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Activity:
Fumigant, Insecticide (Fluorine Inorganic)
Structure:
• Due
to its length, we present this section in 2 Parts:
Adverse Effects Part
1
Amyloidosis - Kidney
Blood
Body Weight Decrease
Bone
Brain
CNS
Deaths from Vikane fumigation
Endocrine: Adrenal
Endocrine: Hypothalmus
Endocrine: Thyroid
Adverse
Effects Part 2
Eye
Heart
Kidney
Liver
Lung
Tremors/Convulsions
Eye
(click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
- (870.4100) Chronic
toxicity--rodents. NOAEL = 3.5 for M and 16 for F mg/kg/
day
LOAEL = 20 ppm or 14 for M and 80 ppm or 62 for F mg/kg/day based
on dental fluorosis* in males and for females greatly increased
mortality (due mostly to severe kidney toxicity which led to kidney
failure); and histopathology in brain (vacuolation in cerebrum
and thalmus/hypothalmus), adrenal cortex, eyes,
liver, nasal tissue and respiratory tract; and, dental fluorosis*.
- (870.4300) 2-Year
combined chronic/carcinogenicity--rat. NOAEL = 3.5 for
M and 16 for F mg/kg/day. LOAEL = 20 ppm or 14 for M and 80 ppm
or 62 for F mg/kg/day based on dental fluorosis* in males and
for females greatly increased mortality (due mostly to severe
kidney toxicity which led to kidney failure); and histopathology
in brain (vacuolation in cerebrum and thalmus/hypothalmus), adrenal
cortex, eyes, liver, nasal tissue
and respiratory tract; and, dental fluorosis*.
Ref: January
23, 2004. Sulfuryl Fluoride; Pesticide Tolerance.
40 CFR Part 180 [OPP-2003-0373; FRL-7342-1]. Final Rule. Federal
Register
Heart
(click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
18-Month carcinogenicity NOAEL = 25/25 (M/F) mg/kg/day
inhalation study--mouse LOAEL = 101/101 (M/F) mg/kg/day based (870.4200)
on for both M/F cerebral vacuolation in brain, decreased body weight
gain, follicular hypertrophy in thyroid (M
only), increased mortality (F only), heart
thrombus (F only), and lung congestion (F only). No evidence
of carcinogenicity in M or F.
Ref: January
23, 2004. Sulfuryl Fluoride; Pesticide Tolerance.
40 CFR Part 180 [OPP-2003-0373; FRL-7342-1]. Final Rule. Federal
Register
Poisonings and fatalities have been reported in humans following
inhalation exposure to sulfuryl fluoride... A second person died
of cardiac arrest after sleeping
in the house overnight following fumigation. A
plasma fluoride level of 0.5 mg/L (10 times normal) was found
in this person following exposure. Prolonged chronic inhalation
exposure to concentrations of sulfuryl fluoride gas significantly
above the TLV of 5 ppm have caused fluorosis in humans because
sulfuryl fluoride is converted to fluoride anion in the body.
Fluorosis is characterized by binding of
fluoride anion to teeth (causing mottling of the teeth) and to
bone.
Ref:
Federal Register: September 5, 2001 (Volume 66, Number 172). Sulfuryl
Fluoride; Proposed Pesticide Temporary Tolerances.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/sulfuryl.flu.fr.sept.5.2001.htm
-- Two fatalities
occurred when the owners of a home re-entered after the dwelling
had been fumigated with 250 pounds of sulfuryl fluoride. The concentration
to which the occupants were exposed was
not determined. The man died within 24 hr, and the woman expired
6 days after exposure. Signs of intoxication included severe dyspnea
[abnormal breathing], cough, generalized seizure, cardiopulmonary
arrest (in the male), and weakness, anorexia, nausea, repeated
vomiting, and hypoxemia [subnormal oxygenation of arterial blood,
short of anoxia]; ventricular fibrillation and diffuse pulmonary
infiltration were also reported in the female. [American Conference
of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation
of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices.
