Cancer
Fluorinated and Fluoride Pesticides
Pesticides beginning with A-E F G-R S-Z
 
 

See FAN's summary of all the pesticides with Cancer effects.

The most recent United States Cancer Statistics report was released in November 2003. This is the 2nd annual report prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Cancer Institute, in collaboration with the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries.

In 1998 I published the Citizens' Guide to 667 Chemicals Known to Cause Human Cancer in the newsletter Waste Not. The four top uses of these chemicals were in the manufacture of

Plastics
Pharmaceuticals
Pesticides
Dyes

Of the 667 known carcinogenic chemicals, 84 were identified by the US EPA in 1997 as "High Production Volume Chemicals" - produced in quantities greater than 1 million pounds a year.

If society wants to prevent cancer, the first step would be to ban the use, production and release of known and suspected carcinogens. - EC.

Towards what ultimate point is society tending by its industrial progress?
When the progress ceases, in what condition are we to expect
that it will leave mankind?
- John Stuart Mill, 1857 -


The use of high doses increases the likelihood that potentially significant toxic effects will be identified. Findings of adverse effects in any one species do not necessarily indicate such effects might be generated in humans. From a conservative risk assessment perspective however, adverse findings in animal species are assumed to represent potential effects in humans, unless convincing evidence of species specificity is available.

-- Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations

Note: This is not an exhaustive list.
When time allows more information will be added.

Haloxyfop-etotyl - Herbicide - CAS No. 87237-48-7

"Haloxyfop-( 2-etoxy-ethyl) 87237-48-7 Banned. Carcinogenic effects in mice even at very low doses. 1989."
Definition: "Banned. A substance which for health or environmental reasons by an authority decision is either no longer approved for any area of application, or for which an approval or registration has been denied from the first instance."

Ref: Euopean Commission. Appendix 5. Substances which may not be included as active ingredients in approved pesticide products, Chapter 15, Section 2, subsection one.

http://www.kemi.se/lagar_eng/pdf/app5_8.pdf

Haloxyfop-methyl - Herbicide - CAS No. 69806-40-2

Group B -- Probable Human Carcinogen. Liver tumors [adenomas (M), carcinomas (F) & adenomas/carcinomas (M & F)]; B6C3F1 mice.
Ref:
April 26, 2006 . Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential by the Office of Pesticide Programs. From: Jess Rowland, Chief Science Information Management Branch Health Effect Division (7509C) Office of Pesticide Programs, USEPA.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pesticides.cancer.potential.2006.pdf

Group B2--Probable Human Carcinogen. Reviewed 9/ 18/ 89.
Ref: List of Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential. Science Information Management Branch, Health Effects Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. March 15, 2002.
http://www.biomuncie.org/chemicals_evaluated_for_carcinog.htm

There are eight diphenyl ethers that are structurally similar to diclofop-methyl. Of the chemicals, fomesafen sodium, haloxyfop-methyl (Verdict), oxyfluorfen, acifluorfen sodium, nitrofen, and lactofen were reviewed in the initial CPRC report. All of these chemicals induced liver adenomas and carcinomas in rats and/or mice. Except for haloxyfop-methyl, all of the other chemicals produced positive results in at least one of the mutagenicity assays...
May 24, 2000 - Cancer Assessment Document. Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Potential of Diclofop-Methyl. (Second Review). Final Report. Cancer Assessment Review Committee, Health Effects Division, US EPA Office of Pesticide Programs.
Note: Except for Nitrofen, all the pesticides cited above are fluorinated.

Hexafluoropropene, polymer with tetrafluoroethylene - EPA List 3 Inert - CAS No. 25067-11-2

Animal carcinogenicity data
Tetrafluoroethylene was tested for carcinogenicity in one study in mice and one study in rats by inhalation... In rats of both sexes, it increased the incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas and kidney tubule cell adenomas.
Other relevant data
Tetrafluoroethylene is metabolized by hepatic glutathione S-transferase and the resulting cysteine conjugate is further metabolized by renal b-lyase. This pathway results in the formation of a reactive thiol that causes kidney toxicity in rats.
Evaluation
There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of tetrafluoroethylene.
Overall evaluation
Tetrafluoroethylene is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).
Ref: International Agency for Cancer Research (IARC):
http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol71/048-tetrafluo.htm

