See
FAN's summary of all the pesticides with Cancer effects.
The most recent United
States Cancer Statistics report was released in November
2003. This is the 2nd annual report prepared by the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Cancer
Institute, in collaboration with the North American Association
of Central Cancer Registries.
In 1998 I published the Citizens' Guide
to 667 Chemicals Known to Cause Human Cancer in the newsletter
Waste Not. The four top uses of these chemicals were in
the manufacture of
Plastics
Pharmaceuticals
Pesticides
Dyes
Of the 667 known carcinogenic chemicals,
84 were identified by the US EPA in 1997 as "High Production
Volume Chemicals" - produced in quantities greater
than 1 million pounds a year.
If society wants to prevent cancer, the
first step would be to ban the use, production and release
of known and suspected carcinogens. - EC.
Towards
what ultimate point is society tending by its industrial
progress?
When the progress ceases, in what condition are we to expect
that it will leave mankind?
- John Stuart Mill, 1857 -
|
The
use of high doses increases the likelihood that potentially
significant toxic effects will be identified. Findings of
adverse effects in any one species do not necessarily indicate
such effects might be generated in humans. From a conservative
risk assessment perspective however, adverse findings in
animal species are assumed to represent potential effects
in humans, unless convincing evidence of species specificity
is available.
--
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
|
Note:
This is not an exhaustive list.
When time allows more information will be added.
Haloxyfop-etotyl
- Herbicide - CAS No. 87237-48-7
"Haloxyfop-( 2-etoxy-ethyl)
87237-48-7 Banned. Carcinogenic effects
in mice even at very low doses. 1989."
Definition: "Banned. A substance which for health or environmental
reasons by an authority decision is either no longer approved
for any area of application, or for which an approval or registration
has been denied from the first instance."
Ref: Euopean Commission. Appendix 5. Substances
which may not be included as active ingredients in approved pesticide
products, Chapter 15, Section 2, subsection one.
http://www.kemi.se/lagar_eng/pdf/app5_8.pdf
Haloxyfop-methyl
- Herbicide - CAS No. 69806-40-2
Group
B -- Probable Human Carcinogen.
Liver tumors [adenomas (M), carcinomas
(F) & adenomas/carcinomas (M & F)]; B6C3F1 mice.
Ref: April
26, 2006 . Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential by the
Office of Pesticide Programs. From: Jess Rowland, Chief Science
Information Management Branch Health Effect Division (7509C) Office
of Pesticide Programs, USEPA.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pesticides.cancer.potential.2006.pdf
Group
B2--Probable Human Carcinogen.
Reviewed 9/ 18/ 89.
Ref:
List of Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential. Science
Information Management Branch, Health Effects Division, Office
of Pesticide Programs, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
March 15, 2002.
http://www.biomuncie.org/chemicals_evaluated_for_carcinog.htm
There
are eight diphenyl ethers that are structurally similar to diclofop-methyl.
Of the chemicals, fomesafen sodium,
haloxyfop-methyl (Verdict), oxyfluorfen,
acifluorfen sodium, nitrofen, and
lactofen were reviewed in the initial CPRC report. All of these
chemicals induced liver adenomas and carcinomas
in rats and/or mice. Except for haloxyfop-methyl,
all of the other chemicals produced positive results in at least
one of the mutagenicity assays...
May
24, 2000 - Cancer
Assessment Document. Evaluation of the
Carcinogenic Potential of Diclofop-Methyl. (Second Review). Final
Report. Cancer Assessment Review Committee, Health Effects Division,
US EPA Office of Pesticide Programs.
Note:
Except for Nitrofen, all the pesticides cited above are fluorinated.
Hexafluoropropene,
polymer with tetrafluoroethylene -
EPA List 3 Inert - CAS No. 25067-11-2
Animal
carcinogenicity data
Tetrafluoroethylene was tested for carcinogenicity in one
study in mice and one study in rats by inhalation... In
rats of both sexes, it increased the incidence of hepatocellular
carcinomas and kidney tubule cell adenomas.
