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Order from NTIS by: phone at 1-800-553-NTIS (U.S. customers);
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| Order
No. |
Title |
Abstract
/ Keywords |
NTIS/PB2004-105615
180p
•
Available
online
•
See
background support papers at FAN's Index on Oxyfluorfen |
2002
- Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Oxyfluorfen.
(Includes RED Facts: Oxyfluorfen.).
Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Prevention,
Pesticides and Toxic Substances. |
In
evaluating pesticides for reregistration, EPA obtains
and reviews a complete set of studies from pesticide producers,
describing the human health and environmental effects
of each pesticide. To implement provisions of the Food
Quality Protection Act of 1996, EPA considers the special
sensitivity of infants and children to pesticides, as
well as aggregate exposure of the public to pesticide
residues from all sources, and the cumulative effects
of pesticides and other compounds with common mechanisms
of toxicity. The Agency develops any mitigation measures
or regulatory controls needed to effectively reduce each
pesticide's risks. EPA then reregisters pesticides that
meet the safety standard of the FQPA and can be used without
posing unreasonable risks to human health or the environment.
When a pesticide is eligible for reregistration, EPA explains
the basis for its decision in a Reregistration Eligibility
Decision (RED) document. This fact sheet summarizes the
information in the RED document for reregistration case
2490, [abstract truncated]
|
NTIS/MIC-90-02246
92p |
1989
- Pesticides Research and Monitoring: Annual report 1987-88.
Environment
Canada, Ottawa (Ontario). |
This
is the second annual report on Environment Canada's pesticides
program, summarizing the results of projects undertaken
by the department's regional and district offices, research
institutes and centres, branches and services. The report
is organized into 6 sections based on the location (Atlantic
region, Quebec region, Ontario region, Western and Northern
region, Pacific and Yukon region, and the National Wildlife
Research Centre in Hull, Quebec) where each project was
conducted. Also included are discussion documents summarizing
the environmental effects of oxyfluorfen, pentachlorophenol,
triadimefon, metsulfuron-methyl and propiconizole. An
index is included. Text in English and French (Bilingual).
French ed.: 90-02247/2. |
NTIS/MIC-90-02642
28p |
1989
-
Oxyfluorfen (Goal) trials with bareroot forest seedlings
in British Columbia, 1987.
Authors:
Trotter DB, Shrimpton GM
British
Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria.
Forest Resource Development Agreement (Canada). |
Herbaceous
weeds are a serious problem in forest nurseries, affecting
the growth and survival of seedlings by reducing the efficiency
of fertilizers and irrigation, and harbouring tree-damaging
insects and pathogens. A promising
herbicide which has been registered for use in U.S. forest
nurseries since 1979 is oxyfluorfen (Goal). On
the basis of its potential and extensive use in nurseries
in the U.S., oxyfluorfen was chosen by the Canadian Forest
Nursery Weed Management Assoc. as a candidate for registration.
A standardized oxyfluorfen trial was designed by the Association
to facilitate and coordinate weed control and crop tolerance
data from different regions of Canada. The trials were
conducted across the country, and provided information
on the tolerance of 1 plus 0 and 2 plus 0 bareroot Douglas-fir
and lodgepole pine to oxyfluorfen, and the degree of herbicide
efficacy in controlling weeds commonly found in B.C. forest
nurseries. FRDA report no. 092. |
| NTIS/PB89-237218
18p |
1988
- Biological and Abiotic Degradation of Xenobiotic Compounds
in Vitro Estaurine Water and Sedimentater Systems.
Authors:
Walker WW, Cripe CR, Pritchard PH
Bourquin AW
Battelle
Columbus Labs.,
OH.
Gulf Coast Research Lab., Ocean Springs, MS.
