Breast - Adverse Effects
Fluorinated and Fluoride Pesticides
 
 

The Endocrine System:

Illustration by K. Born in Our Stolen Future (1996)
by Theo Colborn, Dianne Dumanoski and JP Myers

The use of high doses increases the likelihood that potentially significant toxic effects will be identified. Findings of adverse effects in any one species do not necessarily indicate such effects might be generated in humans. From a conservative risk assessment perspective however, adverse findings in animal species are assumed to represent potential effects in humans, unless convincing evidence of species specificity is available.

-- Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations

Note: This is not an exhaustive list.
When time allows more information will be added.

Cyhalothrin, lambda - Insecticide - CAS No. 91465-08-6

A carcinogenicity study in mice fed dose levels of 0, 20, 100, or 500 ppm (0, 3, 15, or 75 mg/kg/day) in the diet for 2 years. A systemic NOEL was established at 100 ppm and systemic LOEL at 500 ppm based on decreased body weight gain in males throughout the study at 500 ppm. The Agency has determined that the chemical was not tested at a sufficiently high dose level for carcinogenicity testing in female mice. In addition, due to an equivocal finding for mammary tumors in females (1/52, 0/52, 7/52, 6/52), the Agency classified the chemical as a Group D carcinogen.
Ref: Federal Register. March 27, 1995. Lambda-Cyhalothrin; Pesticide Tolerances. Final Rule.

http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Lambda-Cyhal.FR.Mar.27.1995.htm

Ethalfluralin - Herbicide - CAS No. 55283-68-6

Group C -- Possible Human Carcinogen. Mammary tumors (F); Suggestion of bladder tumors (F) and kidney tumors (M & F); Fischer 344 rats.
Ref:
April 26, 2006 . Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential by the Office of Pesticide Programs. From: Jess Rowland, Chief Science Information Management Branch Health Effect Division (7509C) Office of Pesticide Programs, USEPA.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pesticides.cancer.potential.2006.pdf

Flucythrinate - Acaricide, Insecticide - CAS No. 70124-77-5

-- Groups of 50 male and 50 female CD (Sprague-Dawley derived) rats received technical flucythrinate (80% pure) in the diet at 0, 30, 60 or 120 ppm daily for 24 months... At autopsy, high-dose females exhibited an increased incidence of cystic uterus... The uterine cysts found at autopsy in the high-dose females were characterized as endometrial cysts. In the high-dose females, further slight increases in uterine pathology were described histologically, namely etritis/endometritis, cystic endometrial hyperplasia and uterine fibrovascular polyps. Mammary fibroadenomas occurred at similar incidences in all female groups. The incidence of mammary adenomas in treated females exceeded that of controls, but not in a dose-related manner. Mammary adenocarcinomas occurred at higher incidence at 60 and 120 ppm, but not in a dose-related manner. The latter incidences remained within the range of historical control data. The variable incidences and lack of dose-response relationships contraindicate a neoplastic response, but in view of the observed weight losses, especially in high-dose groups, these findings cannot be discounted entirely...
Ref: 1985 World Health Organization Review for Flucythrinate.

http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Flucythrinate.1985.WHO.htm