6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991.1471]
Ref:
Hazardous Substances Data Bank for SULFURYL FLUORIDE CASRN: 2699-79-8.
http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB
Note:
Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a severely abnormal heart rhythm
(arrhythmia) that, unless treated immediately, causes death.
VF is responsible for 75% to 85% of sudden deaths in persons
with heart problems.
http://www.1uphealth.com/health/ventricular_fibrillation_info.html
Kidney
(click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
-- In
2-week inhalation studies in rats, dogs and rabbits, different
target organs were affected. In rats, the
primary target organ was the kidneys, in which severe histopathological
lesions were observed. These lesions included papillary
necrosis, hyperplasia of the epithelial cells of the papillae,
and degeneration/regeneration of collecting tubules and proximal
tubules...
-- In subchronic (90-day) inhalation studies
in rats, dogs, rabbits and mice, the brain
was the major target organ. Malacia
and/or vacuolation were observed in the white matter of the brain
in all four species. The portions of the brain most often affected
were the caudate-putamen nucleus in the basal ganglia, the white
fiber tracts in the internal and external capsules, and the globus
pallidus of the cerebrum. In dogs and rabbits, clinical signs
of neurotoxicity (including tremors, tetany, incoordination, convulsions
and/or hind limb paralysis) were also observed. Inflammation of
the nasal passages and histiocytosis of the lungs were observed
in rats and rabbits; but not in dogs, in which species inflammation
of the upper respiratory tract was more prominent in the
2-week study. In rats, kidney
damage was also observed...
-- In chronic (1-2 year) inhalation studies
in rats, dogs and mice, target organs were the same as in the
90-day studies. In rats, severe kidney damage
caused renal failure and mortalities in many animals. Additional
gross and histopathological lesions in numerous organs and tissues
were considered to be secondary to the primary
effect on the kidneys...
-- In a developmental
toxicity inhalation study in rats, no developmental toxicity
was observed in the pups. Although no maternal toxicity was observed
in this study at the highest dose tested (225 ppm), significant
maternal toxicity (decreased body weight, body weight gain and
food consumption; increased water consumption and kidney
weights; and gross pathological changes
in the kidneys and liver)
was observed in a previously conducted range-finding study at
a slightly higher dose level (300 ppm)...
Ref:
Federal Register: September 5, 2001 (Volume 66, Number 172). Sulfuryl
Fluoride; Proposed Pesticide Temporary Tolerances.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/sulfuryl.flu.fr.sept.5.2001.htm
The primary effects
of sulfuryl fluoride in humans are respiratory irritation and
central nervous system depression, followed by excitation and
possibly convulsions. Rabbits exposed via inhalation (6 hours/day,
5 days/week, for 2 weeks) to sulfuryl fluoride showed hyperactivity,
convulsions and vacuolation of the cerebrum at 600 ppm (2.5 mg/L).
Renal lesions were present in all rats exposed
by inhalation (6 hours/day, 5 days/week, for 2 weeks) to 600 ppm
(2.5 mg/ L) sulfuryl fluoride. Minimal renal changes were
noted in rats exposed to 300 ppm (1252 mg/L), whereas no effects
occurred at 100 ppm (4.2 mg/ L). Convulsions at near lethal concentrations
were reported in rabbits, mice, and rats. In a 30-day inhalation
study, loss of control, tremors of the hind quarters, and histopathological
changes in the lung, liver, and kidney
were reported in rabbits exposed to 400 ppm (1.6 mg/L)
for 7 hours/day, 5 days/week for 5 weeks. The NOEL was 200 ppm
(0.83 mg/L). Cerebral vacuolation and/or malacia and inflammation
of nasal tissues were observed in rabbits exposed by inhalation
to 100 or 300 ppm (0.4 or 1.25 mg/L) for 13 weeks. The NOEL was
30 ppm (0.125 mg/L). Rats exposed by inhalation to 100 to 600
ppm (0.4 to 0.25 mg/L) sulfuryl fluoride for 13 weeks developed
mottled teeth (indicative of fluoride toxicity), renal and respiratory
effects, and cerebral vacuolation. EPA believes that there is
sufficient evidence for listing sulfuryl fluoride on EPCRA section
313 pursuant to EPCRA section 313(d)(2)(B) based on the available
neurological, renal, and respiratory toxicity data for this chemical.