Georgia State Univ., Atlanta. |
First-order
biotic degradation rate constants of 14 pesticides were
determined in estuarine water and sediment/water slurry
systems. Test systems used environmentally realistic concentrations
of pesticides in sterile and nonsterile samples of water
and sediment taken directly from the field. Thiobencarb,
sulprofos, chlorothalonil, diclofop-methyl, fenthion,
oxyfluorfen, methoxychlor, phorate, and trifluralin all
showed significantly (p < = 0.01) more degradation
in the presence of nonsterile sediment than in the presence
of sterile sediment. Most of these nine pesticides biodegraded
significantly faster in flasks containing sediment than
in those with water alone. Endosulfan and PCNB, however,
biodegraded faster in the absence of sediment. EPN and
chlorpyrifos were degraded primarily by abiotic processes.
Methomyl did not significantly degrade under any test
conditions. Oxyfluorfen and chlorpyrifos
were also slow to degrade, with half-lives of generally
over two weeks in nonsterile sediment. |
NTIS/MIC-98-026417
37p |
1980
- Oxyfluorfen, herbicide.
Plant
Industry Directorate. Pesticide Information Division,
Ottawa (Ontario).
Canada. Pesticides Directorate, Ottawa (Ontario). |
The
registration status of oxyfluorfen represents an important
ongoing regulatory issue concerning onion production in
Canada. Because onions do not compete well with weeds,
production without appropriate weed control is not practical.
The purpose of this document is to provide a summary of
the data reviewed and outline the regulatory action on
the active ingredient oxyfluorfen. Discussion document
no. D87-01. Text in English and French (Bilingual). French
ed. (Oxyfluorfene, herbicide) on the same fiche. At head
of title: Agriculture Canada, Food Production and Inspection
Branch, Pesticides Directorate. |
NTIS/PB89-226716
348p |
1987
- Pesticide Background Statements. Volume 3. Nursery Pesticides.
Authors:
Sczerzenie PJ, Weeks JA, Vigerstad TJ, Drendel GH, Crouch
CP
NOXSO
Corp.,
Library, PA. |
The
document is a compendium of pesticide background statements
that review the available information on the chemistry,
toxicology, environmental fate properties, and methods
of application of 14 pesticides used in USDA Forest Service
nurseries. The following nursery pesticides are reviewed
in the 14 background statements. Herbicides: bifenox,
DCPA, diphenamid, napropamide, oxyfluorfen, sethoxydim,
sulfometuron methyl. Fungicides: DCNA, metalaxyl, thiram,
triadimefon. Fumigants: dazomet, 1,3-dichloropropene,
Vorlex. Each nursery pesticide background statement contains
(1) a description of the chemical and physical properties
of the pesticide, (2) a discussion of the results of laboratory
animal studies that indicate how toxic the pesticide may
be to humans, wildlife, aquatic species, and other nontarget
organisms, and (3) a description of the pesticide's normal
use patterns and application rates, its specific use in
nursery operations, and its likely fate in the environment
in the immediate area |
NTIS/PB82-172289
40p |
1982
- Oxyfluorfen (Goal 2E): Position
Document No 4
Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Pesticides
and Toxic Substances. |
This
document details the final determination regarding the
Rebuttable Presumption Against Registration (RPAR) of
products containing the above chemical. The responses
by the EPA to comments on the preliminary determination
by the Scientific Advisory Panel and the United States
Department of Agriculture are contained in the document.
A bibliography of citations used in this final determination
is also provided. |
NTIS/PB82-185133
138p |
1982
- Oxyfluorfen (Goal 2E(Trade Name)) Position Document
Number 1-2-3. Pesticide Rebuttable Presumption Against
Registration
Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Pesticides
and Toxic Substances. |
This
document details the Rebuttable Presumption Against Registration
(RPAR) regarding products containing the above chemical.
The bases for EPA's concern are contained in this document.
It also contains a bibliography of citations used in this
preliminary determination. Errata sheet inserted. |
NTIS/PB82-185133
138p |
1982
-
Oxyfluorfen (Goal 2E(Trade Name))
Position Document Number 1-2-3. Pesticide Rebuttable Presumption
Against Registration
Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Pesticides
and Toxic Substances. |
This
document details the Rebuttable Presumption Against Registration
(RPAR) regarding products containing the above chemical.
The bases for EPA's concern are contained in this document.