Hexaflurate - Herbicide, Wood Preservative - CAS No. 17029-22-0

Carcinogen; under the category: CHEMICALS KNOWN TO THE STATE TO CAUSE CANCER: Arsenic (inorganic arsenic compounds). as listed since February 27, 1987, in the California Prop 65 list.
Ref: California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment.

http://www.oehha.org/prop65.html

Hydramethylnon - Insecticide - CAS No. 67485-29-4

Group C -- Possible Human Carcinogen. Lung adenomas & combined adenomas/carcinomas; CD-1 mice (F).
Ref:
April 26, 2006 . Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential by the Office of Pesticide Programs. From: Jess Rowland, Chief Science Information Management Branch Health Effect Division (7509C) Office of Pesticide Programs, USEPA.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pesticides.cancer.potential.2006.pdf

Group C--Possible Human Carcinogen. Reviewed 3/ 28/ 91.
Ref: List of Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential. Science Information Management Branch, Health Effects Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. March 15, 2002.
http://www.biomuncie.org/chemicals_evaluated_for_carcinog.htm


The Cancer Peer Review Committee determined that hydramethylnon should be classified as a Group C carcinogen, a possible human carcinogen, and recommended that, for the purpose of risk characterization, the Reference Dose approach should be used for quantification of human risk. This classification was based upon statistically significant increases in lung adenomas at 50 and 100 ppm (27% and 27%, respectively) and combined lung adenomas/carcinomas at 25, 50, and 100 ppm (32%, 40%, and 35%, respectively) in female mice. The MTD is between 50 ppm and 100 ppm in both sexes of mice.
Ref: US EPA. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Hydramethylnon. EPA 738-R-98-023. December 1998.

http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/hydramethylnon.red.1998.pdf

Isoxaflutole - Herbicide - CAS No. 141112-29-0

Likely to be carcinogenic to Humans. Statistically significant increases in liver tumors in both sexes of CD-1 mice & Sprague-Dawley rats; statistically significant increases in thyroid tumors in male rats.
Ref:
April 26, 2006 . Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential by the Office of Pesticide Programs. From: Jess Rowland, Chief Science Information Management Branch Health Effect Division (7509C) Office of Pesticide Programs, USEPA.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pesticides.cancer.potential.2006.pdf

Likely to be carcinogenic to humans. Reviewed 8/ 6/ 97.
Ref: List of Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential. Science Information Management Branch, Health Effects Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. March 15, 2002.
http://www.biomuncie.org/chemicals_evaluated_for_carcinog.htm


-- Isoxaflutole demonstrates developmental toxicity and has been classified as a Group B2 carcinogen (probable human carcinogen).

-- In a combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study in rats, evidence of systemic toxicity was observed at 500 mg/kg/day... Under the conditions of this study, isoxaflutole induced benign and malignant tumors of the liver in both sexes at 500 mg/kg/day hepatocellular adenomas and hepatocellular carcinomas. Combined incidences of liver adenoma/carcinoma in males and females showed animals bearing carcinomas in the majority. Thyroid follicular adenomas occurred with increased frequency in 500 mg/kg/day males. The tumor incidences exceeded the historical incidence of these tumors for this strain in the laboratory. The study demonstrated that isoxaflutole is carcinogenic to rats at a dose of 500 mg/kg/day. The chemical was administered at a dose sufficient to test its carcinogenic potential. At 500 mg/kg/day, there were alterations in most of the parameters measured including clinical signs of toxicity, body weight gain, food consumption, food conversion efficiency, and clinical as well as post-mortem pathology. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was not measured in this study. However, in a separate special study investigating the mechanism of action of isoxaflutole on the thyroid, tested at the same doses as this study, TSH was indirectly measured since there was a significant reduction in T4 level and thyroid gland weights were significantly increased. These results were sufficient to support the hypothesis that isoxaflutole may have induced thyroid tumors in male rats through a disruption in the thyroid-pituitary hormonal feedback mechanisms.
-- Among scheduled and unscheduled deaths in the 78-week study, there were significant occurrences of hepatocellular adenomas in 52% of the males and 29% of the females, and carcinomas in 33% of the males and 8% of the females (non-significant). The incidences of these tumors exceeded the corresponding historical incidence with this species in the laboratory. Combined adenoma and carcinoma incidences at 7,000 ppm were 73% for males and 35% for females. At 500 ppm, the incidences of 17% adenomas and 15% carcinomas in males and 2% adenomas in females were not statistically significant, but exceeded the means for historical controls. The 52- and 78-week studies revealed a dose-related decrease in the first occurrence of carcinomas in males; the earliest carcinomas were observed at 78, 71, 52, and 47 weeks at the 0 through 7,000 ppm doses. There were no carcinomas in females up to 78 weeks at 0, 25, or 500 ppm, although, the earliest finding at 7000 ppm was at 60 weeks. The LOAEL for this study is 64.4 mg/kg/day for males and 77.9 mg/kg/day for females (500 ppm), based on decreased body weight gains, increased liver weights, and increased incidences of histopathological liver changes. The NOEL is 3.2 mg/kg/day for males and 4.0 mg/kg/day for females (25 ppm). Although body weight was decreased marginally in females at 25 ppm, there were no corroborating findings of toxicity at this dose. Under conditions of this study, isoxaflutole appears to induce hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas in male and female CD-1 mice. The chemical was tested at doses sufficient to measure its carcinogenic potential.
Ref: US EPA. Pesticide Fact Sheet. Isoxaflutole Reason for Issuance: Conditional Registration Date Issued: September 15, 1998.

