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Fluvalinate. TOXNET profile from Hazardous Substances Data Bank.


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FLUVALINATE
CASRN: 69409-94-5
For other data, click on the Table of Contents

Human Health Effects:

Evidence for Carcinogenicity:

NO DATA EXTRACTED
**PEER REVIEWED**


Human Toxicity Excerpts:

The most common adverse reaction results from the potent sensitizing properties of /SRP: inadequately purified/ pyrethrins. Clinical manifestations of exposure include contact dermatitis (erythema, vesiculation, bullae), anaphylactoid reactions (pallor, tachycardia, diaphoresis), and asthma. /Pyrethrins/
[Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988. 1081]**PEER REVIEWED**

Contact allergy from pyrethroids ... has not been observed. /Pyrethroids/
[Zenz, C. Occupational Medicine-Principles and Practical Applications. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Yearbook, Inc, 1988. 146]**PEER REVIEWED**

The allergenic properties of pyrethroids /with early pyrethrum preparations/ are marked in comparison with other pesticides. Many cases of contact dermatitis and respiratory allergy have been reported. Persons sensitive to ragweed pollen are particularly prone to such reactions. Preparations containing synthetic pyrethroids are less likely to cause allergic reactions than are the preparations made from pyrethrum powder. /Pyrethroids/
[Gilman, A.G., T.W. Rall, A.S. Nies and P. Taylor (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 8th ed. New York, NY. Pergamon Press, 1990. 1629]**PEER REVIEWED**

There have been very few systemic poisonings of humans by pyrethroids. /Pyrethroids/
[Morgan DP; Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings. 4th ed. p.35 EPA 540/9-88-001. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, March 1989]**PEER REVIEWED**

Pyrethroids are not cholinesterase inhibitors. /Pyrethroids/
[Morgan DP; Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings. 4th ed. p.35 EPA 540/9-88-001. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, March 1989]**PEER REVIEWED**

Extraordinary absorbed doses may rarely cause incoordination, tremor, salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, and irritability to sound and touch. /Pyrethroids/
[Morgan DP; Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings. 4th ed. p.35 EPA 540/9-88-001. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, March 1989]**PEER REVIEWED**

Some pyrethroid (eg, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, flucythrinate, and cypermethrin) may cause a transient itching and/or burning sensation in exposed human skin. /Synthetic pyrethroids/
[WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 99: Cyhalothrin p.13 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:

Immediately irritating to the eye. /Pyrethrins/
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 90-117. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1990 190]**PEER REVIEWED**

The chief effect from exposure ... is skin rash particularly on moist areas of the skin. ... May irritate the eyes. /Pyrethroids.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 1]**PEER REVIEWED**


Medical Surveillance:

Initial medical screening: Employees should be screened for history of certain medical conditions ... which might place the employee at increased risk from /pyrethroid/ exposure. Chronic respiratory disease: In persons with chronic respiratory disease, especially asthma, the inhalation of /pyrethroids/ might cause exacerbation of symptoms due to its sensitizing properities. Skin disease: /Pyrethroids/ can cause dermatitis which may be allergic in nature. Persons with pre-existing skin disorders may be more susceptible to the effects of this agent. Any employee developing the above-listed conditions should be referred for further medical examination. /Pyrethrum/
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 1]**PEER REVIEWED**


Probable Routes of Human Exposure:

Occupational exposure to fluvalinate occurs through dermal contact and inhalation of dust and sprays, especially to workers applying the compound as an insecticide(1).
[(1) Nigg HN et al; Pesticide Exposure to Florida Greenhouse Applicators. USEPA/600/S2-88-033 Sept 1988. USEPA (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The exposure of pesticide applicators in a commercial greenhouse to fluvalinate and other pesticides was measured via exposure pads, handwashes and air samples(1); handwashes indicated a fluvalinate exposure rate of 13-91 ug/hr while air samples measured 0.017-0.046 ug/L(1); clothing pads indicated an overall body accumulation rate (excluding handwashes) of 651-2233 ug/hr(1). Exposures of fluvalinate to drencher workers in the greenhouse were(2): 92-97 ug/hr handwash, 0.002 ug/L air and 3000 ug/hr overall body accumulation rate(2); when normalized to spray rates, overall body accumulation rate was 125 mg deposited/kg sprayed(2). Exposures of fluvalinate to tractor drivers spraying the pesticide to Florida ornamentals were(3): 13-17 ug/hr handwash, 0.002 ug/L air and 265 ug/hr overall body accumulation rate(3); when normalized to spray rates, overall body accumulation rate was 39 mg deposited/kg sprayed(3).
[(1) Stamper JH et al; Chemosphere 17: 1007-23 (1988) (2) Stamper JH et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 42: 209-17 (1989) (3) Stamper JH et al; J Agric Food Chem 37: 240-4 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Emergency Medical Treatment:

Emergency Medical Treatment:

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The following Overview, *** PYRETHRINS ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical.

Life Support:
  o   This overview assumes that basic life support measures
      have been instituted.                           
Clinical Effects:
  SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
   0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   The mammalian toxicity of natural pyrethrins is
         generally low.  Very young children are perhaps more
         susceptible to poisoning because they may not hydrolyze
         the pyrethrum esters efficiently.  In humans, allergic
         reactions are the main toxic manifestations of
         pyrethrin exposure.
      1.  Pyrethrum and the pyrethrins produce typical type I
          motor symptoms in mammals.  Severe type I poisoning
          may include the following signs in humans:
           Severe fine tremor
           Marked reflex hyperexcitability
           Sympathetic activation
           Paresthesia (dermal exposure)
     o   DERMAL - These compounds are not primary irritants.
         The chief effect, however, from exposure is dermatitis.
         The usual lesion is a mild erythematous dermatitis with
         vesicles, papules in moist areas, and intense pruritus;
         a bulbous dermatitis may also occur.  Pyrethrins can
         cause allergic dermatitis and systemic allergic
         reactions.
     o   INHALATION is the major route of exposure, with airway
         irritation as the primary toxic effect.  Following
         inhalation, a stuffy, runny nose and scratchy throat
         are common.  Hypersensitivity reactions including
         wheezing, sneezing, shortness of breath and
         bronchospasm may be noted.
     o   OCULAR - Eye exposures may result in mild to severe
         corneal damage that generally  resolves with
         conservative care.
     o   Piperonyl butoxide and other compounds are often added
         to pyrethrin insecticides as synergists and may
         contribute to toxicity.
     o   Synthetic pyrethroids, which are related to pyrethrins,
         are covered in a separate management.
  HEENT
   0.2.4.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   A stuffy, runny nose and scratchy throat following
         inhalational exposure may be noted.
     o   Eye exposures may result in mild to severe corneal
         damage, decreased visual acuity and periorbital edema.
  CARDIOVASCULAR
   0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   Hypotension and tachycardia, associated with
         anaphylaxis, may occur.
  RESPIRATORY
   0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   Hypersensitivity reactions characterized by
         pneumonitis, cough, dyspnea, wheezing, chest pain, and
         bronchospasm may occur.  Rare cases of respiratory
         failure and cardiopulmonary arrest have been reported.
  NEUROLOGIC
   0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   Paresthesias, headaches, and dizziness are common.
         Massive exposure may result in hyperexcitability and
         seizures, but this is rare.
  GASTROINTESTINAL
   0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   Nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain commonly occur and
         develop within 10 to 60 minutes following ingestion.
  DERMATOLOGIC
   0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   Irritant and contact dermatitis may develop.  Erythema
         which mimics sunburn has also been noted after
         prolonged repeated exposure.
  ENDOCRINE
   0.2.16.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   Type I motor symptoms following severe poisoning may
         result in sympathetic activation.
  IMMUNOLOGIC
   0.2.19.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   Sudden bronchospasm, swelling of oral and laryngeal
         mucous membranes, and anaphylactoid reactions have been
         reported after pyrethrum inhalation.  Hypersensitivity
         pneumonitis characterized by cough, shortness of
         breath, chest pain, and bronchospasm may be noted.
  GENOTOXICITY
    o   Pyrethrum is not mutagenic in bacterial reversion tests
        (Ray, 1991).                    
Laboratory:
  o   Pyrethrin plasma levels are not clinically useful or
      readily available.
  o   Monitor for allergic responses such as asthma or contact
      dermatitis.               
Treatment Overview:
  ORAL EXPOSURE
    o   There is no specific antidote for pyrethrin poisoning.
        Treatment is symptomatic and supportive and includes
        monitoring for the development of hypersensitivity
        reactions with respiratory distress.  Provide adequate
        airway management when needed.  Gastric decontamination
        is usually not required unless the pyrethrin product is
        combined with a hydrocarbon.
    o   ALLERGIC REACTION:  MILD:  antihistamines with or
        without epinephrine.   SEVERE:  oxygen, aggressive
        airway management, antihistamines, epinephrine  (ADULT:
        0.3 to 0.5 mL of a 1:1000 solution subcutaneously;
        CHILD:  0.01  mL/kg; may repeat in 20 to 30 min),
        corticosteroids, ECG monitoring, and IV fluids.
  INHALATION EXPOSURE
    o   INHALATION:  Move patient to fresh air.  Monitor for
        respiratory distress.  If cough or difficulty breathing
        develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation,
        bronchitis, or pneumonitis.  Administer oxygen and
        assist ventilation as required.  Treat bronchospasm with
        beta2  agonist and corticosteroid aerosols.
  EYE EXPOSURE
    o   DECONTAMINATION:  Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
        amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes.  If
        irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia
        persist, the patient should be seen in a health care
        facility.
  DERMAL EXPOSURE
    o   DECONTAMINATION:  Remove contaminated clothing and wash
        exposed  area thoroughly with soap and water.  A
        physician may need to  examine the area if irritation or
        pain persists.
    o   Vitamin E topical application is highly effective in
        relieving paresthesias.                
Range of Toxicity:
  o   The minimal lethal dose of pyrethrum is not established,
      but is probably  in the range of 10 to 100 grams.
  o   Hypersensitivity reactions may be noted, especially
      following a chronic dermal or inhalation exposure.
      Patients with underlying asthma may be  predisposed to
      severe bronchospastic reactions after exposure.

