tetrachloride in mice has been previously suggested in which an electron is transferred from an enzyme to the CCl4 molecule resulting in its dissociation into Cl- and the free radical CCl3. Cellular damage was attributed to the free radical. In light of this model, we examined the series of one carbon halocarbons CF4, CF3Cl, CF3Br, and CF3I for their potential carcinogenic activity. The propensities of the halocarbons to produce free radicals by dissociative electron attachment were obtained by quantum chemical calculations or by physical measurements. The ability of the free radicals to abstract hydrogen atoms from the lipid was estimated from C-H bond energies in the appropriate molecules formed when the free radical combines with the hydrogen atom. Using these two parameters the potential toxicity of the halocarbons was established.


1997 In Vitro Toxicology. A Journal of Molecular and Cellular Toxicology,Vol. 10, No. 4, pages 455-457, 7 references

Potential Toxicity of CF(3)X Halocarbons

Koski WS, Roszak S, Kaufman JJ, Balasubramanian K

Abstract: The potential carcinogenic activity of the series of one carbon halocarbons carbon-tetrafluoride (75730) (CF4), chlorotrifluoromethane (75729) (CF3Cl), bromotrifluoromethane (75638) (CF3Br), and iodotrifluoromethane (CF3I) was studied in response to recent research examining whether CF3I is a less toxic combustion inhibitor than CF3Br which has been widely used in fire extinguishers on aircraft. The toxicity of this series of halocarbons was assessed in light of a molecular model for the carcinogenic effects of carbon-tetrachloride (56235) which suggests that cellular damage results from free radicals produced following the transfer of an electron from an enzyme to the carbon-tetrachloride molecule. The carcinogenic activity of the halocarbon series was studied by calculating the vertical electron affinities (VEA) of the various molecules using quantum chemical calculations or physical measurements. Based on experimentally determined and calculated VEA values, CF4 was considered nontoxic on the basis of the free radical model, CF3Cl was considered equivocal, CF3Br was considered toxic, and CF3I was considered to be carcinogenic. In many cases, the toxicity of the halocarbons increased with their efficacy as combustion inhibitors.


1996 CLIMATIC CHANGE; 34 (3-4). 405-437.

Estimates of indirect global warming potentials for CH4, CO and NOx.

FUGLESTVEDT JS, ISAKSEN I SA, WANG W-C

Cent. Int. Climate Environ. Res., Univ. Oslo, PO Box 1129, Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway.

Abstract: Emissions may affect climate indirectly through chemical interactions in the atmosphere, but quantifications of such effects are difficult and uncertain due to incomplete knowledge and inadequate methods. A preliminary assessment of the climatic impact of changes in tropospheric O3 and CH4 in response to various emissions is given. For a 10% increase in the CH4 emissions the relative increase in concentration has been estimated to be 37% larger. The radiative forcing from enhanced levels of tropospheric O3 is estimated to 37% of the forcing from changes in CH4. Inclusion of indirect effects approximately doubles the climatic impact of CH4 emissions. Emissions of NOx increase tropospheric O3, while the levels of CH4 are reduced. For emissions of NOx from aircraft, the positive effects via O3 changes are significantly larger than the negative through changes in CH4. For NOx emitted from surface sources, the effects through changes in O3 and CH4 are estimated to be of sim [abstract truncated]


1995 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL; 2 (3). 161-162.

Aluminium production as a source of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide (COS).

HARNISCH J, BORCHERS R, FABIAN P, KOURTIDIS K

Max-Planck-Inst. Aeronomy, PO Box 20, D-37189 Kaltenburg-Lindau, Germany.

Abstract: Carbonyl sulfide is found as a major sulfur compound in anodic gases of commercial aluminium electrolysis. Recent spectroscopic measurements on industrial aluminium smelters found typical CO ratios between 80 and 200. This results in specific COS emissions of between 1 and 7 kg/t(Al) if all COS is released into the atmosphere. In 1993 aluminium production would have been responsible for between 0.02 and 0.14 Tg of COS emissions. Currently, aluminium production does not seem to influence the total atmospheric COS budget to an extent beyond its natural variability. If recent growth rates of global aluminium production are sustained, however, COS emissions would quadruple until 2030. Together with increasing aircraft emissions into the stratosphere, an increase of the sulfate background aerosol is to be expected that could significantly enhance ozone depletion. The use of inert anodes is recommended to reduce aluminium production emissions of COS and CF4, C2F6, CO2 and CO


1994 MEDITSINA TRUDA I PROMYSHLENNAYA EKOLOGIYA; 0 (8). 5-8.

Materials to regulate aerosol of carbon fluoride fibers in the air of workplace.

TROITSKAYA NA, VELICHKOVSKII BT, GREKHOVA TD, ZYKOVA VA, EL'NICHNYKH LN

Med. Sci. Cent. Prev. Med. Prot. Health Ind. Work., Ekaterinburg, Russia.