Fluquinconazole - Fungicide - CAS No. 136426-54-5

-- Oral long-term toxicity and carcinogenicity. 2-year dietary study in rats. groups of 50 male and 50 female outbred albino Sprague-Dawley CRL :COBS CD(SD)BR rats were administered fluquinconazole (93.2% purity) in the diet at concentrations of 0 (control), 1, 20 or 100 ppm. Additionally 20 animals/sex/dose designated for the interim-kill received the test compound at concentrations of 0, 1, 5, 10 or 100 ppm for 12 months... Mortalities over the 24-month period were 24/50, 28/50, 28/50 and 31/50 in males and in females 33/50, 36/50 and 39/50 at dose levels of 0, 1, 20 and 100 ppm... Post-mortem examinations showed the most probable cause of deaths in males to be pituitary tumors followed by chronic progressive nephropathy and urinary tract infections. In females mammmary tumors followed by pituitary tumors were considered the most probable cause of morbidity... In the thyroid gland a significantly higher incidence in follicular cell tumors were noted in the 100 ppm dose level in both sexes. Historical tumor incidences provided showed that the slight statistically non-significant increase in thyroid follicular cell tumors at the lowest and intermediate dose levels were at the upper limit of the historical control range and therefore in the absence of a dose response they were considered to be not of toxicological significance...
Ref: Evaluation on: Fluquinconazole. May 1999. No. 184. Evaluation of Fully Approved or Provisionally Approved Products. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Pesticides Safety Directorate, Mallard House, Kings Pool, 3 Peasholme Green, York YO1 7 PX, UK. Available online:

http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/citizen/evaluations/evallist.htm

PFOS - Insecticide, US EPA List 3 Inert

3.5 Carcinogenicity. The chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid potassium salt (PFOS; T-6295) have been studied in rats (3M, 2002). The results of the study show that PFOS is hepatotoxic and carcinogenic, inducing tumors of the liver, and of the thyroid and mammary glands. Based on the liver toxicity, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for PFOS is considered to be 0.5 ppm in male rats and 2 ppm in female rats; the low observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) is 2 ppm in male rats and 5 ppm in female rats. In this study, groups of 40-70 male and female Crl:CD (SD)IGS BR rats were given PFOS in the diets at concentrations of 0.5, 2, 5, or 20 ppm for 104 weeks. A control group was given diets containing acetone, the vehicle. A recovery group was given the test material at 20 ppm for 52 weeks and was observed till death...

Table 3. Summary of carcinogenicity data of PFOS in rats (page 37)
Tumor: Mammary  Tumor incidence (%) - Females
0 0.5 ppm 2 ppm 5 ppm 20 ppm^^ 20 ppm^^
recovery#
Fibroadenoma/adenoma

38.3
(23/60)

60.0**
(30/50)
45.8
(22/48)
52.04
(26/50)
25
(15/60)
Carcinoma 18.3
(11/60)
24.0
(12/50)
31.2
(15/48)
22.0
(11/50)

23.3
(14/60

Combined 48.3
(29/60)
72.0**
(36/50)
64.6**
(31/48)
58,0
(29/50)
40.0
(24/60)
*Significant positive trend (P < 0.03).
** Significantly increased over the control (P < 0.05).
# Recovery group; after 52 weeks of treatment.
^^ Note from FAN: The last column is presented as it is in the Table. No explanation if offered to clarify.
Ref: November 21, 2002 report: Hazard Assessment of Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and its salts. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. ENV/JM/RD(2002)17/FINAL.  
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pfos.final.report.nov.2002.pdf

Prosulfuron - Herbicide - CAS No. 94125-34-5

-- Long term toxicity and carcinogenicity Target / critical effect: Liver (hepatocellular hypertrophy in mice), indication of hormonal disruption (uterus and mammalian gland in rats) at high dose levels. Lowest relevant NOAEL: NOAEL = 1,7 mg/kg bw/day (18-month, mouse) Carcinogenicity: No carcinogenic potential
Ref: July 2, 2002 - Review report for the active substance prosulfuron. European Commission Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General.


