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Sodium hydrogen difluoride (Sodium Bifluoride).
TOXNET profile from Hazardous Substances Data Bank.

Note from FAN: Sodium hydrogen difluoride is also known as Sodium Bifluoride


See for Updates: http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB

SODIUM HYDROGEN DIFLUORIDE
CASRN: 1333-83-1
For other data, click on the Table of Contents

Human Health Effects:

Human Toxicity Excerpts:

Burns of the eye by hydrofluoric acid can be devastating. Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride has been known to destroy the eye and to require enucleation ... . The danger of hydrofluoric acid solutions depends upon the concentration. /Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride/
[Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986. 491]**PEER REVIEWED**

Industrial experience in chemical manufacturing where a mixture of fluorine, fluorides, and hydrogen fluoride may be present in the air indicates that conjunctival hyperemia in the palpebral tissue occurs commonly, irritation of the eyelids occurs occasionally, but corneal disturbance is rare. /Hydrogen fluoride/
[Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986. 490]**PEER REVIEWED**

Less than 1 g by mouth, however, has caused dangerous poisoning; whereas 120 g has been survived, probably because of prompt vomiting. Six grams have been administered intravenously to a teenager without signs of systemic toxicity, but the dosage was given intermittently over a period of 9 days. The systemic toxicity of sodium fluosilicate is about equal to that of sodium fluoride, whereas the less soluble cyrolite is much less toxic. /Sodium fluoride/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. III-186]**PEER REVIEWED**

A remarkable mass of poisoning, involving 263 victims of whom 47 died, occurred at the Oregon State Hospital when sodium fluoride roach powder mistaken for powdered milk was added scrambled eggs. The prepared dish was rejected by some because of a salty or soapy taste and produced numbness of the mouth in others. Toxic signs and symptoms consisted of abrupt and severe nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, followed promptly by abdominal burning and cramps. In many cases blood was noted in the vomitus and feces. General collapse was evidenced by pallor, weakness, shallow pulse and respirations, weak heart sounds, wet cold skin, cyanosis, mydriasis and coma. Some victims also experienced a thick, mucoid discharge from the mouth and nose, paralysis of the muscles of deglutution, painful carpopedalspasms of the extremities and localized or generalized urticaria. /Sodium fluoride/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. III-186]**PEER REVIEWED**

The ingestion of an estimated 1.5 g of hydrofluoric acid produced sudden death without gross pathologic damage. On the other hand the repeated ingestion of small amounts of hydrofluoric acid has resulted in moderately advanced fluoride osteosclerosis in man. Thus, hydrofluoric acid is capable of inducing the systemic manifestations of both acute and chronic fluoride poisoning. It posseses an additional hazard, however, because of its intense corrosivity. /Hydrofluoric acid/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. III-190]**PEER REVIEWED**

In addition to cardiovascular, neuromuscular and gastrointestinal derangements, acute fluoride poisoning causes major adverse effects on two other organ systems, the brain and the kidneys. The more critical dysfunctions are those of the brain. Toxic signs occasionally include headache, excessive salivation, nystagmus and dilated pupils. Transient convulions have been described, but lethargy, stupor and coma are far more common, and death is often ascribed to respiratory failure, presumably of central origin. Whatever the causes of these brain derangements, it is noteworthy that coma and respiratory arrest may develop in the presence of a normal blood pressure. Apparently the central neural effects of fluoride are not solely secondary to an inadequate cerebral circulation. /Fluoride/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. III-187]**PEER REVIEWED**


Human Toxicity Values:

From a study of these cases one concludes that a single dose of 5 to 10 g (70 to 140 mg/kg) of sodium fluoride by mouth is almost certain to be lethal in an untreated adult. /Sodium fluoride/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. III-186]**PEER REVIEWED**


Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:

HIGHLY TOXIC; STRONG IRRITANT TO TISSUE.
[Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis, Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987. 1053]**PEER REVIEWED**


Drug Warnings:

Food and Environmental Agents: Effect on Breast-Feeding: Reported Sign or Symptom in Infant or Effect on Lactation: Fluorides: None. /from Table 7/
[Report of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs in Pediatrics 93 (1): 142 (1994)]**QC REVIEWED**


Emergency Medical Treatment:

Emergency Medical Treatment:

EMT Copyright Disclaimer:
Portions of the POISINDEX(R) database are provided here for general reference. THE COMPLETE POISINDEX(R) DATABASE, AVAILABLE FROM MICROMEDEX, SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC CASES. Copyright 1974-1998 Micromedex, Inc. Denver, Colorado. All Rights Reserved. Any duplication, replication or redistribution of all or part of the POISINDEX(R) database is a violation of Micromedex' copyrights and is strictly prohibited.