Abstract: Hygienic studies were conducted by means of pilot industrial plant for production of carbon tetrafluoride fibers (CTF). The studies proved that the main hazards of the production are CTF dust and hydrogen fluoride. Average shift concentrations of MT dust in the air of workplace equal 0.6-1.5 mg/cu m which 2 times higher than the MAC for HP at all technologic sites except for reactor compartment. The workers servicing the plant demonstrate higher urinary fluor excretion mostly due to HP intake. Experimental studies showed that CTF have low cytotoxicity and fibrogenic activity, these chemicals are assigned to IV jeopardy class (mild hazards). If applied on skin, CTF are absorbed and induce slight local irritation. The MAC for CTF in the air of workplace is set at 6 mg/cu m.


1993 SCIENCE (WASHINGTON D C); 259 (5092). 194-199.

Atmospheric lifetimes of long-lived halogenated species.

Authors: RAVISHANKARA AR, SOLOMON S, TURNIPSEED AA, WARREN RF

Natl. Oceanic Atmospheric Adm. Aeronomy Lab., Boulder, CO 80303, USA.

Abstract: The atmospheric lifetimes of the fluorinated gases CF4, C2F6, c-C4F8, (CF3)2c-C4F6, C5F12, C6F14, C2F5Cl, C2F4Cl2, CF3Cl, and SF6 are of concern because of the effects that these long-lived compounds acting as greenhouse gases can have on global climate. The possible atmospheric loss processes of these gases were assessed by determining the rate coefficients for the reactions of these gases with O(1D), H, and OH and the absorption cross sections at 121.6 nanometers in the laboratory and using these data as input to a two-dimensional atmospheric model. The lifetimes of all the studied perfluoro compounds are >2000 years, and those of CF3Cl, CF3CF2Cl, and CF2ClCF2Cl are >300 years. If released into the atmosphere, these molecules will accumulate and their effects with persist for centuries or millennia.


1993 OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE (PHILADELPHIA); 8 (3). 519-531.

POLYMER FUME FEVER AND OTHER FLUOROCARBON PYROLYSIS-RELATED SYNDROMES

Authors: SHUSTERMAN DJ

Abstract: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM LITERATURE REVIEW HUMAN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH EPIDEMIOLOGY


1993 Official Publications of the European Communities, 2985 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland, 1993. 2p.

Tetrafluoromethane

Authors: ANON

Abstract: International chemical safety card. Short term exposure effects: risk of suffocation in confined areas; frostbite.

CAS Registry Numbers: 75-73-0

Language: English

Publication Types: MONOGRAPH


1992 Clean Air at Work, New Trends in Assessment and Measurement for the 1990s, Proceedings of an International Symposium, Luxembourg, 9-13 September 1991, R. H. Brown, M. Curtis, K. J. Saunders and S. Vandendriessche, Editors; -=Royal Society of

Application of Fourier Transform Infrared Remote Sensing to Air Quality Monitoring in the Workplace

Authors: Brandon RW, Trautwein J Jr

Abstract: The use of Fourier Transform Infrared remote sensing (FTIR) for monitoring air quality in various workplaces was discussed. The basic principles of FTIR/RS were summarized. Application of FTIR/RS to a medium sized electronics assembly area where a cleaning solvent and an aerosol propellant were present at low concentrations and an aluminum smelter was discussed as examples of its use. Methanol (67561) and Freon-12 (75718) vapors were detected in the electronics assembly area at concentrations of 0.135 and 2.107 parts per million (ppm), respectively. Hydrogen-fluoride (7664393) at a concentration of 5ppm was detected in the aluminum smelter. Carbon-tetrafluoride (75730), carbon-monoxide (630080), carbonyl-sulfide (463581), ammonia (7664417), and silicon-tetrafluoride (7783611) were also detected./ULTRASONOGRAPHY


1991 Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, Ediciones y Publicaciones, correlaguna 73, 28027 Madrid, Spain, 2p.

Carbon tetrafluoride

Authors: ANON

Abstract: Spanish version of IPCS ICSC 8-0575. International Chemical Safety Card. Synonym: tetrafluoromethane. Short-term exposure effects: risk of suffocation in confined areas; frostbite.

Language: Spanish

Publication Types: MONOGRAPH


1991 Z GESAMTE HYG GRENZGEB; 37 (2). 58-63.

Monitoring air pollutants emitted by the production of integrated circuits: Strategy and results.

Authors: PONSOLD B, KATH H

Author Address: Leiter der Staatlichen Umweltinspektion Erfurt, PSF 652, O-5010 Erfurt.