http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/factsheets/isoxaflutole.pdf

Lactofen - Herbicide - CAS No. 77501-63-4

Likely to be Carcinogenic to Humans at High Doses. Not Likely to be Carcinogenic to Humans at Low Doses. Hepatocellular carcinomas (M); Hepatocellular adenomas & carcinomas (M & F); CD-mice. Liver neoplastic nodules; Sprague-Dawley rats (M & F). MOE approach should be used for estimating human cancer risk, using a NOAEL of 2 ppm (0.3 mg/kg/day).
Ref:
April 26, 2006 . Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential by the Office of Pesticide Programs. From: Jess Rowland, Chief Science Information Management Branch Health Effect Division (7509C) Office of Pesticide Programs, USEPA.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pesticides.cancer.potential.2006.pdf

Group B2--Probable Human Carcinogen. Reviewed 4/ 8/ 87.
Ref: List of Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential. Science Information Management Branch, Health Effects Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. March 15, 2002.
http://www.biomuncie.org/chemicals_evaluated_for_carcinog.htm

"There are eight diphenyl ethers that are structurally similar to diclofop-methyl. Of the chemicals, fomesafen sodium, haloxyfop-methyl (Verdict), oxyfluorfen, acifluorfen sodium, nitrofen, and lactofen were reviewed in the initial CPRC report. All of these chemicals induced liver adenomas and carcinomas in rats and/or mice..."
Ref: May 24, 2000 - Cancer Assessment Document. Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Potential of Diclofop-Methyl. (Second Review). Final Report. Cancer Assessment Review Committee, Health Effects Division, US EPA Office of Pesticide Programs.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/cancer.epa.assess.may.2000.pdf
• Note from FAN:
Except for Nitrofen, all the pesticides cited above are fluorinated.

-- Based on mechanistic studies with transgenic mice, lactofen has been classified as a non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogen in rodents with peroxisome proliferation being a plausible mode of action. Lactofen is currently classified as likely to be carcinogenic to humans at high enough doses to cause the biochemical and histopathological changes in the liver of rodents, but unlikely to be carcinogenic to humans below those doses causing these changes.
-- Cancer (Oral, dermal, inhalation). Lactofen is considered to be a threshold carcinogen. NOAEL = 0.3 mg/kg/day based on increased activities of liver enzymes and increased incidence of liver histopathological findings at the LOAEL of 1.5 mg/kg/day.
Ref: Sept 24, 2004. Lactofen. Pesticide Tolerance. Final Rule. Federal Register.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/lactofen.fr.sept.24.2004.htm