Other relevant data
Tetrafluoroethylene is metabolized by hepatic glutathione
S-transferase and the resulting cysteine conjugate is further
metabolized by renal b-lyase. This pathway results in the
formation of a reactive thiol that causes
kidney toxicity in rats.
Evaluation
There
is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the
carcinogenicity of tetrafluoroethylene.
Overall
evaluation
Tetrafluoroethylene
is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).
Ref:
International Agency for Cancer Research (IARC):
http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol71/048-tetrafluo.htm
Hexaflurate
- Herbicide, Wood Preservative -
CAS No. 17029-22-0
Carcinogen;
under the category: CHEMICALS KNOWN TO THE STATE TO CAUSE CANCER:
Arsenic (inorganic arsenic compounds). as listed since February
27, 1987, in the California Prop 65 list.
Ref: California Office of Environmental
Health Hazard Assessment.
http://www.oehha.org/prop65.html
Hydramethylnon
- Insecticide - CAS No. 67485-29-4
Group
C -- Possible Human Carcinogen. Lung
adenomas & combined adenomas/carcinomas; CD-1 mice (F).
Ref: April
26, 2006 . Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential by the
Office of Pesticide Programs. From: Jess Rowland, Chief Science
Information Management Branch Health Effect Division (7509C) Office
of Pesticide Programs, USEPA.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pesticides.cancer.potential.2006.pdf
Group
C--Possible Human Carcinogen. Reviewed 3/ 28/ 91.
Ref:
List of Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential. Science
Information Management Branch, Health Effects Division, Office
of Pesticide Programs, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
March 15, 2002.
http://www.biomuncie.org/chemicals_evaluated_for_carcinog.htm
The Cancer Peer Review
Committee determined that hydramethylnon should be classified
as a Group C carcinogen, a possible human carcinogen, and recommended
that, for the purpose of risk characterization, the Reference
Dose approach should be used for quantification of human risk.
This classification was based upon statistically
significant increases in lung adenomas at 50 and 100 ppm
(27% and 27%, respectively) and combined
lung adenomas/carcinomas at 25, 50, and 100 ppm (32%, 40%,
and 35%, respectively) in female mice. The MTD is between 50 ppm
and 100 ppm in both sexes of mice.
Ref: US EPA. Reregistration Eligibility
Decision (RED) Hydramethylnon. EPA 738-R-98-023. December 1998.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/hydramethylnon.red.1998.pdf
Isoxaflutole
- Herbicide - CAS No. 141112-29-0
Likely
to be carcinogenic to Humans. Statistically
significant increases in liver tumors
in both sexes of CD-1 mice & Sprague-Dawley rats; statistically
significant increases in thyroid
tumors in male rats.
Ref: April
26, 2006 . Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential by the
Office of Pesticide Programs. From: Jess Rowland, Chief Science
Information Management Branch Health Effect Division (7509C) Office
of Pesticide Programs, USEPA.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pesticides.cancer.potential.2006.pdf
Likely
to be carcinogenic to humans.
Reviewed 8/ 6/ 97.
Ref:
List of Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential. Science
Information Management Branch, Health Effects Division, Office
of Pesticide Programs, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
March 15, 2002.
http://www.biomuncie.org/chemicals_evaluated_for_carcinog.htm
-- Isoxaflutole demonstrates developmental toxicity and has been
classified as a Group B2 carcinogen (probable
human carcinogen).
-- In a combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study in rats,
evidence of systemic toxicity was observed at 500 mg/kg/day...
Under the conditions of this study, isoxaflutole induced benign
and malignant tumors of the liver in both sexes at 500 mg/kg/day
hepatocellular adenomas and hepatocellular carcinomas.
Combined incidences of liver adenoma/carcinoma in males and females
showed animals bearing carcinomas in the
majority. Thyroid follicular adenomas
occurred with increased frequency in 500 mg/kg/day males.
