TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE
CASRN: 75-69-4 For other data, click on the Table of Contents
Human Health Effects:
Human Toxicity Excerpts:
BY INHALATION, LARGE, ACUTE DOSES HAVE RESULTED IN CARDIAC SENSITIZATION (ARRHYTHMIA)
OR BRONCHIAL CONSTRICTION LEADING TO DEATH ... . [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume
1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. 782]**PEER REVIEWED**
... HUMAN EXPOSURE TO 1000 PPM, 8 HR/DAY, 5 DAYS/WK FOR A TOTAL OF 18 EXPOSURES
HAD NO UNTOWARD SUBJECTIVE EFFECTS, & THERE WERE NO CHANGES IN THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
OR PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS. THE VENOUS BLOOD LEVELS OF FC11 AFTER 8 HR WERE
AS HIGH AS 4.69 UG/ML. THE GRADUAL ATTAINMENT OF THIS LEVEL REPRESENTS A LOW
UPTAKE OF THE GAS. [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1201]**PEER REVIEWED**
... BRADYCARDIA IS THE USUAL RESPONSE IN HUMAN SUBJECTS INHALING 10% OF CFC
11. ... IT IS REASONABLE TO SUGGEST THAT BRADYCARDIA IN MAN ORIGINATES FROM
IRRITATION OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT, & THAT CARDIAC EFFECTS CAN BE
INITIATED PRIOR TO ABSORPTION OF CFC 11 IN THE LUNGS. [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1182]**PEER REVIEWED**
GAS OF LOW TOXICITY BUT NOT ENTIRELY INERT. [Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology
of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-160]**PEER
REVIEWED**
MAY BE /CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEPRESSANT/ ... IN HIGH CONCN. [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 1517]**PEER REVIEWED**
A SPECIAL CLASS OF CHEMICALS SUBJECT TO ABUSE BY INHALATION ARE THE FLUOROHYDROCARBONS,
SUCH AS ... TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE ... THE "SNIFFING" OF SUCH AEROSOL SPRAYS
IS HAZARDOUS PRACTICE. ... 110 "SUDDEN SNIFFING DEATHS" /HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED/
... IN EACH CASE THE VICTIM SPRAYED THE AEROSOL INTO A PLASTIC BAG, INHALED
THE CONTENTS, BECAME EXCITED, RAN 90 M OR SO, COLLAPSED, & DIED. NECROPSY
FINDINGS WERE LARGELY NEGATIVE. [Goodman, L.S., and A. Gilman. (eds.) The Pharmacological Basis
of Therapeutics. 5th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975. 910]**PEER
REVIEWED**
... TWO CASES OF PHOSGENE POISONING FROM DISINTEGRATION OF FC 11 PROPELLANT
AT AN OPEN FLAME IN AN ENCLOSURE /REPORTED/. [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial
Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John
Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3075]**PEER REVIEWED**
Workers ... /involved in a spill of/ large volume of CFC-11 were exposed to
high concentrations and developed /CNS depressant/ effects. In one case, unconsciousness
occurred, and in another, potentiation of the endogenous adrenaline effect and
tachycardia. [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.93 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Three volunteers were exposed to a CFC-11 concentration of 3750 mg/cu m (657
ppm). The average value of pulmonary retention was 18.9%. CFC-11 levels in alveolar
air and blood were 3066 mg/cu m (537 ppm) and 2.8 ug/ml, respectively. [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.57 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
/UV-B Radiation is likely to incr by ozone depletion caused by atmospheric
concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons/. Indications are increasing that UV-B
radiation ... plays a role in the induction and growth of cutaneous melanomas,
a ... dangerous type of skin cancer. ... There are indications that ... suppression
of the immune response by UV-B radiation may occur in humans. The antigen presenting
Langerhans cells in the skin are damaged and allergic responses are depressed.
... There are indications that UV-B radiation increases cataract formation,
an important cause of blindness especially in areas with limited medical facilities.