The following Overview, *** HYDROFLUORIC ACID ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical.

Life Support:
  o   This overview assumes that basic life support measures
      have been instituted.                           
Clinical Effects:
  SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
   0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   SYSTEMIC TOXICITY - Systemic fluoride toxicity from
         ingestion or dermal or injection exposure to
         hydrofluoric acid (HF) may result in severe
         hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hyperkalemia, metabolic
         acidosis, cardiac dysrhythmias, and death.  HF may
         produce severe ocular and dermal injury as well as
         acute life threatening systemic toxicity with minimal
         external tissue damage.
     o   INGESTION - may result in nausea, vomiting and
         abdominal pain; painful necrotic lesions, hemorrhagic
         gastritis, and pancreatitis have been reported after
         significant exposure.  Local caustic effects to the
         mouth and gastrointestinal tract may be evident.
         Severe systemic toxicity including hypocalcemia,
         hypomagnesemia, hyperkalemia, ventricular dysrhythmias,
         and death may occur after ingestion of even low
         concentrations ( 3 ounces of 8 percent HF in adults).
     o   INHALATION - May cause severe throat irritation, cough,
         dyspnea, cyanosis, lung injury and noncardiogenic
         pulmonary edema.
     o   DERMAL - HF readily penetrates the skin and mucous
         membranes, causing deep tissue destruction.  Severity
         and timing of effects depends on the concentration,
         duration of exposure, and penetrability of the exposed
         tissue; pain may be delayed.  Life threatening systemic
         toxicity may follow dermal exposure with minimal
         external tissue damage.
      1.  CONCENTRATIONS LESS THAN 20 percent - Erythema and
          pain may be delayed for 24 hours, often not reported
          until significant tissue injury has occurred.
      2.  CONCENTRATIONS 20 percent TO 50 percent - Erythema and
          pain may be delayed for 8 hours, often not reported
          until tissue injury has occurred.
      3.  CONCENTRATIONS GREATER THAN 50 percent may produce
          immediate pain and erythema, rapid destruction of
          tissues and acute systemic toxicity.
     o   EYE EXPOSURE - HF exposure commonly causes eye
         irritation and may also cause severe ocular damage.
         Signs and symptoms may be delayed.
   0.2.1.2 CHRONIC EXPOSURE
     o   Hydrogen fluoride and hydrofluoric acid are extreme
         irritants to any part of the body that they contact.
         The main route of exposure to hydrogen fluoride is
         inhalation, followed by dermal contact for acute
         exposure and ingestion for chronic exposure.  Symptoms
         of the chronic effects of hydrofluoric acid include
         weight loss, malaise, anemia, leukopenia, discoloration
         of teeth, and osteosclerosis.
  HEENT
   0.2.4.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   EYES - Ocular exposure to liquid HF produces rapid
         pain, conjunctival injection, corneal abrasion or
         ulceration, progressive corneal vascularization and
         stroma scarring, and corneal opacification.  Permanent
         visual deficits may occur in severe cases.
      1.  HF fume exposure commonly causes eye and mucous
          membrane irritation and may also cause ocular injury.
          Signs and symptoms may be delayed a few hours.
  CARDIOVASCULAR
   0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   QTc prolongation, cardiac dysrhythmias, and cardiac
         arrest have been reported with laboratory abnormalities
         that include hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia, and
         hypomagnesemia.  Histologic myocardial damage has been
         described in fatal exposures.
  RESPIRATORY
   0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   Dyspnea, bronchospasm (with abnormal PFTs and hypoxia),
         chemical pneumonitis, pulmonary edema (can be
         hemorrhagic), tracheobronchitis, upper airway
         obstruction, chemical burns (larynx, trachea, bronchi)
         and ARDS may occur following inhalation.
  GASTROINTESTINAL
   0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   Ingestion may result in nausea, vomiting and abdominal
         pain; painful necrotic lesions, hemorrhagic gastritis,
         and pancreatitis have been reported after significant
         exposure.  Local caustic effects to the mouth and
         gastrointestinal tract may be evident.  Rectal
         administration has caused acute colitis with
         perforation.
  ACID-BASE
   0.2.11.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   Metabolic acidosis has been reported in severe
         poisoning.
  FLUID-ELECTROLYTE
   0.2.12.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   Hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia, and hypomagnesemia may
         develop after inhalation, dermal or oral exposure and
         have been associated with the development of cardiac
         dysrhythmias.  Animal studies suggest that dysrhythmias
         may also be associated with hyperkalemia.
  DERMATOLOGIC
   0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   The severity of the burn and onset of symptoms depend
         on the concentration, duration of exposure, and
         penetrability of the exposed tissue.  Destruction of
         tissue proceeds under toughened coagulated skin so that
         ulcers extend deeply, heal slowly, and leave a scar.
  MUSCULOSKELETAL
   0.2.15.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
     o   Acute exposure may cause decalcification and corrosion
         of the bone beneath the area of dermal burn.
   0.2.15.2 CHRONIC EXPOSURE
     o   Fluorosis is characterized by skeletal changes such as
         increased bone density of the spin and pelvis,
         calcification of ligaments, and hyperostosis although
         clinical fluorosis is unlikely before 10 years of
         exposure to fluoride.
  ENDOCRINE
   0.2.16.2 CHRONIC EXPOSURE
     o   Fluoride exposure can cause moderate functional changes