-- A 2-year chronic feeding/carcinogenicity study in rats fed dosages of 0, 0.4, 7.9, 79.9 or 160.9 (males), and 0, 0.5, 9.2, 95.7 or 205.8 mg/kg/day (females) was conducted. There was uncertain evidence of carcinogenicity with slight increases in the incidence of mammary gland adenocarcinomas in females at 95.7 and 205.8 mg/kg/day, slight increase in incidence of benign testicular interstitial cell tumors at 79.9 and 160.9 mg/kg/day (significant trend only). A systemic NOAEL of 7.9 mg/kg/day was based on decreased body weight and body weight gain, hematopoietic effects (males), and possibly increased serum GGT and decreased liver, kidney and adrenal weights (females) at 79.9 mg/kg/ day.
-- Carcinogenicity. The HED RfD/Peer Review Committee (PRC) classified this chemical as a Class D oncogen based on the conclusion that there was uncertain evidence of carcinogenicity. No relevant treatment-related oncogenic potential was observed in rats and mice. The slightly increased incidence of testicular interstitial cell tumors in male rats at 79.9 mg/kg/day and the slightly increased incidence of mammary gland adenocarcinoma in females at 95.7 mg/kg/day was not significant when the increased survival in these groups was considered. Furthermore, the overall incidence of mammary tumors was essentially identical in all groups including the control. There was no evidence of carcinogenicity in mice and dosages in both studies were sufficient for identifying a cancer risk. In the absence of carcinogenicity, it is appropriate that a RfD approach be used for quantitation of human risks.
Ref: Federal Register: August 25, 1999. [PF-882; FRL-6093-7]. Notice of Filing a Pesticide Petition to Establish a Tolerance for Certain Pesticide Chemicals in or on Food.

http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/prosulfuron.fr.aug.25.1999.htm

Sodium fluoride - Insecticide, Wood preservative, US EPA List 4B Inert - CAS No. 7681-49-4

• Note from EC: I include this simply because of the unexpected results presented.

GROUPS OF 94 C3H & 46 DBA FEMALE MICE, 4-12 MO OF AGE, WERE GIVEN 0.4, 1.0 OR 4.0 MG/L SODIUM FLUORIDE IN DISTILLED DRINKING-WATER FOR 7-12 MONTHS. GROUPS OF 96 C3H & 45 DBA FEMALES ... AS MATCHED CONTROLS ... ALSO FED DIET CONTAINING 20-38 MG/KG FLUORINE. /OTHER GROUPS OF/ 65 & 36 C3H MICE AND 66 & 66 DBA MICE, 2-9 MONTHS OF AGE, RECEIVED 1.0 & 10.0 MG/L, RESPECTIVELY, SODIUM FLUORIDE IN DISTILLED WATER FOR 10-17 MONTHS. ALL ... FED MIXED GRAIN DIET CONTAINING NEGLIGIBLE AMT OF FLUORINE. ... AMONG MICE THAT RECEIVED 10.0 MG/L FLUORIDE, 63% DIED OF MAMMARY GLAND CARCINOMAS, COMPARED WITH 50% OF CONTROLS (TAYLOR, 1954). [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work).p. V27 271
(1985)]
Ref: Hazardous Substances Data Bank for SODIUM FLUORIDE CASRN: 7681-49-4 (online October 2003). Available at Toxnet

tau-Fluvalinate - Acaricide, Insecticide - CAS No. 102851-06-9

-- A 2-year study in mice showed no tumorigenic effects of dietary tau fluvalinate. An increase of mammary fibroadenomas in female rats in a 2-year gavage study is judged to be a chance effect.
Ref:
Revised Summary Report. EMEA/MRL/021-REV1/95. Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products. The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/tau.fluvalinate.1995.review.pdf

Trichlorofluoromethane -Insecticide, Fungicide, Propellant, EPA List 2 Inert - CAS No. 75-69-4

/was/ tested by inhalation on Sprague-Dawley rats and Swiss mice. The animals were exposed for 4 hr a day, 5 days a week; rats were exposed for 104 weeks, and mice were exposed for 78 weeks. Animals were observed until spontaneous death. Trichlorofluoromethane exposure to rats caused no carcinogenic effects. Trichlorofluoromethane exposure to mice caused increased numbers of total tumors in females which was dose related, mammary tumors in females at 5000 ppm, lung adenomas and leukemias in females, both dose related.
Ref: Maltoni C et al; Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 534: 261-82 (1988)
Website: Hazardous Substances Data Base for TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE.

http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Trichlorofluorometha.TOXNET.htm

 
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