The tumor incidences exceeded the historical
incidence of these tumors for this strain in the laboratory.
The study demonstrated that isoxaflutole is carcinogenic to rats
at a dose of 500 mg/kg/day. The chemical was administered at a
dose sufficient to test its carcinogenic potential. At 500 mg/kg/day,
there were alterations in most of the parameters measured including
clinical signs of toxicity, body weight gain, food consumption,
food conversion efficiency, and clinical as well as post-mortem
pathology. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was not measured
in this study. However, in a separate special study investigating
the mechanism of action of isoxaflutole on the thyroid, tested
at the same doses as this study, TSH was indirectly measured since
there was a significant reduction in T4
level and thyroid gland weights were significantly increased.
These results were sufficient to support the hypothesis that isoxaflutole
may have induced thyroid tumors in male rats through a disruption
in the thyroid-pituitary hormonal feedback mechanisms.
-- Among scheduled and unscheduled deaths in the 78-week study,
there were significant occurrences of hepatocellular
adenomas in 52% of the males and 29% of the females, and carcinomas
in 33% of the males and 8% of the females (non-significant).
The incidences of these tumors exceeded
the corresponding historical incidence with this species in the
laboratory. Combined adenoma and carcinoma incidences at
7,000 ppm were 73% for males and 35% for
females. At 500 ppm, the incidences
of 17% adenomas and 15% carcinomas in males and 2% adenomas in
females were not statistically significant, but exceeded the means
for historical controls. The 52- and 78-week studies revealed
a dose-related decrease in the first occurrence of carcinomas
in males; the earliest carcinomas were observed
at 78, 71, 52, and 47 weeks at the 0 through 7,000 ppm doses.
There were no carcinomas in females up to 78 weeks at 0, 25, or
500 ppm, although, the earliest finding at 7000 ppm was at 60
weeks. The LOAEL for this study is 64.4 mg/kg/day for males and
77.9 mg/kg/day for females (500 ppm), based on decreased
body weight gains, increased liver
weights, and increased incidences of histopathological
liver changes. The NOEL is 3.2 mg/kg/day for males and
4.0 mg/kg/day for females (25 ppm). Although body weight was decreased
marginally in females at 25 ppm, there were no corroborating findings
of toxicity at this dose. Under conditions of this study, isoxaflutole
appears to induce hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas in male
and female CD-1 mice. The chemical was tested at doses sufficient
to measure its carcinogenic potential.
Ref: US EPA. Pesticide Fact Sheet. Isoxaflutole
Reason for Issuance: Conditional Registration Date Issued: September
15, 1998.
http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/factsheets/isoxaflutole.pdf
Lactofen
- Herbicide - CAS No. 77501-63-4
Likely
to be Carcinogenic to Humans at High Doses.
Not Likely to be Carcinogenic to Humans at Low Doses. Hepatocellular
carcinomas
(M); Hepatocellular adenomas & carcinomas (M & F); CD-mice.
Liver neoplastic nodules; Sprague-Dawley rats (M & F). MOE
approach should be used for estimating human cancer risk, using
a NOAEL of 2 ppm (0.3 mg/kg/day).
Ref: April
26, 2006 . Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential by the
Office of Pesticide Programs. From: Jess Rowland, Chief Science
Information Management Branch Health Effect Division (7509C) Office
of Pesticide Programs, USEPA.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pesticides.cancer.potential.2006.pdf
Group
B2--Probable Human Carcinogen.
Reviewed 4/ 8/ 87.
Ref:
List of Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential. Science
Information Management Branch, Health Effects Division, Office
of Pesticide Programs, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
March 15, 2002.
http://www.biomuncie.org/chemicals_evaluated_for_carcinog.htm
"There are eight
diphenyl ethers that are structurally similar to diclofop-methyl.