         in the hypophysis-thyroid gland system without any
         clinical manifestations.
  GENOTOXICITY
    o   DNA damage and chromosome aberrations have been reported
        in insect studies.
Laboratory:
  o   Obtain at least hourly serum electrolytes including serial
      total or ionized calcium, magnesium, and potassium levels.
      total calcium may not reflect true  hypocalcemia, but
      usually has a more rapid turnaround.  therapy should be
      directed toward signs and symptoms of toxicity.  Serum
      fluoride level may be used to confirm HF exposure.  Obtain
      ABGs and chest X-ray in symptomatic patients.
  o   Obtain serial ECGs looking for signs of hypocalcemia
      (prolonged QTc interval) and hyperkalemia (peaked T
      waves).  Institute continuous cardiac monitoring.
Treatment Overview:
  ORAL EXPOSURE
    o   Attempt immediate administration of a fluoride binding
        substance:  milk (one-half to one glassful), chewable
        calcium carbonate tablets, milk of magnesia or a liquid
        antacid.  Avoid large amounts of liquid, as this may
        induce vomiting.
    o   DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
    o   HYPOCALCEMIA may occur.  Correct with IV CALCIUM
        CHLORIDE (10 percent solution).  ADULT:  2 to 4 mg/kg
        (0.02 to 0.04 mL/kg) infused slowly and repeated as
        necessary.  PEDIATRIC:  10 to 30 mg/kg (0.1 to 0.3
        mL/kg) infused slowly and repeat as necessary.  Ideally,
        further doses should be based on measured deficits of
        ionized calcium.  It may be necessary to exceed
        manufacturer's recommended rate and dose of
        administration to correct hypocalcemia.
    o   HYPOMAGNESEMIA may occur.  Correct with IV MAGNESIUM
        SULFATE:  ADULT 2 grams is diluted in 50 to 100 mL of
        D5W and administered over 5 minutes.  PEDIATRIC:  100 to
        200 mg/kg diluted to less than 10 mg/mL.  Repeat doses
        may be necessary.
    o   Observe and evaluate patient for oral and GI burns.
        Consider NG suction if less than 90 minutes since
        ingestion.
  INHALATION EXPOSURE
    o   INHALATION:  Move patient to fresh air.  Monitor for
        respiratory distress.  If cough or difficulty breathing
        develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation,
        bronchitis, or pneumonitis.  Administer oxygen and
        assist ventilation as required.  Treat bronchospasm with
        beta2  agonist and corticosteroid aerosols.
    o   PULMONARY EDEMA (NONCARDIOGENIC):  Maintain ventilation
        and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial
        blood gas or pulse oximetry monitoring.  Early use of
        PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
    o   OBSERVATION - Carefully observe patients with inhalation
        exposure for the development of abnormal systemic signs
        or symptoms and administer symptomatic treatment as
        necessary.  Signs and symptoms of pulmonary edema may be
        delayed for 24 to 72 hours in some cases.
    o   INITIAL TREATMENT - Administer 100 percent humidified
        supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as
        required.  Exposed skin and eyes should be copiously
        washed with water.
  EYE EXPOSURE
    o   Irrigate promptly with crystalloid solution.  Carefully
        evaluate for eye damage; exposure to dilute solutions
        may result in delayed signs and symptoms of ocular
        damage.  The patient should be evaluated by an
        ophthalmologist following appropriate decontamination.
  DERMAL EXPOSURE
    o   DECONTAMINATION - Remove all exposed clothing and
        jewelry taking necessary precautions to prevent
        secondary exposure to health care providers.  Irrigate
        exposed areas promptly with copious amounts of water for
        at least 30 minutes.  Carefully evaluate for eye damage
        and systemic toxicity.
    o   CALCIUM GLUCONATE OR CARBONATE GEL - Use of 2.5 percent
        to 33 percent calcium gluconate or carbonate gel or
        slurry, either placed into a surgical glove into which
        the affected hand is then placed, or applied onto the
        exposed dermis, has been recommended.  This therapy is
        more easily administered and less painful than
        infiltration.  In cases where concentrated HF exposure
        involving the nail and/or nailbed, splitting or removing
        the nail(s) to treat the nailbed injury has been
        advocated.
    o   CALCIUM INFUSION - Regional intravenous infusion of
        calcium gluconate is a therapeutic option in HF burns of
        the forearm, hand, or digits as adjunct to topical
        therapy or if topical therapy is unsatisfactory.
        Intra-arterial calcium infusion for digital HF burn is
        also a therapeutic option and may be considered if
        regional intravenous calcium gluconate is ineffective.
    o   CALCIUM GLUCONATE INFILTRATION - Continued tissue
        destruction and pain may be minimized by SC
        administration of calcium gluconate.  Local infiltration
        with CALCIUM GLUCONATE may be considered if (1) exposure
        results in immediate tissue damage or (2) erythema and
        pain persist following adequate irrigation.  Infiltrate
        each cm(2) of affected dermis and SC tissue with about
        0.5 mL of 10 percent CALCIUM GLUCONATE using a 30 gauge
        needle.  Repeat as needed to control pain.  CAUTION:
        Avoid administering large volumes as this will result in
        decreased tissue perfusion and potential necrosis.
    o   DO NOT USE CALCIUM CHLORIDE - Calcium chloride is
        irritating to the tissues and may cause injury.
Range of Toxicity:
  o   INGESTION - Electrolyte disturbances, dysrhythmias and
      death in adults have been reported after ingestion of 3
      ounces of 6 to 8 percent HF.
  o   INHALATION - Hemorrhagic alveolitis and ARDS have been
      reported following exposure to 8 percent HF for 30 minutes
      in succession several hours apart.
  o   DERMAL - Severe systemic toxicity and death has been
      reported following 2.5 percent body surface area (BSA)
      burns from 100 percent HF, 8 percent BSA burns from 70
      percent HF, and 11 percent BSA burns from 23 percent HF.