It also contains a bibliography of citations used in this
preliminary determination. Errata sheet inserted.
|
NTIS/OTS0215102
EPA/OTS;
Doc #878220827 |
1982
- FIELD SALES REPRESENTATIVES AND BRANCH EMPLOYEES WITH
COVER MEMO |
Keywords:
ROHM & HAAS CO
METHYL ETHYL KETONE (78-93-3)
HEALTH EFFECTS
CASE REPORT
MAMMALS
HUMANS
CAS
Registry Numbers:
72-56-0
115-32-2
709-98-8
1836-75-5
7783-20-2
8064-42-4
12656-69-8
16227-10-4
23950-58-5
39300-45-3
42874-03-3
53558-25-1
62476-59-9 |
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology; Volume 80, Issue 2 ,
October 2004, Pages 65-74
Expression of human protoporphyrinogen
oxidase in transgenic rice induces both a photodynamic response
and oxyfluorfen resistance
Y. Lee, S. Jung and K. Back,
Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural Plant Stress Research
Center, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chonnam National University,
Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea
A human protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox) coding sequence
under the control of a ubiquitin promoter was introduced into
rice to determine whether transgenic rice overexpressing the
human Protox gene exhibits resistance against a peroxidizing
herbicide. The transgenic rice lines (H3, H4, H5, H6, H9, and
H10) transcribed the human Protox mRNA, whereas hybridizing
RNA band was not detected in wild-type rice, indicating that
the human Protox gene had been successfully transmitted into
transgenic rice plants. The transgenic lines H9 and H10 showed
growth retardation and light-dependent formation of necrotic
lesions. Compared with wild-type rice plants, rice with a human
Protox gene had increased Protox activity and content of the
photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX, and reduced chlorophyll.
The photosynthetic efficiency in lines H9 and H10, as indicated
by Fv/Fm, was not different from that of wild type. The two
transgenic lines had decreased levels of antheraxanthin, lutein,
and ?-carotene and similar levels of neoxanthin and violaxanthin
as compared with wild-type plants. The staining activities of
catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione
reductase were higher in transgenic lines than in wild type.
Line H9 germinated in the presence of 20 ?M oxyfluorfen,
whereas 2 ?M oxyfluorfen inhibited the germination of wild-type
seeds. Thus, the transgenic rice plants
exhibited enhanced resistance to oxyfluorfen.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15074812
J Environ
Qual. 2004 Mar-Apr;33(2):605-11.
Surface
retention and photochemical reactivity of the diphenylether
herbicide oxyfluorfen.
Scrano
L, Bufo SA, Cataldi TR, Albanis TA.
Dipartimento
di Produzione Vegetale, Universita della Basilicata, Via N.
Sauro 85, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
The photochemical
behavior of oxyfluorfen [2-chloro-1-(3-etoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)
benzene] on two Greek soils was investigated. Soils were sampled
from Nea Malgara and Preveza regions, characterized by a different
organic matter content. Soils were spiked with the diphenyl-ether
herbicide and irradiation experiments were performed either
in the laboratory with a solar simulator (xenon lamp) or outside,
under natural sunlight irradiation; other soil samples were
kept in the dark to control the retention reaction. Kinetic
parameters of both retention and photochemical reactions were
calculated using zero-, first- and second- (Langmuir-Hinshelwood)
order equations, and best fit was checked through statistical
analysis. The soil behaviors were qualitatively similar but
quantitatively different, with the soil sampled from the Nea
Malgara region much more sorbent as compared with Preveza soil.
All studied reactions followed second-order kinetics and photochemical
reactions were influenced by retaining capability of the soils.
The contributions of the photochemical processes to the global
dissipation rates were also calculated.
Two main metabolites were identified as 2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene
and 2-chloro-1- (3-hydroxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene.
PMID: 15074812
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12919781
Chemosphere.
2003 Oct;53(3):217-21.
Effect
of the herbicides oxadiazon and oxyfluorfen on phosphates solubilizing
microorganisms and their persistence in rice fields.
Das
AC, Debnath A, Mukherjee D.