Lactofen meets the criteria of an EPA Group B2 compound, i.e., a probable human carcinogen. This conclusion was based on an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas in males and combined incidence of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas in both sexes of CD-1 mice following dietary administration of lactofen. In CD rats, there was increased incidence of liver neoplastic nodules in both sexes. Four structurally similar chemicals, acifluorfen, nitrofen, oxyfluorfen, and fomesafen, all produced hepatocellular tumors in rodents. Results of several subchronic and chronic studies indicated the liver and kidney as target organs for lactofen. Increased absolute and relative liver weight and hepatocytomegaly (the LOEL was 1.5 mg/kg/day; the NOEL was not determined) were observed in male mice fed lactofen for 78 weeks. At 37.5 mg/kg/day, there was also an increased incidence of cataracts and renal pigmentation. Based on the LOEL, an oral RfD of 0.002 mg/kg/day was derived. Renal dysfunction and decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit levels and red blood cell counts (the LOEL was 25/75 mg/ kg/day; the NOEL was 5 mg/kg/day) were observed in a 1-year feeding study in dogs. Increased renal and hepatic pigmentation (the LOEL was 50 mg/kg/day; the NOEL was 25 mg/kg/day) were noted in a 2-year feeding study in rats. In a 90-day mouse study, increased alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), and serum gleutanic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) activities, increased liver weight, hepatic necrosis, biliary hyperplasia, decreased hematocrit and hemoglobin levels and red blood cell counts, extramedullary hematopoiesis, and kidney nephrosis and fibrosis (the LOEL was 26 mg/kg/day; the NOEL was not determined) were seen. Decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, decreased red blood cell counts, and brown pigment in the kidney and liver (the LOEL was 50 mg/kg/day) were noted in a 90-day feeding study in rats. EPA believes that there is sufficient evidence for listing lactofen on EPCRA section 313 pursuant to EPCRA section 313(d)(2)(B) based on the available carcinogenicity data and hepatic, renal, and hematological toxicity data for this chemical.
Ref: USEPA/OPP. Support Document for the Addition of Chemicals from Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) Active Ingredients to EPCRA Section 313. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1993). As cited by US EPA in: Federal Register: January 12, 1994. Part IV. 40 CFR Part 372. Addition of Certain Chemicals; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting; Community Right-to-Know; Proposed Rule.

Chronic/carcinogenicity feeding study-- Mouse-- 24-month. In a dietary 18-month oncogenicity study in mice at dosages of 10, 50 and 250 ppm Lactofen Technical, an increase in liver adenomas and carcinomas, cataracts and liver pigmentation was observed at 250 ppm. The lowest dose, 10 ppm, was the LOEL based on increased liver weight and hepatocytomegaly.
-- Chronic/carcinogenicity feeding study-- Rat-- 24-month. In a 2- year chronic feeding/oncogenicity study of Lactofen Technical in rats at dosages of 0, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 ppm in the diet, an increase in liver neoplastic nodules and foci of cellular alteration was observed in both sexes at 2,000 ppm. The NOEL for systemic toxicity is 500 ppm based on kidney and liver pigmentation.
-- Carcinogenicity. The Toxicology Branch Peer Review Committee has determined that lactofen meets the criterion for a B2 (possible human) carcinogen since it caused an increase in liver tumors (adenomas and/or carcinomas) in two species. Based on the mouse oncogenicity study, a human upper-bound potency estimate (Q1*) was calculated as 0.17 (mg/kg/day).
-- More importantly, evidence summarized above suggest that carcinogenic effects observed in rodent liver related to long term lactofen consumption are attributable to peroxisomal proliferation as opposed to a direct genotoxic effect. This mechanism of action would more appropriately be regulated as a threshold effect (similar to RfD comparisons) as opposed to a non-threshold effect with a quantitative potency factor derived from low dose extrapolations. This change in the hazard assessment process for lactofen would have a profound effect on the exposure and risk assessments for this chemical.
Ref: Federal Register: February 25, 1998 [Page 9532-9540]. Notice of Filing of Pesticide Petition.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/lactofen.fr.feb.1998.htm

Norflurazon - Herbicide - CAS No. 27314-13-2

Group C -- Possible Human Carcinogen. Statistically significant increase in comparison to controls in liver adenomas & combined liver adenomas & carcinomas, as well as the statistically significant positive trend for these hepatocellular adenomas & combined adenomas & carcinomas; CD-1 mice (M).
Ref:
April 26, 2006 . Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential by the Office of Pesticide Programs. From: Jess Rowland, Chief Science Information Management Branch Health Effect Division (7509C) Office of Pesticide Programs, USEPA.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pesticides.cancer.potential.2006.pdf