/Chlorofluorocarbons/ [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.101 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Many gases emitted as a result of industrial and agricultural activities can
accumulate in the earth's atmosphere and ultimately contribute to alterations
in the vertical distribution and concentrations of stratospheric ozone. Among
the most important are those trace gases that have long residence times in the
atmosphere. This allows accumulation in the troposphere and a gradual upward
migration of the gases into the stratosphere where they contribute to depletion
of stratospheric ozone layer. The atmospheric and chemical processes involved
are extremely complex. Trace gases of particular concern include certain long
lived chlorofluorocarbons, such as CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113. Since the transport
of these gases to the stratosphere is slow, their residence times there are
long, and the removal processes are slow, any effect on stratospheric ozone
already seen is probably the result of anthropogenic emissions of these gases
several decades ago. Those gases already in the atmosphere will continue to
exert stratospheric ozone depletion effects well into the next century. /Chlorofluorocarbons/
[WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.47 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Increased UV-B radiation would be expected to increase photochemical smog,
and this would aggravate the related health problems in urban and industrialized
areas. /UV-B Radiation/ [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.21 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
/In a patient/ gastric perforation ... occurred one-half hour after accidental
ingestion of refrigerated Freon 11; transient jaundice and liver enzyme elevation
postoperatively was /also/ reported in this patient. [Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose.
2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. 1281]**PEER REVIEWED**
Deaths resulting from cardiovascular collapse after arrhythmias have been
reported after inhalation of Freons 11 and 12. [Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis
and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing
Co., Inc. 1988. 528]**PEER REVIEWED**
Trichlorofluoromethane ... a liquid used mainly as a refrigerant, has no known
systemic toxic effect on the eye. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL:
Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986. 941]**PEER REVIEWED**
Ten subjects /were exposed/ to CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-114, two mixtures of CFC-11
and CFC-12, and a mixture of CFC-12 and CFC-114 (breathing concentrations between
16 and 150 g/cu m) for 15, 45, or 60 seconds, and found significant acute reduction
of ventilatory lung capacity (FEV50, FEF25) on exposure to each chlorofluorocarbon,
as well as bradycardia and increased variability in heart rate in seven subjects,
negative T-waves in two subjects (one was exposed to CFC-11 and CFC-12), and
atrioventricular block in 1 subject (CFC-114). Mixtures exerted stronger respiratory
effects than individual chlorofluorocarbon at the same level of exposure. [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.90 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Allergic contact eczema /was reported/ in patch tests performed on three patients
that had a prior history of skin reactions to deodorant sprays. All three patients
showed strong positive reactions to 11 deodorant sprays and mild to strong reactions
to CFC-11. One patient showed a mild reaction to CFC-12. Fifteen controls (without
prior history of allergy to deodorants) showed no response to either CFC-11
or CFC-12. These results suggest that individuals may become sensitized to certain
chlorofluorocarbons applied repeatedly to the skin surface. [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.91 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Effects of chlorofluorocarbons on bronchiolar tone in asthmatic children /were
studied/. Forced expiratory volume, a measure of bronchial tone, was measured
in 18 children with a history of asthma, before and after inhaling aerosols
of the B2-receptor agonist, fenoterol, or a mixture of CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-114,
and in the absence of treatment. The levels of exposure were not reported. Exposure
to the chlorofluorocarbon mixture significantly reduced forced expiratory volume
for 2 hr, relative to no treatment, and for 8 hr relative to exposure to fenoterol
(containing CFC-11 and CFC-12). The results suggest that chlorofluorcarbons
can decrease bronchial tone in asthmatic patients, but that this effect is transient
and of a sufficiently small magnitude to be superseded by the dilating effects
of fenoterol when both fenoterol and chlorofluorcarbon propellants are inhaled
together. [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.91 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Eighty nine workers were examined during their work with refrigerant equipment.
The refrigerants used were mainly CFC-12 (in 56% of the cases) and HCFC-22 (32%),
the rest being CFC-11, CFC-500 (a mixture of CFC-12 and HCFC 152a), CFC-502
( a mixture of CFC-115 and HCFC 22). The mean exposure time was 10 min. Chlorofluorocarbon
concentrations in the breathing zone were measured for each person individually.