Department
of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Bidhan Chandra Krishi
Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur 741 252, India. acdas2@rediffmail.com
A field
experiment has been conducted with two herbicides viz. oxadiazon
[5-terbutyl-3-(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-one]
and oxyfluorfen [2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)
benzene] at rates of 0.4 and 0.12 kg a.i. ha(-1), respectively,
to investigate their effect on the growth and activities of
phosphate solubilizing microorganisms in relation to availability
of phosphorus as well as persistence of the herbicides in the
rhizosphere soil of wetland rice (Oryza sativa L. variety IR-36).
Application of herbicides stimulated the population and activities
of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and also the availability
of phosphorus in the rhizosphere soil. Oxyfluorfen provided
greater microbial stimulation than oxadiazon. Dissipation of
oxyfluorfen and oxadiazon followed first order reaction kinetics
with half-life (T(1/2)) of 8.8 and 12 days, respectively. Sixty
days after application 0.5% and 3% of the applied oxadiazon
and oxyfluorfen residues persisted, respectively, in the rhizosphere
soil of rice.
PMID: 12919781
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14708660
Arch Environ
Contam Toxicol. 2003 Nov;45(4):445-52.
Oxyfluorfen
toxic effect on S. obliquus evaluated by different photosynthetic
and enzymatic biomarkers.
Geoffroy
L, Dewez D, Vernet G, Popovic R.
Laboratoire
d'Eco-Toxicologie, Unite de Recherche "Vignes et Vins de
Champagne," UPRES-EA 2069, Universite de Reims Champagne-Ardenne,
BP 1039, F51687 Reims 2, France.
The effect
of oxyfluorfen was investigated when alga Scenedesmus obliquus
has been exposed to different concentrations (7.5, 15, and 22.5
microg x L(-1)) at 12, 24, and 48 hours of exposure. Toxicity
test was done by using 13 biomarkers concerning growth rate,
chlorophyll content and indicators of photosynthetic and antioxidant
enzyme activities. The change of the 13 parameters showed a
great variation of sensitivity indicating differences in parameters'
suitability to be used as biomarkers when alga culture was exposed
to oxyfluorfen toxicity. The order of sensitivity between those
biomarkers was: Antenna size (ABS/RC) > Chlorophyll content
> Catalase (CAT) > Operational PSII quantum yield (phiS(PSII))
> Glutathione S-transferase (GST) > Functional plastoquinone
pool (Q(PQ)) > Glutathione reductase (GR) > Growth rate
> Nonphotochemical quenching (QN) > Proton gradient quenching
(Q(Emax)) > Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) > Photochemical
quenching (Q(p)) > Maximum PSII quantum yield (Phi(PSII)).
The effect of oxyfluorfen on the changes of those parameters
was interpreted as a result of herbicide mode of action at molecular
level of alga cellular system. This study indicated for some
photosynthetic and enzymatic biomarkers to be useful indicators
of toxicity effect induced in non-target alga species. Determination
of biomarkers' sensitivity order may facilitate their selection
to be used in environmental risk assessment of polluted water.
PMID: 14708660
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12550092&dopt=Abstract
Ecotoxicol
Environ Saf. 2003 Feb;54(2):151-6.
Dissipation of
the herbicide oxyfluorfen in subtropical soils and its potential
to contaminate groundwater.
Yen
JH, Sheu WS, Wang YS.
Department
of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei
10617, Taiwan.
The dissipation
and mobility of the herbicide oxyfluorfen (2-chloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-p-tolyl
3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenyl ether) in field soil of Taiwan were investigated
in the laboratory with six tea garden soils. The dissipation
coefficients of oxyfluorfen in soils of different moisture content
(30%, 60%, and 90% of soil field capacity) and soil temperature
(10 degrees C, 25 degrees C, and 40 degrees C) were studied.
Results indicate that the half-life of
oxyfluorfen ranged from 72 to 160 days for six tea garden soils.