Group C--Possible Human Carcinogen. Reviewed 11/ 2/ 90.
Ref: List of Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential. Science Information Management Branch, Health Effects Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. March 15, 2002.
http://www.biomuncie.org/chemicals_evaluated_for_carcinog.htm


As a result of the July 18, 1990 meeting of the OPP/Health Effects Division Carcinogenicity Peer Review Committee, norflurazon was classified as a non quantifiable Group C - possible human carcinogen - based upon statistically significant pair-wise comparisons of the incidence of liver adenomas and combined liver adenomas/ carcinomas as well as statistically positive trends for these lesions in male CD-1 mice receiving 218.8 mg/kg/day norflurazon technical in the diet for up to 104 weeks (MRID 00111649).
Ref: US EPA REREGISTRATION ELIGIBILITY DECISION NORFLURAZON. LIST A. CASE 0229.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/norflurazon.red.epa.pdf

Noviflumuron - Insecticide - CAS No. 121451-02-3

“XDE-007: 18-Month Oncogenicity Study in CD-1 Mice,” (Johnson, K.A.; Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI; 4/25/05). XDE-007 technical (N-[3,5-dichloro-2-fluoro-4-(1,1,2,3,3,3hexafluoropropoxy)phenyl]-N’-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)urea), 97.9% pure) was fed in diet to CD-1 mice (50/sex/dose) at 0, 0.5, 3 (males only), 30 and 100 (females only) mg/kg/day for up to 18 months. Systemic NOEL = 3 mg/kg/day (males) and 30 mg/kg/day (females) There was an increase in mortality for females at 100 mg/kg/day (M: 56% vs 32%). There was an increased incidence in tonoclonic convulsions (primarily in females) at the high dose. There was an increase in relative and absolute liver weights in females at > 30 mg/kg/day. Males had an absolute liver weight increase at 30 mg/kg/day and a relative increase at > 3 mg/kg/day. Both sexes showed an increase in all severities of liver hypertrophy (hepatocytic, centrilobular/midzonal, diffuse) at 30 mg/kg/day (male) and at 100 mg/kg/day (female)... Possible adverse effect indicated: There was an increased incidence in hepatocytic adenomas and in hepatocytic adenomas plus carcinomas (slight in males, statistically significant in females) at 30 mg/kg/day (5, 7, 4, 12 of 50) and 100 mg/kg/day (F: 0, 1, 0, 4** of 50 by Peto’s mortality adjusted statistics ). Females showed an increased incidence in lung carcinomas (non-metastatic) at 100 mg/kg/day (0, 0, 1, 2** by Peto’s statistics).
Ref: August 2005 - Summary of toxicological data. California EPA, Department of Pesticide Regulation, Medical Toxicology Branch.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/noviflumuron.ca.epa.2005.pdf

Oxyfluorfen - Herbicide - CAS No. 42874-03-3

Group C -- Possible Human Carcinogen. Liver (adenomas, carcinomas 7 combined adenomas and/or carcinomas); CD-1 mice (M).
Ref:
April 26, 2006 . Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential by the Office of Pesticide Programs. From: Jess Rowland, Chief Science Information Management Branch Health Effect Division (7509C) Office of Pesticide Programs, USEPA.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pesticides.cancer.potential.2006.pdf

Group C--Possible Human Carcinogen. Reviewed 9/ 29/ 89.
Ref: List of Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential. Science Information Management Branch, Health Effects Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. March 15, 2002.
http://www.biomuncie.org/chemicals_evaluated_for_carcinog.htm

There are eight diphenyl ethers that are structurally similar to diclofop-methyl. Of the chemicals, fomesafen sodium, haloxyfop-methyl (Verdict), oxyfluorfen, acifluorfen sodium, nitrofen, and lactofen were reviewed in the initial CPRC report. All of these chemicals induced liver adenomas and carcinomas in rats and/or mice. Except for haloxyfop-methyl, all of the other chemicals produced positive results in at least one of the mutagenicity assays...
May 24, 2000 - Cancer Assessment Document. Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Potential of Diclofop-Methyl. (Second Review). Final Report. Cancer Assessment Review Committee, Health Effects Division, US EPA Office of Pesticide Programs.
Note: Except for Nitrofen, all the pesticides cited above are fluorinated.