[Rumack BH: POISINDEX(R) Information System. Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2001; CCIS Volume 110, edition exp November, 2001. Hall AH & Rumack BH (Eds):TOMES(R) Information System. Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2001; CCIS Volume 110, edition exp November, 2001.] **PEER REVIEWED**

Antidote and Emergency Treatment:

No specific antidote known. Symptomatic treatement. If injested, obtain immediate medial attention, and have material removed by gastric lavage.
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A667/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**

Treatment is supportive, and most casual exposures require only decontamination. Topical vitamin E may ameliorate the paresthesias that accompany contact with synthetic pyrethroids containing an alpha-cyano group (e.g., fenvalerate, cypermethrin, flucythrinate). /Synthetic pyrethroids/
[Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988. 1081]**PEER REVIEWED**

DO NOT ADMIN OR INSTILL MILK, CREAM, OR OTHER SUBSTANCES CONTAINING VEGETABLE OR ANIMAL FATS, WHICH ENHANCE ABSORPTION OF LIPOPHILIC SUBSTANCES, SUCH AS ... PYRETHROIDS. DIAZEPAM (VALIUM (R)), 5-10 MG IN ADULT, 0.1 MG/KG IN CHILDREN, GIVEN ORALLY OR SLOWLY IV, SHOULD CONTROL NERVOUSNESS & TREMORS IN RARE CASES ... AFTER EXTRAORDINARY EXPOSURE TO ... PYRETHROIDS. /PYRETHRUM, PYRETHRINS, PYRETHROIDS, AND PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE/
[Morgan, D.P. Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings. EPA 540/9-80-005. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1982. 44]**PEER REVIEWED**

To minimize absorption of pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide following ingestion, gastric lavage should be performed immediately and saline cathartics administered. Treatment of overdosage mainly involves symptomatic and supportive care. /Pyrethrins/
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service - Drug Information 92. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc., 1992 (Plus Supplements 1992). 2126]**PEER REVIEWED**

Skin contamination should be removed by washing with soap and water. If irritant or paresthetic effects occur, treatment by a physician should be obtained. Because /vapor exposure/ of pyrethroid apparently accounts for paresthesia affecting the face, strenuous measures should be taken (ventilation, protective face mask and hood) to avoid vapor contact with the face and eyes. Vitamin E Oil preparations (dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate) are uniquely effective in preventing and stopping the paresthetic reaction. They are safe for application to the skin under field conditions. Corn oil is somewhat effective, but possible side effects with continuing use make it less suitable. Vaseline is less effective than corn oil and zinc oxide actually worsens the reaction. /Pyrethroids/
[Morgan DP; Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings. 4th ed. p.36 EPA540/9-88-001. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, March 1989]**PEER REVIEWED**

Eye contamination should be treated immediately by prolonged flushing of the eye with copious amounts of clean water or saline. If irritation persists, professional ophthalmologic care should be obtained. ... Extraordinary measures should be taken to avoid eye and skin contamination with this product. Should accidental eye contamination occur, expert ophthalmologic care should be obtained after flushing the eye free of the chemical with copious amounts of clean water. /Pyrethroids/
[Morgan DP; Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings. 4th ed. p.36 EPA 540/9-88-001. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, March 1989]**PEER REVIEWED**

Ingestion of pyrethroid insecticide presents relatively little risk. However, if large amounts have been ingested, empty the stomach by intubation, aspiration, and lavage. Based on observations in laboratory animals, large ingestions of either allethrin, cismethrin, fenvalerate or deltamethrin would be the most likely to generate neurotoxic manifestations. /Pyrethroids/
[Morgan DP; Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings. 4th ed. p.36 EPA 540/9-88-001. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, March 1989]**PEER REVIEWED**

If only small amounts of pyrethroid have been ingested, or if treatment has been delayed, oral administration of activated charcoal and cathartic probably represents optimal management. /Pyrethroids/
[Morgan DP; Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings. 4th ed. p.36 EPA 540/9-88-001. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, March 1989]**PEER REVIEWED**


Animal Toxicity Studies:

Evidence for Carcinogenicity:

NO DATA EXTRACTED
**PEER REVIEWED**


Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:

Mild skin irritant; moderate eye irritant (rabbits)
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A667/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**

Fluvalinate, at dose rates of 10.5 and 21 mg/kg (1/10th and 1/5th of LD50, respectively) by ip route in rats, impaired acquisition (learning), while no such effect on permanent memory was observed. Consolidation process of memory traces (temporary memory) was impaired at lower doses whereas it was completely suppressed at higher dose. However, at both the dose levels retrieval of passive avoidance reaction was completely suppressed.
[Maity NK, Punia JS; Indian J Exp Biol 29 (2): 178-9 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Synthetic pyrethroids are neuropoisons acting on the axons in the peripheral and central nervous systems by interacting with sodium channels in mammals and/or insects. A single dose produces toxic signs in mammals, such as tremors, hyperexcitability, salivation, choreoathetosis, and paralysis. ... At near-lethal dose levels, synthetic pyrethroids cause transient changes in the nervous system, such as axonal swelling and/or breaks and myelin degeneration in sciatic nerves. They are not considered to cause delayed neurotoxicity of the kind induced by some organophosphorus compounds. /Synthetic prethroids/
[WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 99: Cyhalothrin p.13 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Extreme doses /of pyrethroids/ have caused convulsions in laboratory animals. /Pyrethroids/
[Morgan DP; Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings. 4th ed. p.35 EPA 540/9-88-001. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, March 1989]**PEER REVIEWED**