Of the chemicals, fomesafen sodium, haloxyfop-methyl
(Verdict), oxyfluorfen, acifluorfen
sodium, nitrofen, and lactofen
were reviewed in the initial CPRC report. All
of these chemicals induced liver adenomas and carcinomas in rats
and/or mice..."
Ref: May 24, 2000 - Cancer Assessment Document.
Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Potential of Diclofop-Methyl. (Second
Review). Final Report. Cancer Assessment Review Committee, Health
Effects Division, US EPA Office of Pesticide Programs.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/cancer.epa.assess.may.2000.pdf
•
Note
from FAN:
Except for Nitrofen, all the pesticides cited above are fluorinated.
--
Based on mechanistic studies with transgenic mice, lactofen
has been classified as a non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogen in rodents
with peroxisome proliferation being a plausible mode of action.
Lactofen is currently classified as likely to be carcinogenic
to humans at high enough doses to cause the biochemical and histopathological
changes in the liver of rodents, but unlikely to be carcinogenic
to humans below those doses causing these changes.
-- Cancer (Oral, dermal, inhalation).
Lactofen is considered to be a threshold
carcinogen. NOAEL = 0.3 mg/kg/day based
on increased activities of liver enzymes and increased incidence
of liver histopathological findings at the LOAEL of 1.5 mg/kg/day.
Ref: Sept 24, 2004.
Lactofen. Pesticide Tolerance. Final Rule. Federal Register.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/lactofen.fr.sept.24.2004.htm
Lactofen meets the
criteria of an EPA Group B2 compound, i.e., a probable human carcinogen.
This conclusion was based on an increased incidence of hepatocellular
carcinomas in males and combined incidence of hepatocellular
adenomas and carcinomas in both sexes of CD-1 mice following
dietary administration of lactofen. In CD rats, there was increased
incidence of liver neoplastic nodules in
both sexes. Four structurally similar chemicals, acifluorfen,
nitrofen, oxyfluorfen, and fomesafen, all produced hepatocellular
tumors in rodents. Results of several subchronic and chronic studies
indicated the liver and kidney as
target organs for lactofen. Increased absolute and relative liver
weight and hepatocytomegaly (the LOEL was 1.5 mg/kg/day;
the NOEL was not determined) were observed in
male mice fed lactofen for 78 weeks. At 37.5 mg/kg/day,
there was also an increased incidence of cataracts and renal pigmentation.
Based on the LOEL, an oral RfD of 0.002 mg/kg/day was derived.
Renal dysfunction and decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit levels
and red blood cell counts (the LOEL was 25/75 mg/ kg/day; the
NOEL was 5 mg/kg/day) were observed in a 1-year feeding study
in dogs. Increased renal and hepatic pigmentation (the LOEL was
50 mg/kg/day; the NOEL was 25 mg/kg/day) were noted in a 2-year
feeding study in rats. In a 90-day mouse study, increased alkaline
phosphatase, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT),
and serum gleutanic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) activities, increased
liver weight, hepatic necrosis, biliary hyperplasia, decreased
hematocrit and hemoglobin levels and red blood cell counts, extramedullary
hematopoiesis, and kidney nephrosis and fibrosis (the LOEL was
26 mg/kg/day; the NOEL was not determined) were seen. Decreased
hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, decreased red blood cell counts,
and brown pigment in the kidney and liver
(the LOEL was 50 mg/kg/day) were noted in a 90-day feeding study
in rats. EPA believes that there is sufficient evidence for listing
lactofen on EPCRA section 313 pursuant to EPCRA section 313(d)(2)(B)
based on the available carcinogenicity data and hepatic,
renal, and hematological toxicity data for this chemical.
Ref:
USEPA/OPP. Support Document for the Addition of Chemicals from
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) Active
Ingredients to EPCRA Section 313. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC (1993). As cited by US EPA in: Federal
Register: January 12, 1994. Part IV. 40 CFR Part 372. Addition
of Certain Chemicals; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting; Community
Right-to-Know; Proposed Rule.