The levels exceeded 750 ppm at least once (as one min mean values) for 60 of
the 89 individuals. Cardiac arrhythmias were registered before, during, and
after the exposure by means of a portable ECG instrument connected to a tape
recorder. No statistically significant difference was found between exposed
and nonexposed period, nor was there any dose related trend for different individuals
when grouped into different exposure groups. In this study, possible effects
on the central nervous system were also studied by means of simple reaction
time measurements before and after the exposure. No impairment was seen. [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.93 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Trichlorofluoromethane can affect the body if it is inhaled or if it comes
in contact with the eye or skin. It can also affect the body if it is swallowed.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 1]**PEER REVIEWED**
Propellant /fluorocarbon/ gases were generated from commercial aerosol units
and applied to the from distance of 50 cm for periods of 15 to 60 sec. At a
measured concn of 95,000 mg/cu m (1700 ppm), there was a biphasic change in
ventilation capacity, the first reduction occurring within a few minutes after
exposure, and second delayed until 13 to 30 min after exposure, and second delayed
until 13 to 30 min after exposure. Most subjects developed bradycardia, and
inversion of the T-wave. /Propellant gases/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1201]**PEER REVIEWED**
Freon 11, inhaled at 5% concentration, sensitizes the myocardium to epinephrine.
A 6% concentration results in apnea and areflexia. A 10% concentration produces
cardiac arrhythmias. Deaths resulting from cardiovascular collapse after arrhythmias
have been reported after inhalation of /Freon 11/ ... . [Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis
and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing
Co., Inc. 1988. 528]**PEER REVIEWED**
EXCESSIVE SKIN CONTACT WITH LIQ FLUOROCARBONS SHOULD BE MINIMIZED TO PREVENT
DEFATTING OF SKIN ... /FLUOROCARBONS/ [International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health
and Safety. Vols. I&II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office,
1983. 897]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fluorocarbon vapors are 4 to 5 times heavier than air. Thus high concn tend
to accumulate in low-lying areas, resulting in hazard of inhalation of concentrated
vapors, which may be fatal. /Fluorocarbons/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1195]**PEER REVIEWED**
Under certain condition, fluorocarbon vapors may decompose on contact with
flames or hot surfaces, creating potential hazard of inhalation of toxic decomposition
products. /Fluorocarbons/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1195]**PEER REVIEWED**
EARLY ... HUMAN EXPERIENCE INDICATED THAT HIGH VAPOR CONCN (EG, 20%) MAY CAUSE
CONFUSION, PULMONARY IRRITATION, TREMORS & RARELY COMA, BUT THAT THESE EFFECTS
WERE GENERALLY TRANSIENT & WITHOUT LATE SEQUELAE. ... CAUSE OF DEATH /FROM
ABUSE OF FLUOROCARBONS/ IS IN CONSIDERABLE DOUBT. FREEZING OF AIRWAY SOFT TISSUES
CAN PROBABLY BE ELIMINATED AS A CAUSE OF DEATH EXCEPT IN CASES WHERE THE PRODUCT
WAS SPRAYED DIRECTLY INTO THE MOUTH FROM ITS CONTAINER OR FROM A BALLOON CONTAINING
SOME LIQUID. LARYNGEAL SPASM OR EDEMA, OXYGEN DISPLACEMENT, OR SENSITIZATION
OF MYOCARDIUM TO ENDOGENOUS CATECHOLAMINES WITH SUBSEQUENT VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION
APPEAR TO BE REASONABLE POSSIBILITIES. /FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS & PROPELLANTS/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology
of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-159]**PEER
REVIEWED**
A SPECIAL CLASS OF CHEMICALS SUBJECT TO ABUSE BY INHALATION ARE THE FLUOROHYDROCARBONS
... THE "SNIFFING" OF SUCH AEROSOL SPRAYS IS HAZARDOUS PRACTICE. ... 110 "SUDDEN
SNIFFING DEATHS" /HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED/ ... IN EACH CASE THE VICTIM SPRAYED
THE AEROSOL INTO A PLASTIC BAG, INHALED THE CONTENTS, BECAME EXCITED, RAN 90
M OR SO, COLLAPSED, & DIED. NECROPSY FINDINGS WERE LARGELY NEGATIVE ...