Oxyfluorfen is classified as a possible human carcinogen based on combined hepatocellular adenomas/carcinomas in the mouse carcinogenicity study... Dow AgroSciences has committed to undertake mechanistic studies to determine whether or not oxyfluorfen acts via a mechanism involving peroxisome proliferation. If oxyfluorfen is shown to be a peroxisome proliferator, an MOE approach (indicative of a non-linear dose response), rather than a Q* approach would be more appropriate to quantify cancer risks. If oxyfluorfen is determined to be a peroxisome proliferator, EPA will re-evaluate cancer risks and risk mitigation decisions for oxyfluorfen... The cancer dietary risk from food alone is 3.8 x 10 -7 for the general U.S. population, and is not a concern for the Agency (< 1 x 10 -6 ). The drinking water risk estimates for chronic (non-cancer) exposures are below EPA's level of concern for ground or surface waters. However, cancer risk estimates from modeling for surface water sources of drinking water indicate a concern based on conservative assumptions for model inputs. Residential risks are below EPA's level of concern, however, there is a concern for aggregate risk when considering exposures from food, drinking water, and residential uses. There are cancer risk concerns for workers who mix, load, and apply oxyfluorfen to agricultural sites, as well as workers who re-enter treated sites.
Ref: US EPA Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) OXYFLUORFEN. EPA738-R-02-014 October 2002
.
http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/oxyfluorfen_red.pdf

Subchronic and chronic toxicity. Adverse effects on the liver marked the LOEL in all three chronic toxicity studies with NOELs of 2.5, 2.0, and 0.3 mg/kg/day seen in the dog, rat, and mouse studies respectively. A statistically significant positive dose-related trend for liver adenomas and carcinomas was observed in the chronic mouse study and oxyfluorfen is classified as a Group C chemical by EPA. A reference dose of 0.003 mg/kg/day and a Q1* of 0.128 (mg/kg/ day) -1 has been set by the Agency.
Ref: Federal Register: January 9, 1998 [Page 1456-1464]. Notice of Filing of Pesticide Petitions.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/oxyfluorfen.fr.jan.9.1998.htm

Penoxsulam - Herbicide - CAS No. 219714-96-2

Suggestive Evidence of Carcinogenicity, but Not Sufficient to Assess Human Carcinogenic Potential. Mononuclear cell leukemia in Male Fischer 344 rats. Although dosing in male mice was not considered to be adequate, an additional mouse carcinogenicity study was not required.
Ref:
April 26, 2006 . Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential by the Office of Pesticide Programs. From: Jess Rowland, Chief Science Information Management Branch Health Effect Division (7509C) Office of Pesticide Programs, USEPA.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pesticides.cancer.potential.2006.pdf

-- Carcinogenicity: Evidence of carcinogenicity in male rats based on possibly treatment related increase incidence of Large Granular Lymphocyte (LGL) Leukemia at 5, 50, & 250 mg/kg/day. Also increase severity at 250 mg/kg/day. Female rats - negative for carcinogenicity, but dosing was only marginally adequate.
-- Carcinogenicity-mice: In males, negative for carcinogenicity at doses tested. Dosing inadequate.
-- The Agency (US EPA) has classified penoxsulam as Suggestive Evidence of Carcinogenicity, But not sufficient to assess human carcinogenic potential and, therefore, quantification of human cancer risk is not required. The weight-of-the-evidence for this classification is as follows: a. Evidence of carcinogenicity (mononuclear cell leukemia (MNCL)) was seen in one sex (males) of one species (rat).b. There was an increased incidence of MNCL at all dose levels with all incidences exceeding the laboratory historical control, however, the dose-response was flat over a wide range of doses. c. Although MNCL is recognized as a common neoplasm in Fischer rats, the mechanism of producing MNCL is not completely understood. Therefore, the significance of MNCL and its biological relevance for human cancer risk remains uncertain and cannot be discounted ...
Ref: September 24, 2004. Penoxsulam Pesticide tolerance. Final Rule. Federal Register.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/penoxsulam.fr.sept.24.04.htm