Synthetic pyrethroids have been shown to be toxic for fish, aquatic arthropods, and honeybees in laboratory tests. But, in practical usage, no serious adverse effects have been noticed because of the low rates of application and lack of persistence in the environment. The toxicity of synthetic pyrethroids in birds and domestic animals is low. /Synthetic pyrethroids/
[WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 99: Cyhalothrin p.13 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The Type II /poisoning/ syndrome, also known as the "CS syndrome," is produced by those esters containing the alpha-cyano substituent and elicits intense hyperactivity, incoordination, and convulsions in cockroaches, whereas rats display burrowing behavior, coarse tremors, clonic seizures, sinuous writhing (choreoathetosis), and profuse salivation without lacrimation; hence the term CS (choreoathetosis/salivation) syndrome. /Pyrethroid esters containing the alpha-cyano substituent/
[Amdur, M.O., J. Doull, C.D. Klaasen (eds). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: Pergamon Press, 1991. 593]**PEER REVIEWED**

The in vitro effects of pyrethroids on the mitogenic responsiveness of murine splenic lymphocytes to concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide were determined. Allethrin was the most potent inhibitor, with effective concn in the range of 1X10-6 to 1.5X10-5 M. The results support the possibility of immune suppression by pyrethroid exposure. /Pyrethroids/
[Stelzer KJ, Gordon MA; Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 46 (1): 137-50 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Following absorption through the chitinous exoskeleton of arthropods, pyrethrins stimulate the nervous system, apparently by competitively interfering with cationic conductances in the lipid layer of nerve cells, thereby blocking nerve impulse transmissions. Paralysis and death follow. /Pyrethrins/
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service - Drug Information 92. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc., 1992 (Plus Supplements 1992). 2125]**PEER REVIEWED**


Non-Human Toxicity Values:

LD50 Rat oral 261-282 mg/kg
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A667/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**

LD50 Mice oral 150-220 mg/kg
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A667/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**


Ecotoxicity Values:

LD50 Bobwhite quail oral >2510 mg/kg
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A667/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**

LC50 Bobwhite quail dietary >5620 mg/kg diet/8 day
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A667/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**

LC50 Mallard duck dietary >5620 mg/kg diet/8 day
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A667/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**

LC50 Bluegill sunfish 0.00089 mg/l/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A667/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**

LC50 Rainbow trout 0.0029 mg/l/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A667/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**


Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:

Metabolism/Metabolites:

The metabolic pathways for the breakdown of the pyrethroids vary little between mammalian species but vary somewhat with structure. ... Essentially, pyrethrum and allethrin are broken down mainly by oxidation of the isobutenyl side chain of the acid moiety and of the unsaturated side chain of the alcohol moiety with ester hydrolysis playing and important part, whereas for the other pyrethroids ester hydrolysis predominates. /Pyrethrum and pyrethroids/
[Hayes WJ, Laws ER, eds; Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology V2 p.588 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The relative resistance of mammals to the pyrethroids is almost wholly attributable to their ability to hydrolyze the pyrethroids rapidly to their inactive acid and alcohol components, since direct injection into the mammalian CNS leads to a susceptibility similar to that seen in insects. Some additional resistance of homeothermic organisms can also be attributed to the negative temperature coefficient of action of the pyrethroids, which are thus less toxic at mammalian body temperatures, but the major effect is metabolic. Metabolic disposal of the pyrethroids is very rapid, which means that toxicity is high by the intravenous route, moderate by slower oral absorption, and often unmeasureably low by dermal absorption. /Pyrethroids/
[Hayes WJ, Laws ER, eds; Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology V2 p.588 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**

FASTEST BREAKDOWN IS SEEN WITH PRIMARY ALCOHOL ESTERS OF TRANS-SUBSTITUTED ACIDS SINCE THEY UNDERGO RAPID HYDROLYTIC & OXIDATIVE ATTACK. FOR ALL SECONDARY ALCOHOL ESTERS & FOR PRIMARY ALCOHOL CIS-SUBSTITUTED CYCLOPROPANECARBOXYLATES, OXIDATIVE ATTACK IS PREDOMINANT. /PYRETHROIDS/
[The Chemical Society. Foreign Compound Metabolism in Mammals. Volume 5: A Review of the Literature Published during 1976 and 1977. London: The Chemical Society, 1979. 469]**PEER REVIEWED**

Pyrethrins are reportedly inactivated in the GI tract following ingestion. In animals, pyrethrins are rapidly metabolized to water soluble, inactive compounds. /Pyrethrins/
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service - Drug Information 92. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc., 1992 (Plus Supplements 1992). 2125]**PEER REVIEWED**

Synthetic pyrethroids are generally metabolized in mammals through ester hydrolysis, oxidation, and conjugation, and there is no tendency to accumulate in tissues. In the environment, synthetic pyrethroids are fairly rapidly degraded in soil and in plants. Ester hydrolysis and oxidation at various sites on the molecule are the major degradation processes. /Synthetic pyrethroids/
[WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 99: Cyhalothrin p.13 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:

/PYRETHROIDS/ READILY PENETRATE INSECT CUTICLE AS SHOWN BY TOPICAL LD50 TO PERIPLANETA (COCKROACH) ... /PYRETHROIDS/
[White-Stevens, R. (ed.). Pesticides in the Environment: Volume 1, Part 1, Part 2. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1971. 75]**PEER REVIEWED**

WHEN RADIOACTIVE PYRETHROID IS ADMIN ORALLY TO MAMMALS, IT IS ABSORBED FROM INTESTINAL TRACT OF THE ANIMALS & DISTRIBUTED IN EVERY TISSUE EXAMINED. EXCRETION OF RADIOACTIVITY IN RATS ADMIN TRANS-ISOMER: DOSAGE: 500 MG/KG; INTERVAL 20 DAYS; URINE 36%; FECES 64%; TOTAL 100%. /PYRETHROIDS/
[MIYAMOTO J; ENVIRON HEALTH PERSPECT 14: 15-28 (1976)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Pyrethrins are absorbed through intact skin when applied topically. When animals were exposed to aerosols of pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide being released into the air, little or none of the combination was systemically absorbed. /Pyrethrins/
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service - Drug Information 92. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc., 1992 (Plus Supplements 1992). 2125]**PEER REVIEWED**

Although limited absorption may account for the low toxicity of some pyrethroids, rapid biodegradation by mammalian liver enzymes (ester hydrolysis and oxidation) is probably the major factor responsible. Most pyrethroid metabolites are promptly excreted, at least in part, by the kidney. /Pyrethroids/
[Morgan DP; Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings. 4th ed. p.35 EPA 540/9-88-001. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, March 1989]**PEER REVIEWED**


Mechanism of Action:

Insecticide and acaricide with contact and stomach action.
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A667/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**