Chronic/carcinogenicity
feeding study-- Mouse-- 24-month. In a dietary 18-month oncogenicity
study in mice at dosages of 10, 50 and 250 ppm Lactofen Technical,
an increase in liver adenomas and
carcinomas, cataracts and liver pigmentation
was observed at 250 ppm. The lowest dose, 10 ppm, was the LOEL
based on increased liver weight and hepatocytomegaly.
-- Chronic/carcinogenicity feeding study-- Rat-- 24-month. In
a 2- year chronic feeding/oncogenicity study of Lactofen Technical
in rats at dosages of 0, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 ppm in the diet,
an increase in liver neoplastic nodules
and foci of cellular alteration was observed in both sexes at
2,000 ppm. The NOEL for systemic toxicity is 500 ppm based on
kidney and liver pigmentation.
-- Carcinogenicity. The Toxicology Branch Peer Review Committee
has determined that lactofen meets the criterion for a B2 (possible
human) carcinogen since it caused an increase in liver
tumors (adenomas and/or carcinomas) in two species. Based
on the mouse oncogenicity study, a human upper-bound potency estimate
(Q1*) was calculated as 0.17 (mg/kg/day).
-- More importantly, evidence summarized above suggest that carcinogenic
effects observed in rodent liver related to long term lactofen
consumption are attributable to peroxisomal
proliferation as opposed to a direct genotoxic effect.
This mechanism of action would more appropriately be regulated
as a threshold effect (similar to RfD comparisons) as opposed
to a non-threshold effect with a quantitative potency factor derived
from low dose extrapolations. This change in the hazard assessment
process for lactofen would have a profound effect on the exposure
and risk assessments for this chemical.
Ref: Federal Register: February 25, 1998
[Page 9532-9540]. Notice of Filing of Pesticide Petition.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/lactofen.fr.feb.1998.htm
Norflurazon
- Herbicide - CAS No. 27314-13-2
Group
C -- Possible Human Carcinogen. Statistically
significant increase in comparison to controls in liver
adenomas & combined liver adenomas & carcinomas, as well
as the statistically significant positive trend for these hepatocellular
adenomas & combined adenomas & carcinomas; CD-1 mice (M).
Ref: April
26, 2006 . Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential by the
Office of Pesticide Programs. From: Jess Rowland, Chief Science
Information Management Branch Health Effect Division (7509C) Office
of Pesticide Programs, USEPA.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pesticides.cancer.potential.2006.pdf
Group
C--Possible Human Carcinogen. Reviewed
11/ 2/ 90.
Ref:
List of Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential. Science
Information Management Branch, Health Effects Division, Office
of Pesticide Programs, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
March 15, 2002.
http://www.biomuncie.org/chemicals_evaluated_for_carcinog.htm
As
a result of the July 18, 1990 meeting of the OPP/Health Effects
Division Carcinogenicity Peer Review Committee, norflurazon was
classified as a non quantifiable Group C - possible
human carcinogen - based upon statistically significant
pair-wise comparisons of the incidence of liver
adenomas and combined liver adenomas/ carcinomas as well as statistically
positive trends for these lesions in male CD-1 mice receiving
218.8 mg/kg/day norflurazon technical in the diet for up to 104
weeks (MRID 00111649).
Ref: US EPA REREGISTRATION ELIGIBILITY DECISION
NORFLURAZON. LIST A. CASE 0229.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/norflurazon.red.epa.pdf
Noviflumuron
- Insecticide - CAS No. 121451-02-3
“XDE-007: 18-Month Oncogenicity Study
in CD-1 Mice,” (Johnson, K.A.; Toxicology & Environmental
Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI;
4/25/05). XDE-007 technical (N-[3,5-dichloro-2-fluoro-4-(1,1,2,3,3,3hexafluoropropoxy)phenyl]-N’-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)urea),
97.9% pure) was fed in diet to CD-1 mice (50/sex/dose) at 0, 0.5,
3 (males only), 30 and 100 (females only) mg/kg/day for up to
18 months. Systemic NOEL = 3 mg/kg/day (males) and 30 mg/kg/day
(females) There was an increase in mortality for females at 100
mg/kg/day (M: 56% vs 32%). There was an increased incidence in
tonoclonic convulsions (primarily in females) at the high dose.