ALTHOUGH AMOUNT OF PROPELLANT ABSORBED INTO BLOOD FROM USE OF HAIRSPRAY, COSMETIC,
HOUSEHOLD, & MEDICATED AEROSOLS MUST VARY WITH CIRCUMSTANCES, PHYSICIAN
IS ADVISED TO COUNSEL ... PATIENT ON POTENTIAL DANGERS, PARTICULARLY FROM THEIR
USE IN POORLY VENTILATED CONFINED AREAS. IT IS POSSIBLE THAT PATIENTS WITH CARDIAC
OR RESPIRATORY DISORDERS MAY PROVE ESPECIALLY SUSCEPTIBLE. /FLUOROHYDROCARBONS/
[Goodman, L.S., and A. Gilman. (eds.) The Pharmacological Basis
of Therapeutics. 5th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975. 910]**PEER
REVIEWED**
In a cross-sectional study the neurological effects of fluorocarbons were
evaluated in 27 refrigeration repair workers. Fourteen age matched reference
subjects were selected from a local union of plumbers, pipe-fitters, and insulation
workers. A case of peripheral neuropathy in a commercial refrigeration repairman
prompted the investigation. Personal air samples from 2 worker-participants
over the course of a typical workshift showed 1.4 ppm chlorodifluoromethane
and 2.2 ppm chloropenta-fluoroethane. There were no cases of peripheral neuropathy
in the study subjects. There was no significant difference in mean nerve conduction
velocities (ulnar, median, peroneal, sural, tibial) between study and reference
subjects. Lightheadedness and palpitations were reported significantly more
often by refrigeration repair workers (p<0.05). /Fluorocarbons/ [Campell DD et al; Br J Ind Med 43:107-11 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fluorocarbons were initially believed to be compounds low in toxicity. In
the late 1960s there were early reports of deaths caused by intentional inhalation
abuse of various aerosols. Victims frequently discharged the aerosol contents
into a plastic bag and then inhaled the gaseous contents. Suffocation was initially
considered to be the cause of death. In 1970, 110 cases of "sudden sniffing
death" /were reviewed/ without finding evidence of suffocation. The majority
of those deaths (59) involved fluorocarbon propellants. He noted that in several
cases sudden death followed a burst of emotional stress or exercise. No significant
findings were noted at autopsy. /Fluorocarbons/ [Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose.
2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. 1281]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fluorocarbon propellants are anesthetic and cardiotoxic. ... Aerosol propellants
produce hallucinogenic effects, and, rarely, contact dermatitis. /Fluorocarbon
propellants/ [Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis
and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing
Co., Inc. 1988. 528]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fluorocarbon propellants, benzene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, gasoline, toluene,
and hydrocarbons have been implicated in 110 sudden deaths after inhalant abuse
in which no obvious cardiac or pulmonary pathology existed. Heavy exercise or
stress was associated with 18 of those deaths, /it was/ proposed that these
inhalants act to sensitize the myocardium to endogenous catecholamines. Hypoxia,
hypercarbia, and acidosis may exacerbate these effects. /Fluorocarbon propellants/
[Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis
and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing
Co., Inc. 1988. 841]**PEER REVIEWED**
Chlorinated hydrocarbons may cause systemic toxicity through percutaneous
absorption. Systemic toxicity includes convulsion, delirium, and central nervous
system depression /From table/. /Chlorinated hydrocarbons/ [Zenz, C. Occupational Medicine-Principles and Practical Applications.
2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Yearbook, Inc, 1988. 160]**PEER REVIEWED**
There is ... evidence that the atmospheric concns of chlorofluorocarbons deplete
ozone in the stratosphere. A reduction in ozone concn will result in increased
transmission of solar UV radiation through the stratosphere. Many significant
adverse effects of such an incr in exposure to this radiation have been identified.
... One of the most well-defined human health effects resulting from stratospheric
ozone depletion is an incr in the frequency of skin cancer expected as a result
of even small increases in UV-B radiation (280-320 nm) reaching the earths's
surface. /Chlorofluorocarbons/ [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.95 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Freons are toxic to humans by several mechanisms. Inhaled fluorocarbons sensitized
the myocardium to catecholamines, frequently resulting in lethal ventricular
arrhythmias. Because they are gases heavier than air, fluorocarbons can displace
atmospheric oxygen, thus resulting in asphyxiation. These compounds also have
a central nervous system (CNS) anesthetic effect analogous to a structurally
similar general anesthetic, halothane. Pressurized refrigerant or liquid fluorocarbons
with a low boiling point have a cyrogenic effect on exposed tissues, causing
frostbite, laryngeal or pulmonary edema, and gastrointestinal perforation. Certain
fluorocarbons degrade at high temperatures into toxic products of chlorine,
hydrofluoric acid, or phosgene gases. /Freons/ [Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose.