The pyrethroids are a class of natural and synthetic pesticides which were associated with an epidemic of gynecomastia in Haitian men in 1981. In the present study several pyrethroids were testedfor their ability to interact with androgen binding sites in dispersed, intact human genital skin fibroblasts and in human plasma to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). All the pyrethroids tested inhibited fibroblast binding of (3H)methyltrienolone (R1881) at 22 degrees C with the following rank order of potency:pyrethrins greater than bioallethrin greater than fenvalerate greater than fenothrin greater than fluvalinate greater than permethrin greater than resmethrin. 50% displacement of (3H)R1881 binding to fibroblast androgen receptors was achieved by 1.5-44 x 10-5 M concentrations of the competitors, respectively. Previous studies with cimetidine, a known inhibitor of androgen receptor binding, showed 50% competition at a concentration of 1.4 X 10-4 M in this system. Scatchard analysis of binding experiments performed with increasing concentrations of (3H)R1881 in the presence of the pyrethroids indicated that the binding inhibition was competitive. On the other hand, of the pyrethroids examined only the pyrethrins (50% inhibition) and bioallethrin (43% inhibition) were able to displace (3H)testosterone from sex hormone binding globulin when tested at a concentration of 1 X 10-4 M. These data indicate that a novel class of non-steroidal compounds, the pyrethroids, can interact competitively with human androgen receptors and sex hormone binding globulin. These findings provide a mechanism by which chronic exposure of humans or animals to pesticides containing these compounds may result in disturbances in endocrine effects relating to androgen action.
[Eil C, Nisula BC; J Steroid Biochem 35 (3-4): 409-14 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The pyrethroids are a class of natural and synthetic pesticides which were associated with an epidemic of gynecomastia in Haitan men in 1981. In the present study we tested several pyrethroids for their ability to interact with androgen binding sites in dispersed, intact human genital skin fibroblasts and in human plasma to sex hormone binding globulin. All the pyrethroids tested inhibited fibroblast binding of (3)H methyltrienolone (R1881) at 22 deg C with the following rank order of potency: fluvalinate > permethrin > resmethrin. 50% displacement of (3)H R1881 binding to fibroblast androgen receptors was achieved by 1.5-44e competitors, respectively. Previous studies with cimetidine, a known inhibitor of androgen receptor binding, showed 50% competition at a concentration of 1.4chard analysis of binding experiments performed with increasing concentrations of (3)H R1881 in the presence of the pyrethroids indicated that the binding inhibition was competitive. On the other hand, of the pyrethroids examined only the pyrethrins (50% inhibition) and bioallethrin (43% inhibition) were able to displace (3)H testosterone from sex hormone binding globulin when used at a concentration of 1 X 10-4 M. These data indicate that a novel class of non-steroidal compounds, the pyrethroids, can interact competitively with human androgen receptors and sex hormone binding globulin. These findings provide a mechanism by which chronic exposure of humans or animals to pesticides containing these compounds may result in disturbances in endocrine effects relating to androgen action.
[Eil C, Nisula BC; J Steroid Biochem 35 (3-4): 409-414 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The synthetic pyrethroids delay closure of the sodium channel, resulting in a sodium tail current that is characterized by a slow influx of sodium during the end of depolarization. Apparently the pyrethroid molecule holds the activation gate in the open position. Pyrethroids with an alpha-cyano group (e.g., fenvalerate) produce more prolonged sodium tail currents than do other pyrethroids (e.g., permethrin, bioresmethrin). The former group of pyrethroids causes more cutaneous sensations than the latter. /Synthetic pyrethroids/
[Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988. 1081]**PEER REVIEWED**

Interaction with sodium channels is not the only mechanism of action proposed for the pyrethroids. Their effects on the central nervous system have led various workers to suggest actions via antagonism of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibition, modulation of nicotinic cholinergic transmission, enhancement of noradrenaline release, or actions on calcium ions. Since neurotransmitter specific pharmacological agents offer only poor or partical protection against poisoning, it is unlikely that one of these effects represents the primary mechanism of action of the pyrethroids, and most neurotransmitter release is secondary to increased sodium entry. /Pyrethroids/
[Hayes WJ, Laws ER, eds; Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology V2 p.588 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The symptoms of pyrethrin poisoning follow the typical pattern of nerve poisoning: (1) excitation, (2) convulsions, (3) paralysis, and (4) death. The effects of pyrethrins on the insect nervous system closely resemble those of DDT, but are apparently much less persistent. Regular, rhythmic, and spontaneous nerve discharges have been observed in insect and crustacean nerve-muscle preparations poisoned with pyrethrins. The primary target of pyrethrins seems to be the ganglia of the insect central nervous system although some pyrethrin-poisoning effect can be observed in isolated legs. /Pyrethrins/
[Matsumura, F. Toxicology of Insecticides. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Plenum Press, 1985. 147]**PEER REVIEWED**

Electrophysiologically, pyrethrins cause repetitive discharges and conduction block. /Pyrethrins/
[Matsumura, F. Toxicology of Insecticides. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Plenum Press, 1985. 147]**PEER REVIEWED**

The interaction of a series of pyrethroid insecticides with the sodium channels in myelinated nerve fibers of the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, was investigated using the voltage clamp technique. Of 11 pyrethroids, 9 insecticidally active cmpd induced a slowly decaying sodium tail current on termination of a step depolarization, whereas the sodium current during depolarization was hardly affected. /Pyrethroids/
[Vijverberg HP M et al; Biochem Biophys Acta 728 (1): 73-82 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The biochemical process by which various pyrethroid insecticides alter membrane-bound ATPase activities of the squid nervous system was examined. Of the 5 ATP-hydrolyzing systems tested, only Ca(2+)-stimulated ATPase activities were clearly affected by the pyrethroids. The natural type /I/ pyrethroid, allethrin, primarily inhibits Ca-ATPase activity. /Pyrethroids/
[Clark JM, Matsumura F; Pestic Biochem Physiol 18 (2): 180-90 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Mode of action of pyrethrum & related cmpd has been studied more in insects & in other invertebrates than in mammals. This action involves ion transport through the membrane of nerve axons &, at least in invertebrates & lower vertebrates, it exhibits a negative temperature coefficient. In both of these important ways & in many details, the mode of action of pyrethrin & pyrethroids resembles that of DDT. Esterases & mixed-function oxidase system differ in their relative importance for metabolizing different synthetic pyrethroids. The same may be true of the constituents of pyrethrum, depending on strain, species, & other factors. /Pyrethrins and pyrethroids/
[Hayes, Wayland J., Jr. Pesticides Studied in Man. Baltimore/London: Williams and Wilkins, 1982. 75]**PEER REVIEWED**

The interactions of natural pyrethrins and 9 pyrethroids with the nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor/channel complex of Torpedo electronic organ membranes were studied. None reduced (3)H-ACh binding to the receptor sites, but all inhibited (3)H-labeled perhydrohistrionicotoxin binding to the channel sites in presence of carbamylcholine. Allethrin inhibited binding noncompetitively, but (3H)-labeled imipramine binding competitively, suggesting that allethrin binds to the receptor's channel sites that bind imipramine. The pyrethroids were divided into 2 types according to their action: type A, which included allethrin, was more potent in inhibiting (3)H-H12-HTX binding and acted more rapidly. Type B, which included permethrin, was less potent and their potency increased slowly with time. The high affinities that several pyrethroids have for this nicotinic ACh receptor suggest that pyrethroids may have a synaptic site of action in addition to their well known effects on the axonal channels. /Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids/
[Abbassy MA et al; Pestic Biochem Physiol 19 (3): 299-308 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Non-systemic insecticide with contact action. Causes paralysis initially, with death occurring later. Has some acaricidal activity. /Pyrethrins/
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A357/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**

... Pyrethroid esters /containing the alpha-cyano substituent/ produce an even longer delay /than those lacking the substituent/ in sodium channel inactivation, leading to a persistent depolarization of the nerve membrane without repetitive discharge, a reduction in the amplitude of the action potential, and an eventual failure of axonal conduction and a blockade of impulses. /Pyrethroid esters containing the alpha-cyano substituent/
[Amdur, M.O., J. Doull, C.D. Klaasen (eds). Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: Pergamon Press, 1991. 595]**PEER REVIEWED**