Abstract: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A four-month study of pollutants emitted during the manufacture of integrated circuits yielded the following results: The emission limit for hydrogen chloride is maintained in normal operations; there is no danger in the exposure area. The limit for nitrogen oxides is exceeded, but there are no harmful consequences. Ammonium, for which there was no limit value, causes no negative effects at the concentrations measured. The limit values for silane and phosphine are exceeded; a negative influence is possible in the exposure area. Long-term accumulation of arsenic in the exposure area should be monitored further. Ozone, hydrogen fluoride, and hydrogen chloride, produced during the fine purification process, are largely eliminated by secondary reactions in the exhaust air exhaust system. Results are also reported for chlorofluorocarbons (tetrafluoromethane, trifluoromethane, hexafluoroethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, and chlorodifluoromethane) and organochlorine compounds re


1990 Biochemical Pharmacology, Vol. 39, No. 5, pages 833-840, 40 references

Biochemical Mechanism of Metallothionein-Carbon Tetrachloride Interaction In Vitro

Authors: Suntres ZE, Lui EMK

Abstract: The biochemical basis for the protective role of metallothionein (MT) in carbon-tetrachloride (75730) (CCl4) toxicity was examined in male Sprague-Dawley-rats. Experiments were designed to characterize the reaction between CCl4 or its metabolite(s) and cadmium, zinc metallothionein-II (Cd,Zn-MT-II), concentrating primarily on MT thiols as potential sites for interaction. A time dependent depletion of MT thiols with a concurrent reduction in the metal binding sites of the protein was noted on incubation of Cd,Zn-MT-II with CCl4 in the presence of hepatic microsomes and NADPH. Zinc and cadmium were also released from MT by this reaction. The trichloromethyl radical, chloroform and phosgene as well as the product of CCl4 induced microsomal lipid peroxidation were not directly involved in the CCl4 induced decrease in MT thiol content. Covalent binding of CCl4 to MT was noted after incubation in the presence of a microsomal bioactivation system, but it did not account for the CCl4 induced loss of MT thiol groups. The results suggested that CCl4 induced oxidation of MT rather than the covalent binding of CCl4 metabolite(s) was responsible for the CCl4 induced loss of metal biding sites of Cd,Zn-MT with the concurrent release of zinc and cadmium. The authors conclude that the precise role of the metal released during the oxidation of MT in CCl4 toxicity remains to be clarified.


1987 Handbook of Toxicology, T. J. Haley and W. O. Berndt, Editors; Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, pages 472-503, 172 references

Asphyxiant Gases

Authors: Brands A

Abstract: Studies into the effects of and accidental exposures to asphyxiant gases occurring in occupational settings are reviewed. Such exposures occur in manufacturing industries, chemical processing facilities, or in any number of secondary situations where chemicals are used on the job. A gas may be only an irritant, or it may affect cellular metabolism or stimulate antibody production. Specific gases discussed include ammonia (7664417), which causes edema of the respiratory tract, spasms of the glottis, and asphyxia; carbon-monoxide (630080), which combines with myoglobin and hemoglobin in competition with oxygen resulting in asphyxiation; and ethylene-oxide (75218), which is an eye, nose and throat irritant and may cause coughing and vomiting along with pulmonary edema at high concentrations. Ethylene-oxide is also considered a possible carcinogen. Also mentioned are various fluorocarbons including carbon-tetrafluoride (75730), cryofluorane (1320372), dichlorodifluoromethane (75718), and trichlorofluoromethane (75694). Formaldehyde (50000) at low concentrations produces eye irritation, respiratory tract irritation, headache, and tiredness. Hydrogen-cyanide (74908) is extremely poisonous and rapid acting with death occurring within minutes from respiratory failure. The cyanide reacts with the trivalent iron of cytochrome-oxidase in mitochondria, blocking the reduction of oxygen and resulting in cytotoxic hypoxia. This occurs through blocking of the transfer of electrons from cytochrome-oxidase to oxygen. Hydrogen-sulfide (7783064), inhaled in concentrations of 1000 to 2000 parts per million, causes immediate loss of consciousness and almost immediate death. Isocyanates induce hypersensitivity and asthmatic reactions with symptoms of shortness of breath, wheezing, cyanosis, and dermal reactions. Nitrogen-dioxide (10102440), nitrous-oxide (10024972), and sulfur-dioxide (7446095) are also discussed.


1979 NATURE (LOND); 277 (5697). 549-551

MEASUREMENT OF CARBON TETRA FLUORIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE

Authors: RASMASSEN RA, PENKETT SA, PROSSER N


1976 Applied Ecology Department, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Contract No. 210-76-0142, 541 pages, 702 references

Industry, Process, and Use Data for In-House Criteria Document Part 4 Flourocarbons

Authors: Anonymous

Abstract: Compilation of currently available literature pertinent to fluorocarbons. Information is selected and documented relative to industrial use (standard industrial classification); industrial processes, operations, and equipment; and engineering controls and personal protection. The report includes general information on fluorocarbons and fluorocarbon polymers, data regarding uses and processes involving fluorocarbons, and information on fluorocarbons that may present industrial hazards, including poisoning by freon (75456), carbon-tetrafluoride (75730), carbonyl-fluoride (353504), chlorodifluoromethane (75456), bromotrifluoromethane (75638), dichlorotetrafluoroethane (1320372), fluoroacetic-acid (144490), hexafluoroacetone, (684162), sodium-fluoroacetate, teflon (9002840), 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane, trichlorofluoromethane, and 1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane. (Contract No 210-76-0142)


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