[Rumack BH: POISINDEX(R) Information System. Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2001; CCIS Volume 110, edition exp November, 2001. Hall AH & Rumack BH (Eds):TOMES(R) Information System. Micromedex, Inc., Englewood, CO, 2001; CCIS Volume 110, edition exp November, 2001.] **PEER REVIEWED**

Antidote and Emergency Treatment:

... Extensive experimental evaluation of possible treatments of hydrofluoric acids burns of rabbit eyes, which, to the extent that rabbit and human eyes are comparable, appears to provide a sound scientific basis for a choice. Fluoride ion is toxic when it gains access to the corneal stroma through damage of the corneal epithelium by low acid pH. ... Compared the results of irrigating burned eyes for 30 minutes with one liter each of a series of substances designed to inactivate fluoride ion, and separately evaluated the toxicity of these substances themselves. ... Subconjunctival injections ... concluded that subconjunctival 10% calcium gluconate or irrigation with 0.2% benzethionum chloride or 0.05% benzalkonium chloride were themselves too injurious to normal rabbit eyes to recommend for clinical use. ... Found the only non-toxic treatment with therapeutic value was a single irrigation with isotonic sodium chloride or magnesium chloride. ... Found that repeated irrigation was inadvisable because it strikingly increased the frequency of corneal ulceration in burned eyes. ... The simplest and most effective first-aid treatment was copious irrigation with water or saline. /Hydrofluoric acid/
[Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986. 492]**PEER REVIEWED**