Ref: USEPA/OPP. Support Document for the
Addition of Chemicals from Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide
Act (FIFRA) Active Ingredients to EPCRA Section 313. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1993). As cited by US EPA in:
Federal Register: January 12, 1994. Part IV. 40 CFR Part 372.
Addition of Certain Chemicals; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting;
Community Right-to-Know; Proposed Rule.
http://www.epa.gov/tri/frnotices/59fr1788.htm
ONCOGENICITY, MOUSE
**50223-028 125636 "Sulfuryl Fluoride: 18-Month Inhalation Oncogenicity
Study in CD-1 Mice", (J. F. Quast, G. J. Bradley and K. D. Nitschke,
Dow Chemical Co., Toxicology Research Laboratory, Lab Project
Study ID K-016399-039, 8/19/93). Sulfuryl fluoride,
99.8% purity, was administered via inhalation at concentrations
of 0, 5, 20, or 80 ppm to 50 CD-1 mice/sex/group for 6 hours/day,
5 days/week for 18 months. Ten additional mice/sex per dose level
were included for sacrifice at 12 months. NOEL = 20 ppm.
Primary concern was increased mortality in females (mainly due
to increased incidence of severe degree of bilateral
amyloidosis in glomeruli).
Possibly treatment-related findings in males were food impaction
in esophagus and inflammation and/or abscesses in the head and/or
oral cavity at 80 ppm. Lesser changes at 80 ppm included very
slight vacuolation of brain, particularly of cerebral external
capsule (M and F), and very slight hypertrophy of thyroid epithelial
cells (especially in males). This study is considered to indicate
a "possible adverse effect", based on the exacerbation of geriatric
renal disease in high dose females. Considering how high the NOEL
and LEL of this study are to levels which cannot be tolerated
in acute and subacute toxicity exposure, this flagging of a "possible
adverse effect" should not be taken to indicate unusual concern.
No oncogenicity effects. Acceptable. Kishiyama and Aldous, Sept.
14, 1994.
[Definition of Glomeruli - Network of microscopic
blood vessel structures in the kidney, responsible for filtering
waste from the blood.]
Ref: SUMMARY OF TOXICOLOGY DATA SULFURYL
FLUORIDE. Revised 11/17/98. California EPA, Department of Pesticide
Regulation, Medical Toxicology Branch.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/sulfuryl.fluoride.tox.data.pdf
Liver
(click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
-- In
a developmental toxicity inhalation study in rats, no developmental
toxicity was observed in the pups. Although no maternal toxicity
was observed in this study at the highest dose tested (225 ppm),
significant maternal toxicity (decreased body weight, body weight
gain and food consumption; increased water consumption and kidney
weights; and gross pathological changes
in the kidneys and liver) was observed in a previously
conducted range-finding study at a slightly higher dose level
(300 ppm)...
Ref: Federal Register: September 5, 2001
(Volume 66, Number 172). Sulfuryl Fluoride; Proposed Pesticide
Temporary Tolerances.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/sulfuryl.flu.fr.sept.5.2001.htm
The primary effects
of sulfuryl fluoride in humans are respiratory irritation and
central nervous system depression, followed by excitation and
possibly convulsions. Rabbits exposed via inhalation (6 hours/day,
5 days/week, for 2 weeks) to sulfuryl fluoride showed hyperactivity,
convulsions and vacuolation of the cerebrum at 600 ppm (2.5 mg/L).