There was an increase in relative and absolute liver weights in
females at > 30 mg/kg/day. Males had an absolute liver weight
increase at 30 mg/kg/day and a relative increase at > 3 mg/kg/day.
Both sexes showed an increase in all severities of liver hypertrophy
(hepatocytic, centrilobular/midzonal, diffuse) at 30 mg/kg/day
(male) and at 100 mg/kg/day (female)...
Possible adverse effect indicated: There
was an increased incidence in hepatocytic adenomas and in hepatocytic
adenomas plus carcinomas (slight in males, statistically
significant in females) at 30 mg/kg/day (5, 7, 4, 12
of 50) and 100 mg/kg/day (F: 0, 1, 0, 4**
of 50 by Peto’s mortality adjusted statistics ).
Females showed an increased incidence in lung carcinomas
(non-metastatic) at 100 mg/kg/day (0, 0, 1, 2** by Peto’s
statistics).
Ref:
August 2005 - Summary of toxicological data. California EPA, Department
of Pesticide Regulation, Medical Toxicology Branch.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/noviflumuron.ca.epa.2005.pdf
Oxyfluorfen
- Herbicide - CAS No. 42874-03-3
Group
C -- Possible Human Carcinogen. Liver (adenomas,
carcinomas 7 combined adenomas and/or carcinomas); CD-1 mice (M).
Ref: April
26, 2006 . Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential by the
Office of Pesticide Programs. From: Jess Rowland, Chief Science
Information Management Branch Health Effect Division (7509C) Office
of Pesticide Programs, USEPA.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pesticides.cancer.potential.2006.pdf
Group
C--Possible Human Carcinogen. Reviewed
9/ 29/ 89.
Ref:
List of Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential. Science
Information Management Branch, Health Effects Division, Office
of Pesticide Programs, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
March 15, 2002.
http://www.biomuncie.org/chemicals_evaluated_for_carcinog.htm
There are eight diphenyl ethers that are structurally similar
to diclofop-methyl. Of the chemicals, fomesafen
sodium, haloxyfop-methyl (Verdict), oxyfluorfen,
acifluorfen sodium, nitrofen, and
lactofen were reviewed in the initial CPRC report. All of these
chemicals induced liver adenomas and carcinomas
in rats and/or mice. Except for haloxyfop-methyl, all
of the other chemicals produced positive results in at least one
of the mutagenicity assays...
May
24, 2000 - Cancer
Assessment Document. Evaluation of the
Carcinogenic Potential of Diclofop-Methyl. (Second Review). Final
Report. Cancer Assessment Review Committee, Health Effects Division,
US EPA Office of Pesticide Programs.
Note:
Except for Nitrofen, all the pesticides cited above are fluorinated.
Oxyfluorfen is classified
as a possible human carcinogen based on
combined hepatocellular adenomas/carcinomas in the mouse carcinogenicity
study... Dow AgroSciences has committed to undertake mechanistic
studies to determine whether or not oxyfluorfen acts via a mechanism
involving peroxisome proliferation. If oxyfluorfen is shown to
be a peroxisome proliferator, an MOE approach (indicative of a
non-linear dose response), rather than a Q* approach would be
more appropriate to quantify cancer risks. If oxyfluorfen is determined
to be a peroxisome proliferator, EPA will re-evaluate cancer risks
and risk mitigation decisions for oxyfluorfen... The cancer dietary
risk from food alone is 3.8 x 10 -7 for the general U.S. population,
and is not a concern for the Agency (< 1 x 10 -6 ). The drinking
water risk estimates for chronic (non-cancer) exposures are below
EPA's level of concern for ground or surface waters. However,
cancer risk estimates from modeling for surface water sources
of drinking water indicate a concern based on conservative assumptions
for model inputs. Residential risks are below EPA's level of concern,
however, there is a concern for aggregate risk when considering
exposures from food, drinking water, and residential uses. There
are cancer risk concerns for workers who mix, load, and apply
oxyfluorfen to agricultural sites, as well as workers who re-enter
treated sites.