Animal Toxicity Studies:

Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:

The clastogenic potential of sodium fluoride was determined both in vitro (using cultured human lymphocytes) and in vivo (using the rat bone-marrow micronucleus test). The incidence of chromosome aberrations in human lymphocyte cultures exposed to 20 or 40 ug/ml sodium fluoride (3 and 9% respectively) was significantly increased compared it control cultures (0.5%). However, the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in male AP rats dosed 1000 mg/kg sodium fluoride (the maximum tolerated dose over 24 hr) or 500 mg/kg sodium fluoride was similar to that in the animals dosed distilled water (vehicle control). Thus, sodium fluoride is clastogenic in vitro but not in vivo.
[Albanese R et al; Mutagenesis 2 (96): 497-9 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Non-Human Toxicity Values:

LD50 Rat oral 80 mg/kg /Sodium fluoride/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-112]**PEER REVIEWED**


Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics:

Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:

Similarly, hydrofluoric acid can be absorbed percutaneously to produce severe systemic poisoning. Such was the case in one skin burn due to 5 g of pure anhydrous liquid hydrofluoric acid (chilled and under pressure until the vessel burst); about 2.5% of the body surface area was estimated to have been contaminated. In a remarkably similar episode, the patient experienced severe hypocalcemia and multiple attacks of ventricular fibrillation but no pulmonary edema; he died in asystole after 9.5 hours. Blood fluoride levels in such patients are sometimes comparable to those found in persons dying after ingestion of neutral salts. /Hyrofluoric acid/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. III-190]**PEER REVIEWED**

Whatever the mechanism, fluoride almost certainly does accumulate rapidly in bone during acute fluoride poisoning. Though temporary, its large accretion in bone serves to protect vulnerable soft tissues and organs. Most of the sequestered fluoride, however, is eventually released but only slowly. If renal function is not seriously impaired, it is excreted in urine. In this way the body burden of fluoride is safely lowered but only over a long period of time, probably several days or a few weeks. ...
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. III-188]**PEER REVIEWED**


Pharmacology:

Drug Warnings:

Food and Environmental Agents: Effect on Breast-Feeding: Reported Sign or Symptom in Infant or Effect on Lactation: Fluorides: None. /from Table 7/
[Report of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs in Pediatrics 93 (1): 142 (1994)]**QC REVIEWED**


Environmental Fate & Exposure:

Artificial Pollution Sources:

OCCURS ARTIFICIALLY FROM TIN PLATE PRODUCTION; NEUTRALIZER IN LAUNDRY RINSING OPERATIONS; PRESERVATIVE FOR ZOOLOGICAL & ANATOMICAL SPECIMENS; ETCHING GLASS; ANTISEPTIC.
[Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis, Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987. 1053]**PEER REVIEWED**

LEATHER BLEACH
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

CLEANER FOR STONE & BRICK BUILDING FACES.
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**


Environmental Standards & Regulations:

CERCLA Reportable Quantities:

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).
[54 FR 33419 (8/14/89)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Clean Water Act Requirements:

Designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance.
[40 CFR 116.4 (7/1/88)] **QC REVIEWED**


FDA Requirements:

Bottled water packaged in the USA to which no fluoride is added shall not contain fluoride in excess of 1.8 mg/l at 63.9-70.6 deg F. Bottled water packaged in the USA to which fluoride is added shall not contain fluoride in excess of 1.2 mg/l at 63.9-70.6 deg F. Imported bottled water to which no fluoride is added and imported bottled water to which fluoride is added shall not contain fluoride in excess of 1.4 mg/l and 0.8 mg/l, respectively. /Fluoride/
[21 CFR 103.35 (4/1/90)]**PEER REVIEWED**


Chemical/Physical Properties:

Molecular Formula:

F2-H-Na
**PEER REVIEWED**


Molecular Weight:

61.99
[Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. B-130]**PEER REVIEWED**


Color/Form:

COLORLESS, OR WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER, RHOMBOHEDRAL
[Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. B-130]**PEER REVIEWED**


Density/Specific Gravity:

2.08
[Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. B-130]**PEER REVIEWED**


Solubilities:

SOL IN COLD & HOT WATER
[Weast, R.C. (ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988-1989.,p. B-130]**PEER REVIEWED**


Other Chemical/Physical Properties:

Decomp on heating.
[Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis, Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987. 1053]**PEER REVIEWED**


Chemical Safety & Handling:

DOT Emergency Guidelines:

Health: TOXIC, inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-154]**QC REVIEWED**

Fire or explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-154]**QC REVIEWED**

Public safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. Isolate spill or leak area immediately for at least 25 to 50 meters (80 to 160 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-154]**QC REVIEWED**

Protective clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing which is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. Structural firefighters' protective clothing is recommended for fire situations ONLY, it is not effective in spill situations.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-154]**QC REVIEWED**

Evacuation: Spill: See the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for highlighted substances. For non-highlighted substances, increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown under "PUBLIC SAFETY". Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-154]**QC REVIEWED**

Fire: Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray. Large fires: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from the ends of tanks.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-154]**QC REVIEWED**

Spill or leak: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-154]**QC REVIEWED**

First aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call emergency medical care. Apply artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; induce artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect themselves.
[U.S. Department of Transportation. 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guidebook for First Responders During the Initial Phase of aHazardous Materials/Dangerous Goods Incident. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration, Office of HazardousMaterials Initiatives and Training (DHM-50), Washington, D.C. (1996).,p. G-154]**QC REVIEWED**


Skin, Eye and Respiratory Irritations:

HIGHLY TOXIC; STRONG IRRITANT TO TISSUE.
[Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis, Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987. 1053]**PEER REVIEWED**


NFPA Hazard Classification:

Health: 2. 2= Materials hazardous to health, but areas may be entered freely with self-contained breathing apparatus.
[National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 9th ed. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1986.,p. 49-82]**PEER REVIEWED**

Flammability: 0. 0= Materials that will not burn.
[National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 9th ed. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1986.,p. 49-82]**PEER REVIEWED**

Reactivity: 0. 0= Materials which are normally stable even under fire exposure conditions, and which are not reactive with water. Normal fire fighting procedures may be used.
[National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 9th ed. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1986.,p. 49-82]**PEER REVIEWED**


Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:

500 mg/cu m /Fluorides (as F)/
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 90-117. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1990 116]**QC REVIEWED**


Shipment Methods and Regulations:

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./
[49 CFR 171.2 (7/1/96)]**QC REVIEWED**

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.
[IATA. Dangerous Goods Regulations. 38th ed. Montreal, Canada and Geneva, Switzerland: International Air Transport Association, Dangerous Goods Board, January, 1997. 213]**QC REVIEWED**

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.
[IMDG; International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code; International Maritime Organization p.8212 (1988)]**QC REVIEWED**


Occupational Exposure Standards:

OSHA Standards:

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 2.5 mg/cu m. /Fluorides, as F/
[29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/98)]**QC REVIEWED**

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 2.5 mg/cu m. /Fluoride as dust/
[29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/98)]**QC REVIEWED**


Threshold Limit Values:

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA) 2.5 mg/cu m /Fluorides (as F)/
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents Biological Exposure Indices for 1998. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1998. 39]**QC REVIEWED**

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed five times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Fluorides (as F)/
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents Biological Exposure Indices for 1998. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1998. 6]**QC REVIEWED**

Biological Exposure Index adoption (1990 edition): Fluorides in urine prior to shift is 3 mg/g creatinine. Fluorides in urine at end of shift is 10 mg/g creatinine. The determinant is usually present in a significant amt in biological specimens collected from subjects who have not been occupationally exposed. Such background levels are incl in the BEI value. The determinant is nonspecific, since it is observed after exposure to some other chemicals. These nonspecific tests are preferred because they are easy to use and usually offer a better correlation with exposure than specific tests. In such instances, a BEI for a specific, less quantitative biological determinant is recommended as a confirmatory test. /Fluorides/
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents Biological Exposure Indices for 1998. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1998. 100]**QC REVIEWED**

A4. A4= Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Fluorides, as F/
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents Biological Exposure Indices for 1998. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1998. 39]**QC REVIEWED**


Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:

500 mg/cu m /Fluorides (as F)/
[NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) Publication No. 90-117. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1990 116]**QC REVIEWED**


Other Occupational Permissible Levels:

USSR & Czechoslovakia: 1 mg/cu m; West Germany & Sweden: 2.5 mg/cu m.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH:American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986. 273]**PEER REVIEWED**


Manufacturing/Use Information:

Major Uses:

TIN PLATE PRODUCTION; NEUTRALIZER IN LAUNDRY RINSING OPERATIONS; PRESERVATIVE FOR ZOOLOGICAL & ANATOMICAL SPECIMENS; ETCHING GLASS; ANTISEPTIC.
[Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis, Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987. 1053]**PEER REVIEWED**

LEATHER BLEACH
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

CLEANER FOR STONE & BRICK BUILDING FACES.
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**


Manufacturers:

ESSEX CHEM CORP, ESSEX INDUST CHEMS, INC, SUBSID, PAULSBORO, NJ 08066
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chemtech Indust Inc, 1655 Des Peres Rd, St Louis, MO 63131, (314) 966-9900
[McCurdy, P.P. (ed.). Chemical Week Buyer's Guide '88. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Inc., 1988. 474]**PEER REVIEWED**

Essex Chem Corp, Essex Indust Chem Inc, 1401 Broad St, Clifton, NJ 07015, (201) 773-6306
[McCurdy, P.P. (ed.). Chemical Week Buyer's Guide '88. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Inc., 1988. 474]**PEER REVIEWED**

Kali-Chemie AG, 41 W Putnam Ave, Greenwich, CT 06830, (203) 629-7900
[McCurdy, P.P. (ed.). Chemical Week Buyer's Guide '88. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Inc., 1988. 474]**PEER REVIEWED**

American Fluoride Corp, 17 Huntington Pl, New Rochelle, NY 10801, (914) 235-6925
[OPD CHEMICAL BUYERS DIRECTORY 1987 p.631]**PEER REVIEWED**

Philipp Brothers Chem Inc, 10 Columbus Circle, New York, NY 10019, (212) 586-6020
[OPD CHEMICAL BUYERS DIRECTORY 1987 p.631]**PEER REVIEWED**

American Hoescht Corp, Specialty Products Group, Indust Chem, Route 202-206 North, Somerville, NJ 08876, (201) 231-2276
[OPD CHEMICAL BUYERS DIRECTORY 1987 p.631]**PEER REVIEWED**


Methods of Manufacturing:

REACTION OF AN EXCESS OF HYDROFLUORIC ACID WITH SODIUM CARBONATE OR SODIUM HYDROXIDE.
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**


U. S. Production:

(1982) 1.36X10+9 GRAMS (EST)
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**


Laboratory Methods:

Clinical Laboratory Methods:

ANALYTE: FLUORIDE; MATRIX: URINE; RANGE: LOWER LIMIT URINE 0.19 MG/LITER; PROCEDURE: ION SPECIFIC ELECTRODE. /FLUORIDE/
[U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual ofAnalytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present.,p. V1 114-1]**PEER REVIEWED**


Analytic Laboratory Methods:

ANALYTE: GASEOUS & PARTICULATE FLUORIDES; MATRIX: AIR; RANGE: LOWER LIMIT 0.005 MG/CU M AIR; PROCEDURE: COLLECTION ON MEMBRANE FILTER & ALKALINE FILTER, SELECTIVE ION ELECTRODE. /FLUORIDES/
[U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual ofAnalytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present.,p. V1 212-1]**PEER REVIEWED**

ANALYTE: TOTAL FLUORIDE; MATRIX: AIR; RANGE: 0.05 TO 475 MG/CU M FLUORIDE; PROCEDURE: COLLECTION VIA IMPINGER, ION SPECIFIC ELECTRODE. /FLUORIDE/
[U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual ofAnalytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present.,p. V1 117-1]**PEER REVIEWED**

Sodium in water: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Method - Can be used to determine sodium in water at wavelength of 589.0 nm. Flame gases are air-acetylene. This method has a sensitivity of 0.005-0.2 mg/l. This method is applicable to determination of 1-200 mg sodium/l in surface and saline waters, and domestic and industrial wastes. /Sodium/
[Association of Official Analytic Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis of the AOAC. 14th ed. Arlington, VA: Association of Official Analytic Chemists, Inc., 1984.,p. 632/33.107-110]**PEER REVIEWED**