Renal lesions were present in all rats exposed by inhalation (6
hours/day, 5 days/week, for 2 weeks) to 600 ppm (2.5 mg/ L) sulfuryl
fluoride. Minimal renal changes were noted in rats exposed to
300 ppm (1252 mg/L), whereas no effects occurred at 100 ppm (4.2
mg/ L). Convulsions at near lethal concentrations were reported
in rabbits, mice, and rats. In a 30-day inhalation study, loss
of control, tremors of the hind quarters, and histopathological
changes in the lung, liver, and kidney
were reported in rabbits exposed to 400 ppm (1.6 mg/L) for 7 hours/day,
5 days/week for 5 weeks. The NOEL was 200 ppm (0.83 mg/L). Cerebral
vacuolation and/or malacia and inflammation of nasal tissues were
observed in rabbits exposed by inhalation to 100 or 300 ppm (0.4
or 1.25 mg/L) for 13 weeks. The NOEL was 30 ppm (0.125 mg/L).
Rats exposed by inhalation to 100 to 600 ppm (0.4 to 0.25 mg/L)
sulfuryl fluoride for 13 weeks developed mottled teeth (indicative
of fluoride toxicity), renal and respiratory effects, and cerebral
vacuolation. EPA believes that there is sufficient evidence for
listing sulfuryl fluoride on EPCRA section 313 pursuant to EPCRA
section 313(d)(2)(B) based on the available neurological, renal,
and respiratory toxicity data for this chemical.
Ref: USEPA/OPP. Support Document for the
Addition of Chemicals from Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide
Act (FIFRA) Active Ingredients to EPCRA Section 313. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1993). As cited by US EPA in:
Federal Register: January 12, 1994. Part IV. 40 CFR Part 372.
Addition of Certain Chemicals; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting;
Community Right-to-Know; Proposed Rule.
http://www.epa.gov/tri/frnotices/59fr1788.htm
Lung
(click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
Ref:
January
23, 2004. Sulfuryl Fluoride; Pesticide Tolerance.
40 CFR Part 180 [OPP-2003-0373; FRL-7342-1]. Final Rule. Federal
Register |
| Excerpts
from: Table 1.--Subchronic, Chronic, and Other Toxicity |
| Study
Guideline |
Type
of Study |
NOAEL
mg/kg/day |
LOAEL
mg/kg/day |
Based
on: |
| None
cited |
2-Week inhalation study--rat |
83/89
(M/F) |
495/534
(M/F) |
high
mortality, decreased body weights, severe histopathology in
the kidney, gross and histopathology in many tissues/ organs
(secondary to kidney effects); severe
inflammation of respiratory tissues in one survivor... |
| None
cited |
2-Week inhalation study--dog
|
26/27
(M/F) |
79/80
(M/F) |
intermittant
tremors and
tetany during exposure, minimal inflammatory
changes in upper
respiratory tract, decreased body weight (F only).
Note: Increased serum fluoride at >= 26/27 mg/kg/day |
| None
cited |
2-Week inhalation study--rabbit |
30/30
(M/F) |
180/180
(M/F) |
convulsions,
hyperactivity, malacia (necrosis) in cerebrum, vacuolation
of cerebrum, moderate inflammation of
respiratory tissues |
(870.3100) |
90-Day inhalation toxicity--rat
|
24/25
(M/F) |
240/250
(M/F) |
vacuolation
of
caudate-putamen nucleus and white fiber tracts of the internal
capsule of the brain, decreased body weight, inflammation
of nasal passages, alveolar histiocytosis;
slight
hyperplasia of renal collecting ducts (F only) |
| (870.3800) |
Reproduction
and fertility
effects |
3.6/3.6
(M/F) |
4/14
(M/F) |
Parental/Systemic:
pale foci in lungs,
increased alveolar macrophages in lungs |
| (870.4100) |
Chronic
toxicity--rodents |
3.5 for
M
16 for F |
4 for
M
62 for F |
increased
mortality
(due mostly to severe kidney toxicity which led to kidney
failure); and histopathology in
brain (vacuolation in cerebrum and thalmus/ hypothalmus),
adrenal
cortex, eyes, liver, nasal tissue and respiratory
tract; and, dental fluorosis*. |
| (870.4100) |
1-Year
chronic inhalation toxicity--dog |
5.0/5.1
(M/F) |
20/20
(M/F) |
decreased
body weight gain, increased alveolar