It was found that if the temperature is high, the dissipation
rate is rapid, and there is almost no dissipation at 10 degrees
C. Possible contamination of groundwater by the herbicide oxyfluorfen
was assessed using the behavior assessment model and the groundwater
pollution-potential (GWP) model. The results obtained after
evaluating the residue and travel time using the GWP model illustrated
that oxyfluorfen is not very mobile in soil and may not contaminate
groundwater under normal conditions. But in
the case of soil of extremely low organic carbon content and
coarse texture, oxyfluorfen has the potential to contaminate
groundwater less than 3m deep.
PMID: 12550092
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12046652&dopt=Abstract
J Environ
Sci Health Part A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2002;37(4):521-7.
Toxicological
effects of the herbicide oxyfluorfen on acetylcholinesterase
in two fish species: Oreochromis niloticus and Gambusia affinis.
Hassanein
HM.
Zoology
Department, Faculty of Science at Sohag, South Valley University,
Egypt. hamada10@mailcity.com
The
alterations of the AChE activity in the brains of two fresh
water fishes;
Oreochromis niloticus and Gambusia affinis were measured after
exposure to acute, sub-acute and chronic concentrations from
the widely used herbicide; oxyfluorfen. Bioassays were conducted
under controlled laboratory conditions. The used concentrations
were acute: LC50 for 6 days, sub-acute 1/3 LC50 for 15 days
and chronic 1/10 LC50 for 30 days. The
obtained results showed marked inhibitory effects of the herbicide
on the activity of AChE in both fishes. However, these
effects were more pronounced in O. niloticus where the decline
in the enzyme activity ranged from 19.7 to 81.28% while in case
of G. affinis it ranged from 5.7 to 36.7%. These findings demonstrate
that G. affinis is most tolerant to oxyfluorfen toxicity compared
with O. niloticus.
PMID: 12046652
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11517729&dopt=Abstract
Pest Manag
Sci. 2001 Aug;57(8):743-8.
Resistance of
a soybean cell line to oxyfluorfen by overproduction of mitochondrial
protoporphyrinogen oxidase.
Warabi
E, Usui K, Tanaka Y, Matsumoto H.
Institute
of Applied Biochemistry, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki
305-8572, Japan.
The diphenyl
ether herbicide oxyfluorfen (2-chloro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl
3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenyl ether) inhibits protoporphyrinogen oxidase
(Protox) which catalyzes the oxidation of protoporphyrinogen
IX (Protogen) to protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX), the last step
of the common pathway to chlorophyll and haeme biosynthesis.
We have selected an oxyfluorfen-resistant soybean cell line
by stepwise selection methods, and the resistance mechanism
has been investigated. No growth inhibition was observed in
resistant cells at a concentration of 10(-7) M oxyfluorfen,
a concentration at which normal cells did not survive. While
the degree of inhibition of total extractable Protox by oxyfluorfen
was the same in both cell types, the enzyme activity in the
mitochondrial fraction from non-treated resistant cells was
about nine-fold higher than that from normal cells. Northern
analysis of mitochondrial Protox revealed that the concentration
of mitochondrial Protox mRNA was much higher in resistant cells
than that in normal cells. There were no differences in the
absorption and metabolic breakdown of oxyfluorfen. The growth
of resistant cells was also insensitive to oxadiazon [5-tert-butyl-3-(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-(3H)-
one], the other chemical class of Protox inhibitor. Therefore,
the resistance of the selected soybean cell line to oxyfluorfen
is probably mainly due to the overproduction of mitochondrial
Protox.
PMID: 11517729
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10736764&dopt=Abstract
J Environ
Sci Health B. 2000 Mar;35(2):121-41.
Laboratory study
on leachability of five herbicides in South Australian soils.
Ying
GG, Williams B.
Department
of Environmental Science & Management, University of Adelaide,
Roseworthy, Australia.