M325B Flame Emission Photometic Method. Trace amounts of sodium can be determined by flame emission photometry at a wavelength of 589 nm. The intensity of light is measured by a phototube potentiometer or other appropriate circuit. The intensity of light at 589 nm is approximately proportional to the concentration of the element. The calibration curve may be linear but has a tendency to level off at high concentrations. Flame photometers operating on the internal standard principle may require adding a standard lithium solution to each working standard and sample. The optimum lithium concentration may vary among individual instruments; therefore, ascertain it for the instrument. A synthetic sample containing 19.9 mg Na/l, 108 mg Ca/l, 82 mg Mg/l, 3.1 mg K/l, 241 mg Cl (-)/l, 0.25 mg NO2 -N/l, 1.1 mg NO3-N/l, 259 mg SO4 (2-)/l, and 42.5 mg total alkalinity/l was analyzed in 35 laboratories by the flame photometric method, with a relative standard deviation of 17.3% and a relative error of 4.0% /Sodium/
[Franson MA (Ed): Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater p.246-8 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Method 325B. Flame Emission Photometric. Trace amounts of sodium can be determined by flame emission photometry at a wavelengh of 589 nm. Detection limit is 100 ug/l. /Sodium/
[Franson, MA (Ed). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater P.246-249 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Method 305: Emission spectroscopy for the determination of sodium in water and wastewater samples using an inductively coupled plasma source. The exact choice of emission line is related to sample matrix and instrumentation. A typically used emission line for sodium in water is a wavelength of 589.0 nm, with an expected detection limit of 30 ug/l. /Sodium/
[Franson MA (Ed): Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater p.181 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Direct Aspiration Atomic Absorption Spectrometry is used for the determination of sodium. Using air-acetylene as the flame gas at a wavelength of 589.0 nm.
[Franson MA (Ed); Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater p.154 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

NIOSH Method 173: Analyte: Trace metals; Procedure: Atomic absorption spectrometry. Samples are treated with nitric acid to ash the organic matrix and to dissolve the metal present in the sample. The analysis is subsequently made by atomic absorption spectrometry. The relative standard deviation of the method is 3%. This method has the sensitivity of 0.015 ug/m, detection limit of 0.0002 ug/ml, over a range of 0.5-5.0 ug/ml to 21-210 ug/cu m. /Sodium/
[U.S. Department of Health, Education Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety Health. NIOSH Manual ofAnalytical Methods. 2nd ed. Volumes 1-7. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977-present.,p. 173-1 Vol. 3]**PEER REVIEWED**

NIOSH Method 7300-1: Analyte: Sodium. Matrix: Air. Procedure: Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma, atomic emission spectroscopy. For sodium this method has an estimated detection limit of 1 ug per 500 liter air sample. The overall precision/RSD is 0.045 at 1000 ug/filter and the recovery is 101% at 100 ug/ filter. Applicability: The working range of this method is 0.005 to 2.0 mg/cu m for sodium in 500 liter air sample. Interferences are the primary interferences. /Sodium/
[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSHManual of Analytical Methods, 3rd ed. Volumes 1 and 2 with 1985 supplement, and revisions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1984.,p. 7300-1]**PEER REVIEWED**


Special References:

Synonyms and Identifiers:

Synonyms:

Fluorure acide de soodium (French)
**PEER REVIEWED**

Fluoruro acido de sodio (Spanish)
**PEER REVIEWED**

SODIUM ACID FLUORIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**

SODIUM BIFLUORIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**

SODIUM FLUORIDE (NA(HF2))
**PEER REVIEWED**

SODIUM HYDROGEN FLUORIDE
**PEER REVIEWED**


Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO:

UN 2439; Sodium bifluoride, solid or solution.

IMO 8.0; Sodium bifluoride, solid or solution.


Standard Transportation Number:

49 323 56; Sodium bifluoride, solution.

49 323 55; Sodium bifluoride, solid


RTECS Number:

NIOSH/WB4180000


Administrative Information:

Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 5820

Last Revision Date: 20010809

Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 02/06/1991


Update History:

Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/16/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/28/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/08/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/29/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/17/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/11/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/03/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/10/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/01/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/23/1997, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 07/11/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/21/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/30/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/09/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/26/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/09/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/16/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/18/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/05/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/04/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/07/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 01/10/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/27/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/28/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/24/1991, 42 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 03/06/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/19/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/21/1989, 9 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/04/1985