macrophages in lungs, dental fluorosis* |
| (870.4100) |
1-Year
chronic inhalation toxicity--dog |
5.0/5.1
(M/F) |
50/51
(M/F) |
increased
mortality,
malacia (necrosis) in caudate nucleus of brain, follicular
cell
hypertrophy in thyroid,
histopathology in lung |
| (870.4200) |
18-Month
carcinogenicity inhalation study--mouse |
25/25
(M/F) |
101/101
(M/F) |
cerebral
vacuolation
in brain, decreased body weight gain, follicular hypertrophy
in thyroid (M only), increased mortality (F only), heart thrombus
(F only), and lung congestion (F only) |
| (870.4300) |
2-Year
combined chronic/ carcinogenicity--rat
|
3.5 for
M
16 for F |
14 for
M
62 for F |
dental
fluorosis* in males and for females greatly increased mortality
(due mostly to severe kidney toxicity which led to kidney
failure); and histopathology in
brain (vacuolation in cerebrum and thalmus/ hypothalmus),
adrenal
cortex, eyes, liver, nasal tissue and respiratory
tract; and, dental fluorosis*. |
| (870.6200) |
90-Day
inhalation neurotoxicity study-rat (special
design) |
24/25
(M/F) |
80/83
(M/F) |
Systemic:
pale foci in pleura and macrophages
in lungs,
dental fluorosis* |
| (870.6200) |
1-Year
inhalation neurotoxicity study-rat (special
design) |
3.5/3.9
(M/F) |
52/62
(M/F) |
increased
kidney and liver weights, progressive kidney disease and histopathology
in lung. |
The
primary effects of sulfuryl fluoride in humans are respiratory
irritation and
central nervous system depression, followed by excitation and
possibly convulsions... In a 30-day inhalation
study, loss of control, tremors of the hind quarters, and
histopathological changes in the lung,
liver, and kidney were reported in
rabbits exposed to 400 ppm (1.6 mg/L) for 7 hours/day, 5 days/week
for 5 weeks. The NOEL was 200 ppm (0.83 mg/L)... Rats exposed
by inhalation to 100 to 600 ppm (0.4 to 0.25 mg/L) sulfuryl fluoride
for 13 weeks developed mottled teeth
(indicative of fluoride toxicity), renal and respiratory
effects, and cerebral vacuolation. EPA believes that there
is sufficient evidence for listing sulfuryl fluoride on EPCRA
section 313 pursuant to EPCRA section 313(d)(2)(B) based on the
available neurological, renal, and respiratory
toxicity data for this chemical.
Ref: USEPA/OPP. Support Document for the
Addition of Chemicals from Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide
Act (FIFRA) Active Ingredients to EPCRA Section 313. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1993). As cited by US EPA in:
Federal Register: January 12, 1994. Part IV. 40 CFR Part 372.
Addition of Certain Chemicals; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting;
Community Right-to-Know; Proposed Rule.
http://www.epa.gov/tri/frnotices/59fr1788.htm
-- In
2-week inhalation studies in rats, dogs and rabbits, different
target organs were affected... In
dogs, the primary target organ was the upper
respiratory tract, in which minimal inflammation was observed.
Intermittant tremors and tetany were also noted in dogs.
In rabbits, the primary target organ was the brain, in which malacia
(necrosis) and vacuolation were observed in the cerebrum. Inflammation
of the upper respiratory tract was also noted in rabbits.
-- In subchronic (90-day) inhalation
studies .. Inflammation of the nasal passages and histiocytosis
of the lungs were observed in rats and rabbits; but not
in dogs, in which species inflammation of
the upper respiratory tract was more prominent in the 2-week
study...
-- In chronic (1-2 year) inhalation studies
in rats, dogs and mice, target organs were the same as in the
90-day studies. In rats, severe kidney damage
caused renal failure and mortalities in many animals. Additional
gross and histopathological lesions in numerous organs and tissues
were considered to be secondary to the primary effect on the kidneys.