Ref: US EPA Reregistration Eligibility Decision
(RED) OXYFLUORFEN. EPA738-R-02-014 October 2002.
http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/oxyfluorfen_red.pdf
Subchronic and chronic
toxicity. Adverse effects on the liver marked the LOEL in all
three chronic toxicity studies with NOELs of 2.5, 2.0, and 0.3
mg/kg/day seen in the dog, rat, and mouse studies respectively.
A statistically significant positive dose-related
trend for liver adenomas and carcinomas was observed in
the chronic mouse study and oxyfluorfen is classified as a Group
C chemical by EPA. A reference dose of 0.003 mg/kg/day
and a Q1* of 0.128 (mg/kg/ day) -1 has been
set by the Agency.
Ref: Federal Register: January 9, 1998 [Page
1456-1464]. Notice of Filing of Pesticide Petitions.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/oxyfluorfen.fr.jan.9.1998.htm
Penoxsulam
- Herbicide - CAS No. 219714-96-2
Suggestive
Evidence of Carcinogenicity, but
Not Sufficient to Assess Human Carcinogenic Potential. Mononuclear
cell leukemia
in Male Fischer 344 rats. Although dosing in male mice was not
considered to be adequate, an additional mouse carcinogenicity
study was not required.
Ref: April
26, 2006 . Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential by the
Office of Pesticide Programs. From: Jess Rowland, Chief Science
Information Management Branch Health Effect Division (7509C) Office
of Pesticide Programs, USEPA.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pesticides.cancer.potential.2006.pdf
--
Carcinogenicity: Evidence of carcinogenicity
in male rats based on possibly treatment related increase incidence
of Large Granular Lymphocyte (LGL) Leukemia at 5, 50, & 250
mg/kg/day. Also
increase severity at 250 mg/kg/day. Female rats - negative for
carcinogenicity, but dosing was only marginally adequate.
-- Carcinogenicity-mice: In males, negative for carcinogenicity
at doses tested. Dosing inadequate.
-- The Agency (US EPA) has
classified penoxsulam as Suggestive Evidence of Carcinogenicity,
But not sufficient to assess human carcinogenic
potential and, therefore, quantification of human cancer risk
is not required. The weight-of-the-evidence for this classification
is as follows: a. Evidence of carcinogenicity (mononuclear cell
leukemia (MNCL)) was seen in one sex (males) of one species (rat).b.
There was an increased incidence of MNCL at all dose levels with
all incidences exceeding the laboratory historical control, however,
the dose-response was flat over a wide range of doses. c. Although
MNCL is recognized as a common neoplasm in Fischer rats, the mechanism
of producing MNCL is not completely understood. Therefore, the
significance of MNCL and its biological relevance for human cancer
risk remains uncertain and cannot be discounted ...
Ref: September 24, 2004. Penoxsulam Pesticide
tolerance. Final Rule. Federal Register.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/penoxsulam.fr.sept.24.04.htm
Prodiamine
- Herbicide - CAS No. 29091-21-2
Group
C -- Possible Human Carcinogen. Thyroid
follicular
cell neoplasia (M & F); Pancreatic adenomas
(F) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Fibrosarcomas;
CD-1 mice (M).
Ref: April
26, 2006 . Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential by the
Office of Pesticide Programs. From: Jess Rowland, Chief Science
Information Management Branch Health Effect Division (7509C) Office
of Pesticide Programs, USEPA.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pesticides.cancer.potential.2006.pdf
Group C--Possible
Human Carcinogen. Reviewed 7/ 15/ 91.