Norflurazon,
oxadiazon, oxyfluorfen, trifluralin and simazine are herbicides
widely used in the vineyards of the Barossa
Valley, South Australia. The leaching behaviour of norflurazon,
oxadiazon, oxyfluorfen and trifluralin was investigated on four
key soils in the Barossa Valley. Leaching potential on packed
soil columns and actual mobility using intact soil columns were
investigated. On the packed soil columns, norflurazon was the
most leachable herbicide. More of the herbicides were detected
in the leachates from the sandy soils (Mountadam and Nuriootpa)
than from the clayey soils (Lyndoch and Tanunda). Organic matter
is generally low in soils in the Barossa region. Porosity and
saturated conductivity significantly affect herbicide movement
and in the sandy Mountadam and Nuriootpa soils, the water flux
is greater than for the higher clay content Lyndoch and Tanunda
soils. Increasing the time interval between herbicide application
and the incidence of "rainfall" reduced the amounts of herbicides
found in the leachates. The use of intact soil columns and including
simazine for comparison showed that both norflurazon and simazine
were present in the leachates. Simazine was the first herbicide
to appear in leachates. Sectioning of the intact soil columns
after leaching clearly demonstrated that norflurazon and simazine
reached the bottom of the soil columns for all soils studied.
Greater amounts of norflurazon were retained in the soil columns
compared with simazine. The other herbicides were mostly retained
in the initial sections of the soil columns.
PMID: 10736764
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10341045&dopt=Abstract
Arch Environ
Contam Toxicol. 1999 Jul;37(1):78-84.
Induction
of hsp70 by the herbicide oxyfluorfen (Goal) in the Egyptian
Nile fish, Oreochromis niloticus.
Hassanein
HM, Banhawy MA, Soliman FM, Abdel-Rehim SA, Muller WE, Schroder
HC.
Institut
fur Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie,
Universitat Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
This paper
deals with the expression of the biomarker hsp70 in the liver
and kidney of the freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus following
exposure to the herbicide oxyfluorfen (Goal). Fishes were exposed
to three concentrations, the 96-h LC50 (3 mg/L), the 96-h (1/2)LC50
(1.5 mg/L), and the 96-h (1/4)LC50 (0.75 mg/L) of oxyfluorfen
for 6, 15, and 24 days, respectively, and samples were taken
at three different time periods for each concentration. The
livers responded to the herbicide by an induction of the expression
of both the constitutive (hsp75; Mr 75 kDa) and the inducible
(hsp73; Mr 73 kDa) hsp70 proteins. In kidney, the herbicide
induced a time-dependent increase in the expression of the constitutive
hsp70 (hsp75) as well, but the inducible hsp70 (hsp73) required
much longer incubation periods to reach maximal levels (15 and
24 days). Our results suggest that expression of hsp70 in fish
is a sensitive indicator of cellular responses to herbicide
exposure in the aquatic environment.
PMID: 10341045
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10227191&dopt=Abstract
J Environ
Sci Health B. 1999 May;34(3):397-411.
Herbicide residues
in grapes and wine.
Ying
GG, Williams B.
Department
of Environmental Science and Management, University of Adelaide,
Australia.
The persistence
of several common herbicides from grapes to wine has been studied.
Shiraz, Tarrango and Doradillo grapes were separately sprayed
with either norflurazon, oxyfluorfen, oxadiazon or trifluralin-persistent
herbicides commonly used for weed control in vineyards. The
dissipation of the herbicides from the grapes was followed for
28 days following treatment. Results showed that norflurazon
was the most persist herbicide although there were detectable
residues of all the herbicides on both red and white grapes
at the end of the study period. The penetration
of herbicides into the flesh of the grapes was found to be significantly
greater for white grapes than for red grapes. Small-lot
winemaking experiments showed that norflurazon persisted at
levels close to the initial concentration through vinification
and into the finished wine. The other herbicides degraded, essentially
via first-order kinetics, within the period of "first fermentation"
and had largely disappeared after 28 days. The use of charcoal
together with filter pads, or with diatomaceous earth was shown
to be very effective in removing herbicide residues from the
wine. A 5% charcoal filter removed more than 96% of the norflurazon
persisting in the treated wine.
PMID:
10227191 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9431441&dopt=Abstract
Can J Physiol
Pharmacol. 1997 Oct-Nov;75(10-11):1181-7.
Herbicide-induced
experimental variegate porphyria in mice: tissue porphyrinogen
accumulation and response to porphyrogenic drugs.
Krijt
J, Stranska P, Maruna P, Vokurka M, Sanitrak J.