Other treatment-related effects in rats included effects
in the brain (vacuolation of the cerebrum and thalamus/hypothalamus)
and respiratory tract (reactive hyperplasia
and inflammation of the respiratory epithelium of the nasal turbinates,
lung congestion, aggregates of alveolar macrophages). In
dogs and mice, increased mortalities, malacia
and/or vacuolation in the white matter in the brain, histopathology
in the lungs, and follicular cell hypertrophy
in the thyroid gland were observed.
Decreased body weights and body weight gains were also noted in
all three species. No evidence of carcinogenicity was observed
in either the combined chronic toxicity/ carcinogenicity
study in rats or in the 18-month carcinogenicity study in mice.
-- In a 2-generation
reproduction inhalation study in rats,
vacuolation of the white matter in the brain,
pathology in the lungs (pale, gray foci; increased alveolar macrophages)
and decreased body weights
were observed in the parental animals...
-- Poisonings and fatalities have been reported in humans following
inhalation exposure to sulfuryl fluoride. The severity of these
effects has depended on the concentration of sulfuryl fluoride
and the duration of exposure. Short-term
inhalation exposure to high concentrations has caused respiratory
irritation, pulmonary edema, nausea, abdominal pain, central
nervous system depression, and numbness in the extremities. In
addition, there have been two reports of deaths of persons entering
houses treated with sulfuryl fluoride. One person entered the
house illegally and was found dead the next morning...
Ref:
Federal Register: September 5, 2001 (Volume 66, Number 172). Sulfuryl
Fluoride; Proposed Pesticide Temporary Tolerances.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/sulfuryl.flu.fr.sept.5.2001.htm
-- HIGHLY IRRITATING TO RESPIRATORY TRACT. [Budavari, S. (ed.).
The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals.
Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 1419]
-- Two fatalities occurred when the owners of a home re-entered
after the dwelling had been fumigated with 250 pounds of sulfuryl
fluoride. The concentration to which the occupants were exposed
was not determined. The man died within 24 hr, and the woman expired
6 days after exposure. Signs of intoxication included severe
dyspnea [abnormal breathing], cough,
generalized seizure, cardiopulmonary arrest (in the male), and
weakness, anorexia, nausea, repeated vomiting, and hypoxemia [subnormal
oxygenation of arterial blood, short of anoxia]; ventricular fibrillation
and diffuse pulmonary infiltration
were also reported in the female. [American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold
Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes
I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991.1471]
Ref: Hazardous Substances Data Bank for
SULFURYL FLUORIDE CASRN: 2699-79-8.
http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB
Note: Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is
a severely abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) that, unless treated
immediately, causes death. VF is responsible for 75% to 85%
of sudden deaths in persons with heart problems.
Source: http://www.1uphealth.com/health/ventricular_fibrillation_info.html
Tremors/Convulsions
(click
on for all fluorinated pesticides)
-- In 2-week inhalation
studies in rats, dogs and rabbits, different target organs were
affected. In rats, the primary target organ was the kidneys, in
which severe histopathological lesions were observed. These lesions
included papillary necrosis, hyperplasia of the epithelial cells
of the papillae, and degeneration/regeneration of collecting tubules
and proximal tubules. In dogs, the primary target organ was the
upper respiratory tract, in which minimal inflammation was observed.
Intermittant tremors and tetany were
also noted in dogs. In rabbits, the primary target organ was the
brain, in which malacia (necrosis) and vacuolation were observed
in the cerebrum. Inflammation of the upper respiratory tract was
also noted in rabbits.
-- In subchronic (90-day) inhalation studies in rats, dogs, rabbits
and mice, the brain was the major target organ. Malacia and/or
vacuolation were observed in the white matter of the brain in
all four species. The portions of the brain most often affected
were the caudate-putamen nucleus in the basal ganglia, the white
fiber tracts in the internal and external capsules, and the globus
pallidus of the cerebrum. In dogs and rabbits, clinical signs
of neurotoxicity (including tremors,
tetany, incoordination, convulsions
and/or hind limb paralysis) were also observed.
Ref: Federal Register: September 5, 2001
[Page 46415-46425]. Sulfuryl Fluoride; Proposed Pesticide Temporary
Tolerances.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/sulfuryl.flu.fr.sept.5.2001.htm
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