Prodiamine - Herbicide - CAS No. 29091-21-2

Group C -- Possible Human Carcinogen. Thyroid follicular cell neoplasia (M & F); Pancreatic adenomas (F) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Fibrosarcomas; CD-1 mice (M).
Ref:
April 26, 2006 . Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential by the Office of Pesticide Programs. From: Jess Rowland, Chief Science Information Management Branch Health Effect Division (7509C) Office of Pesticide Programs, USEPA.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pesticides.cancer.potential.2006.pdf

Group C--Possible Human Carcinogen. Reviewed 7/ 15/ 91.
Ref: List of Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential. Science Information Management Branch, Health Effects Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. March 15, 2002.
http://www.biomuncie.org/chemicals_evaluated_for_carcinog.htm

Title of this publshed paper: Mode of carcinogenic action of pesticides inducing thyroid follicular cell tumors in rodents.
Some mutagenic data are available on all 24 pesticides producing thyroid tumors. "... acetochlor, clofentezine, fenbuconazole, fipronil, pendimethalin, pentachloronitrobenzene, prodiamine, pyrimethanil, and thiazopyr seem to enhance the hepatic metabolism and excretion of thyroid hormone." The organofluorine pesticides cited in this abstract are: Fipronil, Prodiamine, Thiazopyr, and Trifluralin.
Ref: 1998. Mode of carcinogenic action of pesticides inducing thyroid follicular cell tumors in rodents; by Hurley PM. Environ Health Perspect Aug;106(8):437-45.

-- Carcinogenic Potential. Prodiamine: Benign thyroid tumors (rat). None observed (mouse).
-- Target Organs. Prodiamine: Liver and Thyroid.
Ref: Material Safety Data Sheet for Barricade 65WG Herbicide. Novartis. February 28, 2000.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/prodiamine.msds.2000.pdf

Profluralin - Herbicide - CAS No. 26399-36-0

Abstract: TD3: The Health and Environmental Effects Profile for profluralin was prepared by the Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH for the Office of Solid Waste to support listings of hazardous constituents of a wide range of waste streams under Section 3001 of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Both published literature and information obtained from Agency program office files were evaluated as the authors pertained to potential human health, aquatic life and environmental effects of hazardous waste constituents. Quantitative estimates have been presented provided sufficient data are available. Profluralin has been evaluated as a carcinogen. The human carcinogen potency factor (q(l)*) for profluralin is .028 (mg/kg bw/day)-1 for oral exposure.
Ref: Health and Environmental Effects Profile for Profluralin. US EPA. 1988. NTIS/PB88-162334, 26p

Pyraflufen-ethyl - Herbicide - CAS No. 129630-19-9

Likely to be Carcinogenic to Humans. Hepatocellular adenomas and combined adenomas, carcinomas and/or hepatoblastomas in male and female (SPF) ICR (Crj:CD-1) mice.
Ref:
April 26, 2006 . Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential by the Office of Pesticide Programs. From: Jess Rowland, Chief Science Information Management Branch Health Effect Division (7509C) Office of Pesticide Programs, USEPA.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pesticides.cancer.potential.2006.pdf

-- Classification: ``Likely to be Carcinogenic to Humans'' by the oral route Q1* = 3.32 x 10-2 (mg/kg/day)-1
--
Carcinogenicity in mice. NOAEL = 200 ppm (20.99 mg/kg/day (M); 19.58 mg/kg/day (F). LOAEL = 1,000 ppm (109.7 mg/kg/day (M); 98.3 mg/kg/day (F) based on liver toxicity, hepatocellular tumors at 5,000 ppm; possibly hemangioma/ hemangioasarcomas.
Ref: Federal Register: April 30, 2003. Pyraflufen-ethyl; Pesticide Tolerance. Final Rule.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pyraflufen-ethy.fr.apr30.03.htm

The exposure from pyraflufen-ethyl residues in food results in a cancer risk in the range of 1 in 1 million and is not a concern.
Ref: Federal Register: May 12, 2004. Pyraflufen-ethyl; Pesticide Tolerance. Final Rule.

http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pyraflufen-ethyl.fr.may.04.htm

 

 
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