The primary target site of pyrethroid insecticides in the vertebrate nervous system is the sodium channel in the nerve membrane. Pyrethroids without an alpha-cyano group (allethrin, d-phenothrin, permethrin, and cismethrin) cause a moderate prolongation of the transient increase in sodium permeability of the nerve membrane during excitation. This results in relatively short trains of repetitive nerve impulses in sense organs, sensory (afferent) nerve fibers, and, in effect, nerve terminals. On the other hand the alpha-cyano pyrethroids cause a long lasting prolongation of the transient increase in sodium permeability of the nerve membrane during excitation. This results in long-lasting trains of repetitive impulses in sense organs and a frequency-dependent depression of the nerve impulse in nerve fibers. The difference in effects between permethrin and cypermethrin, which have identical molecular structures except for the presence of an alpha-cyano group on the phenoxybenzyl alcohol, indicates that it is this alpha-cyano group that is responsible for the long-lasting prolongation of the sodium permeability. Since the mechanisms responsible for nerve impulse generation and conduction are basically the same throughout the entire nervous system, pyrethroids may also induce repetitive activity in various parts of the brain. The difference in symptoms of poisoning by alpha-cyano pyrethroids, compared with the classical pyrethroids, is not necessarily due to an exclusive central site of action. It may be related to the long-lasting repetitive activity in sense organs and possibly in other parts of the nervous system, which, in a more advance state of poisoning, may be accompanied by a frequency-dependent depression of the nervous impulse. /Synthetic pyrethroids/
[WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 99: Cyhalothrin p.89 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Pyrethroids also cause pronounced repetitive activity and a prolongation of the transient increase in sodium permeability of the nerve membrane in insects and other invertebrates. Available information indicates that the sodium channel in the nerve membrane is also the most important target site of pyrethroids in the invertebrate nervous system. /Synthetic pyrethroids/
[WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 99: Cyhalothrin p.90 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**

In the electrophysiological experiments using giant axons of cray-fish, the Type II pyrethroids retain sodium channels in a modified continuous open state persistently, depolarize the membrane, and block the action potential without causing repetitive firing. /Pyrethroids type II/
[WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 99: Cyhalothrin p.87 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Diazepam, which facilitates GABA reaction, delayed the onset of action of deltamethrin and fenvalertae, but not permethrin and allethrin, in both the mouse and cockroach. Possible mechanisms of the Type II pyrethroid syndrome include action at the GABA receptor complex or a closely linked class of neuroreceptor. /Pyrethroids type II/
[WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 99: Cyhalothrin p.87 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Interactions:

/Pyrethroid/ detoxification ... important in flies, may be delayed by the addition of synergists ... organophosphates or carbamates ... to guarantee a lethal effect. ... /Pyrethroid/
[Buchel KH (ed); Chemistry of Pesticides p.19 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Piperonyl butoxide potentiates /insecticidal activity/ of pyrethrins by inhibiting the hydrolytic enzymes responsible for pyrethrins' metabolism in arthropods. When piperonyl butoxide is combined with pyrethrins, the insecticidal activity of the latter drug is increased 2-12 times /Pyrethrins/
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service - Drug Information 92. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc., 1992 (Plus Supplements 1992). 2125]**PEER REVIEWED**

At dietary level of 1000 ppm pyrethrins & 10000 ppm piperonyl butoxide ... /enlargement, margination, & cytoplasmic inclusions in liver cells of rats/ were well developed in only 8 days, but ... were not maximal. Changes were proportional to dosage & similar to those produced by DDT. Effects of the 2 ... were additive. /Pyrethrins/
[Hayes, Wayland J., Jr. Pesticides Studied in Man. Baltimore/London: Williams and Wilkins, 1982. 78]**PEER REVIEWED**


Pharmacology:

Therapeutic Uses:

Pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide are used for topical treatment of pediculosis(lice infestations). Combinations of pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide are not effective for treatment of scabies (mite infestations). Although there are no well-controlled comparative studies, many clinicians consider 1% lindane to be pediculicide of choice. However, some clinicians recommend use of pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide, esp in infants, young children, & pregnant or lactating women ... . If used correctly, 1-3 treatments ... are usually 100% effective ... Oil based (eg, petroleum distillate) combinations ... produce the quickest results. ... For treatment of pediculosis, enough gel, shampoo, or solution ... should be applied to cover affected hair & adjacent areas ... After 10 min, hair is ... washed thoroughly ... treatment should be repeated after 7-10 days to kill any newly hatched lice. /Pyrethrins/
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service - Drug Information 92. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc., 1992 (Plus Supplements 1992). 2125]**PEER REVIEWED**


Interactions:

/Pyrethroid/ detoxification ... important in flies, may be delayed by the addition of synergists ... organophosphates or carbamates ... to guarantee a lethal effect. ... /Pyrethroid/
[Buchel KH (ed); Chemistry of Pesticides p.19 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Piperonyl butoxide potentiates /insecticidal activity/ of pyrethrins by inhibiting the hydrolytic enzymes responsible for pyrethrins' metabolism in arthropods. When piperonyl butoxide is combined with pyrethrins, the insecticidal activity of the latter drug is increased 2-12 times /Pyrethrins/
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service - Drug Information 92. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc., 1992 (Plus Supplements 1992). 2125]**PEER REVIEWED**

At dietary level of 1000 ppm pyrethrins & 10000 ppm piperonyl butoxide ... /enlargement, margination, & cytoplasmic inclusions in liver cells of rats/ were well developed in only 8 days, but ... were not maximal. Changes were proportional to dosage & similar to those produced by DDT. Effects of the 2 ... were additive. /Pyrethrins/
[Hayes, Wayland J., Jr. Pesticides Studied in Man. Baltimore/London: Williams and Wilkins, 1982. 78]**PEER REVIEWED**


Environmental Fate & Exposure:

Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary:

Fluvalinate's use as an insecticide releases the compound directly to the environment through applications in sprays and other application routes. If released to the atmosphere, fluvalinate will degrade rapidly in the vapor-phase by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals (estimated half-life of 3.9 hr). Particulate-phase fluvalinate will be removed physically from air by wet and dry deposition. If released to soil or water, fluvalinate can degrade through biodegradation, hydrolysis and photodegradation. Laboratory and field studies have measured aerobic soil half-lives of 6-8 days and an anaerobic soil half-life of 15 days. Fluvalinate hydrolyzes in water with half-lives of 30 days at pH 3 and pH 6 and 1-2 hr at pH 9 and 25 deg C. The photodegradation half-life of fluvalinate (as a thin-film or as an aqueous solution in a 100 mL Erlenmeyer flask) has been measured to be about 1 day of sunlight exposure. Fluvalinate is expected to partition from water to sediment and suspended matter in aquatic media. Results of laboratory and field studies have indicated that fluvalinate will not leach in soil. Occupational exposure to fluvalinate occurs through dermal contact and inhalation of dust and sprays, especially to workers applying the compound as an insecticide. (SRC)
**PEER REVIEWED**


Probable Routes of Human Exposure:

Occupational exposure to fluvalinate occurs through dermal contact and inhalation of dust and sprays, especially to workers applying the compound as an insecticide(1).
[(1) Nigg HN et al; Pesticide Exposure to Florida Greenhouse Applicators. USEPA/600/S2-88-033 Sept 1988. USEPA (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The exposure of pesticide applicators in a commercial greenhouse to fluvalinate and other pesticides was measured via exposure pads, handwashes and air samples(1); handwashes indicated a fluvalinate exposure rate of 13-91 ug/hr while air samples measured 0.017-0.046 ug/L(1); clothing pads indicated an overall body accumulation rate (excluding handwashes) of 651-2233 ug/hr(1). Exposures of fluvalinate to drencher workers in the greenhouse were(2): 92-97 ug/hr handwash, 0.002 ug/L air and 3000 ug/hr overall body accumulation rate(2); when normalized to spray rates, overall body accumulation rate was 125 mg deposited/kg sprayed(2). Exposures of fluvalinate to tractor drivers spraying the pesticide to Florida ornamentals were(3): 13-17 ug/hr handwash, 0.002 ug/L air and 265 ug/hr overall body accumulation rate(3); when normalized to spray rates, overall body accumulation rate was 39 mg deposited/kg sprayed(3).
[(1) Stamper JH et al; Chemosphere 17: 1007-23 (1988) (2) Stamper JH et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 42: 209-17 (1989) (3) Stamper JH et al; J Agric Food Chem 37: 240-4 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Artificial Pollution Sources:

Fluvalinate's use as a broad-range insecticide(1) releases the compound directly to the environment through applications in sprays and other application routes(1,SRC).
[(1) Worthing CR, Walker SB; The Pesticide Manual 8th ed. Lavenham, Suffolk, England: Lavenham Press Ltd p. 424 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Environmental Fate:

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Fluvalinate is expected to degrade in soil through aqueous hydrolysis and biodegradation. Photodegradation will occur on surfaces exposed to sunlight. Fluvalinate hydrolyzes in water with half-lives of 30 days at pH 3 and pH 6 and 1-2 hr at pH 9 and 25 deg C(1); hydrolysis will be more important in alkaline soil than in neutral or acidic soil. A field study measured fluvalinate half-lives of 6.8-8.0 days in an agricultural soil(2). A laboratory study using a sandy loam, clay and clay loam soils observed half-lives of 6-8 days under aerobic conditions and about 15 days under anaerobic conditions(3); metabolites included the anilino acid, haloaniline, a diacid, 4-amino-3-chlorobenzoic acid and CO2(3); the evolution of CO2 and analogy to work on similar insecticides suggested that a measurable portion of the degradation was occurring biotically(3). Laboratory tests have shown that fluvalinate photodegrades rapidly (half-life of 1 day) on glass, soil and plant surfaces exposed to sunlight(4).
[(1) Worthing CR, Walker SB; The Pesticide Manual 8th ed. Lavenham, Suffolk, England: Lavenham Press Ltd p. 409 (1987) (2) Agnihotri NP, Jain HK; Pesticides 31: 163-73 (1987) (3) Staiger LE, Quistad GB; J Agric Food Chem 31: 599-603 (1983) (4) Quistad GB, Staiger LE; J Agric Food Chem 32: 1134-8 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

AQUATIC FATE: Fluvalinate is expected to degrade in water through hydrolysis, biodegradation and photodegradation. It hydrolyzes in water with half-lives of 30 days at pH 3 and pH 6 and 1-2 hr at pH 9 and 25 deg C(1); hydrolysis will be more important in alkaline water than in neutral or acidic water. Laboratory tests have shown that fluvalinate photodegrades rapidly (half-life of 1 day) in aqueous solutions (in Erlenmeyer flasks) exposed to sunlight(2). Results of a soil degradation study and analogy to similar insecticides suggest that fluvalinate will degrade microbially(3). An agricultural water-sediment persistence study found that fluvalinate degraded entirely within 15 days in the water-phase(2); however, it persisted beyond 20 days in the sediment(4). Fluvalinate has been shown to partition rapidly from the water-phase to sediment in laboratory studies(3); therefore, partitioning from the water column to sediment and suspended matter will probably occur in the aquatic environment(SRC).
[(1) Worthing CR, Walker SB; The Pesticide Manual 8th ed. Lavenham, Suffolk, England: Lavenham Press Ltd p. 409 (1987) (2) Quistad GB, Staiger LE; J Agric Food Chem 32: 1134-8 (1984) (3) Staiger LE, Quistad GB; J Agric Food Chem 31: 599-603 (1983) (4) Agnihotri NP, Jain HK; Pesticides 31: 163-73 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Based upon a reported vapor pressure of <1X10-7 mm Hg at 25 deg C(1), fluvalinate may exist in both the vapor and particulate-phases in the ambient atmosphere(2,SRC). It will degrade rapidly in the vapor-phase by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half-life of about 3.9 hr(3,SRC). Particulate-phase fluvalinate and aerosols released to air during spray applications of fluvalinate insecticide will be removed from air physically by dry and wet deposition(SRC).
[(1) Wauchope RD et al; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 123: 1-36 (1991) (2) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-7 (1988) (3) Atkinson R; Environ Toxicol Chem 7: 435-42 (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Environmental Abiotic Degradation:

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of fluvalinate with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated to be 9.85X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 deg C which corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 3.9 hours at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1,SRC). The aqueous hydrolysis rate of fluvalinate at 25 deg C has been reported as follows(2): 50% loss in 30 days at pH3 and pH6, and 1-2 hr at pH9. A photodegradation study in aqueous solution and as thin films on glass and soil found fluvalinate to readily photodegrade in sunlight(3); the photodegradation half-life (as a thin-film or as an aqueous solution in a 100 mL Erlenmeyer flask) was about 1 day of sunlight exposure(3); photodegradation products included 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde and its corresponding acid, a formanilide, an oxamic acid, (3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile, the cyanohydrin of 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde, and the anilino acid derivative of fluvalinate(3).
[(1) Atkinson R; Environ Toxicol Chem 7: 435-42 (1988) (2) Worthing CR, Walker SB; The Pesticide Manual 8th ed. Lavenham, Suffolk, England: Lavenham Press Ltd p. 424 (1987) (3) Quistad GB, Staiger LE; J Agric Food Chem 32: 1134-8 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Environmental Bioconcentration:

Based upon a water solubility of 0.005 mg/L at 20-25 deg C (taken from the USDA's evaluated database of pesticide properties)(1), the BCF for fluvalinate can be estimated to be 12,000 from a recommended regression-derived equation(2,SRC). This BCF value suggests that bioconcentration may be important in aquatic organisms that cannot metabolize fluvalinate(SRC).
[(1) Wauchope RD et al; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 123: 1-36 (1991) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 5-10 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Soil Adsorption/Mobility:

Based upon a water solubility of 0.005 mg/L at 20-25 deg C(1), the Koc for fluvalinate can be estimated to be log 4.9 from a linear regression-derived equation(2,SRC). Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indexes, the log Koc for fluvalinate can be estimated to be 5.86(3,SRC). According to a suggested classification scheme(4), these estimated Koc values suggest that fluvalinate is immobile in soil(SRC). In a field study conducted in New Delhi, India, fluvalinate did not leach below a 7.5 cm depth after a 40-day observation period(5). Laboratory sorption studies with soil-water solution found that fluvalinate was rapidly adsorbed to the soil from the water with little desorption(6); also, thin layer chromatography tests classified fluvalinate as immobile in soil(6).
[(1) Wauchope RD et al; Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 123: 1-36 (1991) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 4-9 (1990) (3) Meylan W et al; Environ Sci Technol 26: 1560-7 (1992) (4) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 23 (1983) (5) Agnihotri NP, Jain HK; Pesticides 31: 163-73 (1987) (6) Staiger LE, Quistad GB; J Agric Food Chem 31: 599-603 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Volatilization from Water/Soil:

The Henry's Law constant for fluvalinate can be estimated to be 1.45X10-8 atm-cu m/mole at 25 deg C using a structure estimation method(1,SRC). This value of Henry's Law constant indicates that fluvalinate is essentially non-volatile from water(2); therefore, volatilization from water will not be important(SRC).
[(1) Meylan W, Howard PH; Environ Toxicol Chem 10: 1283-93 (1991) (2) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-15 to 15-29 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Environmental Standards & Regulations:

FIFRA Requirements:

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA, as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Fluvalinate is found on List B. Case No: 2295; Pesticide type: Insecticide; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): N-(2-Fluvinate; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 04/12/91, 03/03/95, 10/13/95, 12/17/96; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner..
[USEPA/OPP; Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration and Special Review p.183 (Spring, 1998) EPA 738-R-98-002]**QC REVIEWED**


Acceptable Daily Intakes:

OPP RfD= 0.01 mg/kg; EPA RfD= 0.01 mg/kg
[USEPA/OPP; Health Effects Div RfD/ADI Tracking Report p.29 (8/26/91)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Chemical/Physical Properties:

Molecular Formula:

C26-H22-Cl-F3-N2-O2
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 659]**PEER REVIEWED**


Molecular Weight:

502.93
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A667/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**


Color/Form:

Yellow-amber liquid
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 659]**PEER REVIEWED**


Boiling Point:

>450 deg C
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A667/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**


Corrosivity:

Non-corrosive to slightly corrosive, depending upon the metal.
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A667/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**


Density/Specific Gravity:

1.29 at 25 deg C
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A667/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**


Solubilities:

Solubility in water: 2.0 ppb; sol in organic solvents
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 659]**PEER REVIEWED**

Sol in aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, diethylether, and dichloromethane.
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A667/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**


Spectral Properties:

Index of refraction: 1.549 at 20 deg C/D
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A667/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**


Vapor Pressure:

1X10-7 mm Hg at 25 deg C
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 659]**PEER REVIEWED**


Other Chemical/Physical Properties:

Viscous yellow oil. /Technical fluvalinate/
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A667/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**


Chemical Safety & Handling:

Hazards Summary:

NO DATA EXTRACTED
**PEER REVIEWED**


Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:

Immediately irritating to the eye. /Pyrethrins/
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 90-117. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1990 190]**PEER REVIEWED**

The chief effect from exposure ... is skin rash particularly on moist areas of the skin. ... May irritate the eyes. /Pyrethroids.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 1]**PEER REVIEWED**


Fire Potential:

/Pyrethrins/ ... burn with difficulty. /Pyrethrins/
[Bureau of Explosives; Emergency Handling of Haz Matl in Surface Trans p.434 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Fire Fighting Procedures:

Use carbon dioxide, foam, or dry chemical /on fires involving pyrethroids/. /Pyrethrum/
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**

Fire-fighting: Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. /Pyrethrum/
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 5]**PEER REVIEWED**

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. /Pyrethrins/
[Bureau of Explosives; Emergency Handling of Haz Matl in Surface Trans p.434 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:

Incompatible with alkaline materials.
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A667/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**

Incompatibility: Strong oxidizers. /Pyrethrins/
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 90-117. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1990 190]**PEER REVIEWED**

... Incompatible with lime & ordinary soaps because acids & alkalies speed up processes of hydrolysis. /Pyrethrins/
[Farm Chemicals Handbook 1986. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister Publishing Co., 1986.,p. C-198]**PEER REVIEWED**


Protective Equipment & Clothing:

Employees should be provided with and required to use dust- and splash-proof safety goggles where /pyrethroids/ ... may contact the eyes. /Pyrethroids/
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 3]**PEER REVIEWED**

Employees should be provided with and be required to use impervious clothing, gloves, and face shields (eight-inch minimum). /Pyrethroids/
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**

Wear appropriate equipment to prevent: Repeated or prolonged skin contact. /Pyrethrum and pyrethrins/
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 90-117. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1990 190]**PEER REVIEWED**

Wear eye protection to prevent: Reasonable probability of eye contact. /Pyrethrins/
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 90-117. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1990 190]**PEER REVIEWED**

Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 50 mg/cu m: Respirator Classes: Any chemical cartridge respirator with organic vapor cartridge(s) in combination with a dust, mist, and fume filter. May require eye protection. Any supplied-air respirator. May require eye protection. Any self-contained breathing apparatus. May require eye protection. /Pyrethrins/
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 90-117. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1990 190]**PEER REVIEWED**

Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 125 mg/cu m: Respirator Classes: Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous flow mode. May require eye protection. Any powered, air-purifying respirator with organic vapor cartridge(s) in combination with a dust, mist, and fume filter. May require eye protection. /Pyrethrins/
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 90-117. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1990 190]**PEER REVIEWED**

Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 250 mg/cu m: Respirator Classes: Any chemical cartridge respirator with a full facepiece and organic vapor cartridge(s) in combination with a high-efficiency particulate filter. Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece. Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece. Any powered, air-purifying respirator with a tight-fitting facepiece and organic vapor cartridge(s) in combination with a high-efficiency particulate filter. May require eye protection. /Pyrethrins/
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 90-117. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1990 190]**PEER REVIEWED**

Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 5,000 mg/cu m: Respirator Class: Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece and operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. /Pyrethrins/
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 90-117. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1990 190]**PEER REVIEWED**

Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Emergency or planned entry into unknown concn or IDLH conditions: Respirator Classes: Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. Any supplied-air respirator with a full face piece and operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. /Pyrethrins/
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 90-117. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1990 190]**PEER REVIEWED**

Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Escape from suddenly occurring respiratory hazards: Respirator Classes: Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister having a high-efficiency particulate filter. Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus. /Pyrethrins/
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 90-117. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1990 190]**PEER REVIEWED**


Preventive Measures:

Wear respiratory protection and rubber gloves when opening drum and pouring (trace quantities of hydrogen cyanide may be present)
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A667/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**

Skin that becomes contaminated with /pyrethrum/ should be promptly washed or showered with soap or mild detergent and water. /Pyrethrum/
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 3]**PEER REVIEWED**

Clothing contaminated with /pyrethrum/ should be placed in closed containers for storage until provision is made for the removal of /pyrethrum/ from the clothing. /Pyrethrum/
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**

Respirators may be used when engineering and work practice controls are not technically feasible, when such controls are in the process of being installed, or when they fail or need to be supplemented. Respirators may also be used for operations which require entry into tanks or closed vessels, and in emergency situations. /Pyrethrum/
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**

Employees who handle /pyrethrum/ ... should wash their hands thoroughly with soap or mild detergent and water before eating, smoking, or using toilet facilities. /Pyrethrum/
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 3]**PEER REVIEWED**

Avoid contact with skin. Keep out of any body of water. Do not contaminate water by cleaning of equipment or disposal of waste. Do not reuse empty container. Destroy it by perforating or crushing. /Pyrethrum/
[Farm Chemicals Handbook 1986. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister Publishing Co., 1986.,p. C-198]**PEER REVIEWED**

Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. /Pyrethrins/
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 90-117. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1990 190]**PEER REVIEWED**

Workers should wash: Promptly when skin becomes contaminated. /Pyrethrins/
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 90-117. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1990 190]**PEER REVIEWED**

Work clothing should be changed daily: If it is reasonably probable that the clothing may be contaminated. /Pyrethrins/
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 90-117. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1990 190]**PEER REVIEWED**

Remove clothing: Promptly if it is non-impervious clothing that becomes contaminated. /Pyrethrins/
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 90-117. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1990 190]**PEER REVIEWED**

If /pyrethrins/ are not involved in a fire: keep /pyrethrins/ out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. /Pyrethrins/
[Bureau of Explosives; Emergency Handling of Haz Matl in Surface Trans p.434 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
**QC REVIEWED**


Stability/Shelf Life:

Stable for at least 1 year at temperatures up to 50 deg C. Decreased stability under alkaline conditions. /Technical fluvalinate/
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A667/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**

On hydrolysis 50% loss occurs: at 25 deg C in 30 days (pH3 and pH6), 1-2 hr (pH9); at 42 deg C in 35 days (pH3), 8 days (pH6), and 1 day (pH9). It is stable in glass > 1.5 years at 42 deg C. In sunlight thin films on glass or silica gel suffered 50% loss in ca 2 days, an aqueous emulsion (1.6 g/l) in glass in 12 days. In sandy loam under aerobic conditions 50% loss occurs in about a day.
[Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker (eds.). The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium. 8th ed. Thornton Heath, UK: The British Crop Protection Council, 1987. 424]**PEER REVIEWED**

Pyrethrins ... /are/ stable for long periods in water-based aerosols where ... emulsifiers give neutral water systems. /Pyrethrins/
[Farm Chemicals Handbook 1986. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister Publishing Co., 1986.,p. C-198]**PEER REVIEWED**