Institute
of Pathophysiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University,
Prague, Czech Republic.
Administration
of oxadiazon or oxyfluorfen (1000
ppm in the diet) to male BALB/c
mice for 9 days resulted in experimental
porphyria, resembling the acute phase of human variegate
porphyria. Urinary concentrations of 5-aminolevulinic acid and
porphobilinogen reached 1500 and 3000 mumol/L, respectively.
Both herbicides caused a decrease of protoporphyrinogen
oxidase activity in liver and kidney. Brain protoporphyrinogen
oxidase activity was not altered. Liver and kidney porphyrin
content increased to 11 and 17 nmol/g, respectively (control
mice, 2 nmol/g). Over 50% of liver and kidney porphyrins were
in the reduced (porphyrinogen) form. Bile of oxadiazon-treated
mice contained 700 nmol/mL of protoporphyrinogen (control mice,
15 nmol/mL). Porphyrin content of the trigeminal nerve increased
from 1 nmol/g in control animals to 11 nmol/g in oxadiazon-treated
animals, suggesting a possible contribution of peripheral nerve
porphyrins to porphyric neuropathy. Mice treated with 125 ppm
of oxadiazon in the diet for 9 days excreted moderately elevated
levels of porphobilinogen in urine (control mice, less than
50 mumol/L; treated mice, 330 mumol/L). Administration of phenobarbital
or phenytoin (single injections on days 7, 8, and 9) increased
the urinary porphobilinogen concentration to 3500 mumol/L. This
response to porphyrogenic drugs resembles the response observed
in human acute porphyrias.
PMID: 9431441
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9051416&dopt=Abstract
Hum Exp
Toxicol. 1997 Feb;16(2):115-22.
Effects of a diphenyl-ether
herbicide, oxyfluorfen, on human BFU-E/CFU-E development and
haemoglobin synthesis.
Rio
B, Parent-Massin D, Lautraite S, Hoellinger H.
Laboratoire
de Microbiologie et Securite Alimentaire, Ecole Superieure de
Microbiologie et Securite Alimentaire de Brest, ISAMOR, Technopole
Brest-Iroise, Plouzane, France.
The diphenyl-ether
herbicides exert their phytotoxic activity by preventing chlorophyll
formation in plants as a result of inhibition of protoporphyrinogen
oxidase. This enzyme is the last step of the common pathway
for chlorophyll and haem biosynthesis. The aim of this work
is to determine whether herbicide inhibitors of plant protoporphyrinogen
oxidase could act on the human protoporphyrinogen oxidase involved
in haemoglobin synthesis and cause heamatologic diseases. Human
erythroblastic progenitors (BFU-E/CFU-E: Burst Forming Unit-Erythroid
and Colony Forming Unit-Erythroid) were exposed to oxyfluorfen,
a diphenyl-ether herbicide in the presence of erythropoietin,
and the haematoxicity evaluated in vitro by scoring the development
of BFU-E/CFU-E colonies after 7 and 14 days of culture. The
toxic effect on differentiation has been evaluated using four
criteria: morphology, total protein, total porphyrin, and haemoglobin
content. The study of BFU-E/CFU-E proliferation and differentiation
showed a cytotoxic effect of oxyfluorfen
only at very high concentrations. In contrast, haemoglobin synthesis
can be inhibited by concentration of oxyfluorfen (10(-4) M)
that have no adverse effect on cellular proliferation.
PMID: 9051416
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8902268&dopt=Abstract
Chem Res
Toxicol. 1996 Oct-Nov;9(7):1135-9.
Protoporphyrinogen
oxidase: high affinity tetrahydrophthalimide radioligand for
the inhibitor/herbicide-binding site in mouse liver mitochondria.
Birchfield
NB, Casida JE.
Department
of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University
of California, Berkeley 94720-3112, USA.