Ref:
List of Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential. Science
Information Management Branch, Health Effects Division, Office
of Pesticide Programs, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
March 15, 2002.
http://www.biomuncie.org/chemicals_evaluated_for_carcinog.htm
Title of this publshed
paper: Mode of carcinogenic action of pesticides
inducing thyroid follicular cell tumors in rodents.
Some mutagenic data are available on all 24
pesticides producing thyroid tumors. "... acetochlor,
clofentezine, fenbuconazole, fipronil, pendimethalin, pentachloronitrobenzene,
prodiamine, pyrimethanil, and thiazopyr
seem to enhance the hepatic metabolism and
excretion of thyroid hormone." The
organofluorine pesticides cited in this abstract are: Fipronil,
Prodiamine, Thiazopyr,
and Trifluralin.
Ref: 1998. Mode
of carcinogenic action of pesticides inducing thyroid follicular
cell tumors in rodents; by Hurley
PM. Environ Health Perspect Aug;106(8):437-45.
--
Carcinogenic Potential. Prodiamine: Benign thyroid tumors (rat).
None observed (mouse).
-- Target Organs. Prodiamine: Liver
and Thyroid.
Ref: Material Safety Data Sheet for Barricade
65WG Herbicide. Novartis. February 28, 2000.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/prodiamine.msds.2000.pdf
Profluralin
- Herbicide - CAS
No. 26399-36-0
Abstract:
TD3: The Health and Environmental Effects Profile for profluralin
was prepared by the Office of Health and Environmental Assessment,
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH for
the Office of Solid Waste to support listings of hazardous constituents
of a wide range of waste streams under Section 3001 of the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Both published literature
and information obtained from Agency program office files were
evaluated as the authors pertained to potential human health,
aquatic life and environmental effects of hazardous waste constituents.
Quantitative estimates have been presented provided sufficient
data are available. Profluralin has been evaluated as a carcinogen.
The
human carcinogen potency factor (q(l)*) for profluralin is .028
(mg/kg bw/day)-1 for oral exposure.
Ref: Health and Environmental Effects Profile for Profluralin.
US EPA. 1988. NTIS/PB88-162334, 26p
Pyraflufen-ethyl
- Herbicide - CAS
No.
129630-19-9
Likely
to be Carcinogenic to Humans. Hepatocellular adenomas
and combined adenomas, carcinomas and/or hepatoblastomas
in male and female (SPF) ICR (Crj:CD-1) mice.
Ref: April
26, 2006 . Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential by the
Office of Pesticide Programs. From: Jess Rowland, Chief Science
Information Management Branch Health Effect Division (7509C) Office
of Pesticide Programs, USEPA.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pesticides.cancer.potential.2006.pdf
--
Classification:
``Likely to be Carcinogenic to Humans'' by the oral route Q1*
= 3.32 x 10-2 (mg/kg/day)-1
-- Carcinogenicity
in mice. NOAEL = 200 ppm (20.99 mg/kg/day (M); 19.58 mg/kg/day
(F). LOAEL = 1,000 ppm (109.7 mg/kg/day (M); 98.3 mg/kg/day (F)
based on liver toxicity, hepatocellular
tumors at 5,000 ppm; possibly hemangioma/
hemangioasarcomas.
Ref:
Federal Register: April 30, 2003. Pyraflufen-ethyl; Pesticide
Tolerance. Final Rule.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pyraflufen-ethy.fr.apr30.03.htm
The
exposure from pyraflufen-ethyl residues in food results in a cancer
risk in the range of 1 in 1 million and is not a concern.
Ref: Federal Register: May 12, 2004. Pyraflufen-ethyl; Pesticide
Tolerance. Final Rule.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pyraflufen-ethyl.fr.may.04.htm
|