Storage Conditions:

Pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide topical preparations should be stored in well-closed containers at a temperature less than 40 deg C, preferably between 15-30 deg C. /Pyrethrins/
[McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service - Drug Information 92. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc., 1992 (Plus Supplements 1992). 2125]**PEER REVIEWED**


Cleanup Methods:

Spillages of pesticides at any stage of their storage or handling should be treated with great care. Liquid formulations may be reduced to solid phase by evaporation. Dry sweeping of solids is always hazardous: these should be removed by vacuum cleaning, or by dissolving them in water, or other solvent in the factory environment. /Pesticides/
[International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983. 1619]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental consideration - Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, or cement powder. /Pyrethrins/
[Bureau of Explosives; Emergency Handling of Haz Matl in Surface Trans p.434 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Environmental consideration - Water spill: If /pyrethrins/ are dissolved, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount in the region of 10 ppm or greater concn. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. /Pyrethrins/
[Bureau of Explosives; Emergency Handling of Haz Matl in Surface Trans p.434 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Disposal Methods:

Incineration would be an effective disposal procedure where permitted. If an efficient incinerator is not available, the product should be mixed with large amounts of combustible material and contact with the smoke should be avoided. /Pyrethrin products/
[Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985. 762]**PEER REVIEWED**

The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for chlorinated pesticides: Concentration process: Resin adsorption. /Chlorinated pesticides/
[USEPA; Management of Hazardous Waste Leachate, EPA Contract No.68-03-2766 p.E-195 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for chlorinated pesticides: Concentration process: Resin adsorption. /Chlorinated pesticides/
[USEPA; Management of Hazardous Waste Leachate, EPA Contract No.68-03-2766 p.E-195 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Group I Containers: Combustible containers from organic or metallo-organic pesticides (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) should be disposed of in pesticide incinerators or in specified landfill sites. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/
[40 CFR 165.9(a) (7/1/90)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Group II Containers: Non-combustible containers from organic or metallo-organic pesticides (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) must first be triple-rinsed. Containers that are in good condition may be returned to the manufacturer or formulator of the pesticide product, or to a drum reconditioner for reuse with the same type of pesticide product, if such reuse is legal under Department of Transportation regulations (eg 49 CFR 173.28). Containers that are not to be reused should be punctured ... and transported to a scrap metal facility for recycling, disposal or burial in a designated landfill. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/
[40 CFR 165.9(b) (7/1/90)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Occupational Exposure Standards:

OSHA Standards:

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time-Weighted Avg: 5 mg/cu m. Skin Designation. /Cyanides, as CN/
[29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/98)]**QC REVIEWED**


Manufacturing/Use Information:

Major Uses:

Insecticide
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 659]**PEER REVIEWED**

Control of a wide range of insects (including Lepidoptera, aphids, thrips, leafhoppers, whiteflies) and spider mites on indoor and outdoor ornamentals, apples, pears, peaches, vines, cereals, vegetables, cotton, tobacco, and turf.
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A667/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**

Insecticide /Pyrethrins/
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 1267]**PEER REVIEWED**

MEDICATION
**QC REVIEWED**


Manufacturers:

Sandoz Inc, Hq, 608 5th Ave, New York, NY, (212) 307-1122; Sandoz Corp Protection Corp, 1300 E. Touhy Ave, Des Plaines, IL 60018; Production site: Beaumont, TX 77705.
[SRI. 1992 Directory of Chemical Producers-United States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI International, 1992. 834]**PEER REVIEWED**


General Manufacturing Information:

Synthetic pyrethroid insecticide without the usual cyclopropane ring.
[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 659]**PEER REVIEWED**

Compatible with spray oils and most organic solvents.
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A667/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**

Two stereoisomers, the D-valinate and the DL-valinate, have been used as insecticides, of which the former has the greater activity, and is the isomer now in general use.
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A667/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**

Non-phytotoxic when used as directed.
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A667/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**

/Pyrethroids/ are modern synthetic insecticides similar chemically to natural pyrethrins, but modified to increase stability in the natural environment. /Pyrethroids/
[Morgan DP; Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings. 4th ed. p.34 EPA 540/9-88-001. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, March 1989]**PEER REVIEWED**


Formulations/Preparations:

Emulsifiable concentrate, suspension concentrate, oil-in-water emulsion.
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A667/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**

Mixed formulations: fluvalinate & thiometon
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A667/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**


Laboratory Methods:

Analytic Laboratory Methods:

Analysis of products by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography, or by gas liquid chromatography; analysis of residues by gas liquid chromatography with electron capture detector.
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A667/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**

Pyrethrins ... in pesticide formulations are analyzed using gas chromatography equipped with flame ionization detection. Average recovery is 98% with a precision of 0.0044-0.011. /Pyrethrins/
[Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. and Supplements. Washington, DC: Association of Analytical Chemists, 1990,p. V1 172]**PEER REVIEWED**

... Liquid chromatography method has been developed to quantitate pyrethrins in pesticide formulations. ... Detection was monitored at 240 nm. ... Percent coefficients of variation ranged from 1.39 to 9.68 with the majority less than 5.00. ... /Pyrethrins/
[Bushway RJ; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 68 (6): 1134-6 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Pyrethrins were detected in soils by gas chromatography after extraction with hexane. /Pyrethrins/
[Siltanen H et al; Ryrethrum Post 14 (3): 65-7 (1978)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Low level pyrethrin formulations are extracted with tetrahydrofuran and determined via capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection. ... Analysis of 5 formulations gave an average standard deviation of 3.3%. /Pyrethrins/
[Stringham RW, Schutz RP; J Assoc Off Anal Chem 68 (6): 1137-9 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Special References:

Special Reports:

Miyamato J; Environ Health Perspect 14: 15-28 (1976). Degradation, metabolism, and toxicity of synthetic pyrethroids.

Miyamoto J, et al; Pure Appl Chem 53: 1967-2022 (1981). The chemistry, metabolism, and residue analysis of synthetic pyrethroids.

Hutson DH; Progress in Drug Metabolism 3: 215-252 (1979). The metabolic fate of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides in mammals.

Gammon DW; Fundam Appl Toxicol (5) 1: 9-23 (1985). Correlations between in vitro and in vivo mechanisms of pyrethroid insecticide action.

Casida JE et al; Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 23: 413-38 (1983). The mechanisms of selective action of pyrethroid insecticide are discussed.

Papadopoulou-Mourkidou E; Residue Rev 89: 179-208 (1983). A review with many references on analysis of allethrin & other pyrethroid insecticides.


Synonyms and Identifiers:

Synonyms:

N-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl]-DL-valine cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester
**PEER REVIEWED**

Cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl N-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-D-valinate
**PEER REVIEWED**

Klartan
**PEER REVIEWED**

Marvik
**PEER REVIEWED**

(RS)-Alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (R)-2-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)anilino-3- methyl-butanoate]
**PEER REVIEWED**

(RS)-Alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl N-[2-chloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-p- tolyl)-D-valinate.
**PEER REVIEWED**

Spur
**PEER REVIEWED**

ZR-3210
**PEER REVIEWED**


Formulations/Preparations:

Emulsifiable concentrate, suspension concentrate, oil-in-water emulsion.
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A667/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**

Mixed formulations: fluvalinate & thiometon
[Hartley, D. and H. Kidd (eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987.,p. A667/Aug 87]**PEER REVIEWED**


Administrative Information:

Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 6659

Last Revision Date: 20010808

Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 3/11/1993


Update History:

Field Update on 08/08/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 05/16/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/13/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/08/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/27/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/08/1999, 5 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/29/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 06/03/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 11/01/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 05/09/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/17/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/28/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/20/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/14/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/01/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/21/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/01/1994, 59 fields added/edited/deleted.