Protoporphyrinogen
oxidase (protox), the last common enzyme in heme and chlorophyll
biosynthesis, is the target of several classes of herbicides
acting as inhibitors in both plants and mammals. N-(4-Chloro-2-fluoro-5-(propargyloxy)phenyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro
phthalimide (a potent protox inhibitor referred to as THP) was
synthesized as a candidate radioligand ([3H]-THP) by selective
catalytic reduction of 3,6-dihydrophthalic anhydride (DHPA)
with tritium gas followed by condensation in 45% yield with
4-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(propargyloxy)aniline. Insertion of tritium
at the 3 and 6 carbons of DHPA as well as the expected 4 and
5 carbons resulted in high specific activity [3H]THP (92 Ci/mmol).
This radioligand undergoes rapid, specific, saturable, and reversible
binding to the inhibitor/herbicide binding site of the protox
component of cholate-solubilized mouse liver mitochondria with
an apparent Kd of 0.41 nM and Bmax of 0.40 pmol/mg of protein.
In the standard assay, mouse preparation (150 micrograms of
protein) and [3H]THP (0.5 nM) are incubated in 500 microL of
phosphate buffer at pH 7.2 for 15 min at 25 degrees C followed
by addition of ammonium sulfate and filtration with glass fiber
filters. The potencies of five nitrodiphenyl ethers and two
other herbicides as inhibitors of [3H]THP binding correlate
well with those for inhibition of protox activity (r2 = 0.97,
n = 7), thus validating the binding assay as relevant to enzyme
inhibition. It is also suitable to determine in vivo block as
illustrated by an approximately 50% decrease
in [3H]THP binding in liver mitochondria from mice treated ip
with oxyfluorfen at 4 mg/kg. This is the first report
of a binding assay for protox in mammals. The high affinity
and specific activity of [3H]THP facilitate quantitation of
protox and therefore research on a sensitive inhibition site
for porphyrin biosynthesis.
PMID: 8902268
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8517781&dopt=Abstract
Arch Toxicol.
1993;67(4):255-61.
Effect of diphenyl
ether herbicides and oxadiazon on porphyrin biosynthesis in
mouse liver, rat primary hepatocyte culture and HepG2 cells.
Krijt
J, van Holsteijn I, Hassing I, Vokurka M, Blaauboer BJ.
Research
Institute of Toxicology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.
The effects
of the herbicides fomesafen, oxyfluorfen, oxadiazon and fluazifop-butyl
on porphyrin accumulation in mouse liver, rat primary hepatocyte
culture and HepG2 cells were investigated. Ten days of herbicide
feeding (0.25% in the diet) increased the liver porphyrins in
male C57B1/6J mice from 1.4 +/- 0.6 to 4.8 +/- 2.1 (fomesafen)
16.9 +2- 2.9 (oxyfluorfen) and 25.9 +/- 3.1 (oxadiazon) nmol/g
wet weight, respectively. Fluazifop-butyl had no effect on liver
porphyrin metabolism. Fomesafen, oxyfluorfen
and oxadiazon increased the cellular porphyrin content of rat
hepatocytes after 24 h of incubation (control, 3.2 pmol/mg
protein, fomesafen, oxyfluorfen and oxadiazon at 0.125 mM concentration
51.5, 54.3 and 44.0 pmol/mg protein, respectively). The porphyrin
content of HepG2 cells increased from 1.6 to 18.2, 10.6 and
9.2 pmol/mg protein after 24 h incubation with the three herbicides.
Fluazifop-butyl increased hepatic cytochrome P450 levels and
ethoxy- and pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (EROD and PROD) activity,
oxyfluorfen increased PROD activity. Peroxisomal palmitoyl CoA
oxidation increased after fomesafen and fluazifop treatment
to about 500% of control values both in mouse liver and rat
hepatocytes. Both rat hepatocytes and HepG2 cells can be used
as a test system for the porphyrogenic potential of photobleaching
herbicides.
PMID:
8517781 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1854991&dopt=Abstract
Bull Environ
Contam Toxicol. 1991 Apr;46(4):485-91.
No
Abstract available
Disappearance
of oxyfluorfen (goal) from onions and organic soils.
Frank
R, Clegg BS, Ritcey G.
Agricultural
Laboratory Services Branch, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
PMID:
1854991 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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