2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. 1281]**PEER REVIEWED**
... HIGH VAPOR CONCN (EG, 20%) MAY CAUSE CONFUSION, PULMONARY IRRITATION,
TREMORS & RARELY COMA ... BUT ... THESE EFFECTS WERE GENERALLY TRANSIENT
& WITHOUT LATE SEQUELAE. /FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS & PROPELLANTS/ [Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology
of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-159]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Non-occupational exposure and accidental or abusive inhalation of aerosols
/due to Fluorocarbon propellants/ have also been documented, the main symptoms
being CNS depression and cardiovascular reactions. Cardiac arrhythmia, possibly
aggravated by elevated levels of catecholamines due to stress or by moderate
hypercapnia, is suggested as the cause of these adverse response, which may
lead to death. /Aerosols/ [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.20 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
... CAUSE OF DEATH /FROM ABUSE OF FLUOROCARBONS/ IS IN ... DOUBT. FREEZING
OF AIRWAY SOFT TISSUES CAN PROBABLY BE ELIMINATED ... EXCEPT IN CASES WHERE
PRODUCT WAS SPRAYED DIRECTLY INTO MOUTH FROM CONTAINER OR BALLOON CONTAINING
SOME LIQ. /FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS & PROPELLANTS/ [Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology
of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-159]**PEER
REVIEWED**
... CAUSE OF DEATH /FROM ABUSE OF FLUOROCARBONS/ ... IN ... DOUBT. ... LARYNGEAL
SPASM OR EDEMA, OXYGEN DISPLACEMENT, OF SENSITIZATION OF MYOCARDIUM TO ENDOGENOUS
CATECHOLAMINES WITH ... VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION APPEAR TO BE ... POSSIBILITIES.
/FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS & PROPELLANTS/ [Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology
of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-159]**PEER
REVIEWED**
There are isolated reports of poisoning from exposure to refrigerants and
solvents, and some studies showing a higher incidence of coronary heart disease
among hospital personnel are required to establish causal relationship between
fluorine containing organic compounds, and cardiovascular and bronchopulmonary
diseases among exposed workers. The high incidence of cancer among hospital
personnel repeatedly exposed to fluorine-containing general anesthetics raises
a fundamental need to examine other chlorofluorocarbon-exposed workers for similar
effects. /Fluorocarbons/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1209]**PEER REVIEWED**
Clinical pathologists exposed to fluorocarbons in the preparation of frozen
tissue sections have been seen to develop coronary heart disease. /Fluorocarbons/
[Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1209]**PEER REVIEWED**
Manufacturing processes use hydrofluoric acid from fluorospar in the production
of most fluorine containing organic compounds. Some processes use carbon tetrachloride
from carbon disulfide or as a co product of perchloroethylene and chlorination
of propylene, or chloroform from chlorination of methanol. The major hazards
relate primarily to the inadvertent release of hydrofluoric acid or carbon tetrachloride,
rather than to the manufactured final product. /Fluorocarbons/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1194]**PEER REVIEWED**
The toxicity of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) had been considered to be low;
it is absorbed via the lungs and undergoes little subsequent biotransformation.
In the United States when sudden unexplained deaths of aerosol "sniffers" were
reported they were considered to be possibly due to cardiac arrhythmias induced
by the CFC propellants. /CFCs/ [Rom, W.N. (ed.). Environmental and Occupational Medicine. 2nd
ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 1992. 1299]**PEER REVIEWED**
Aerosol sprays containing fluorocarbon propellants are another source of solvent
intoxication. Prolonged exposure or daily use may result in damage to several
organ systems. Clinical problems include cardiac arrhythmias, bone marrow depression,
cerebral degeneration, and damage to liver, kidney, & peripheral nerves.
Death occasionally has been attributed to inhalant abuse, probably via the mechanism
of cardiac arrhythmias, especially accompanying exercise or upper airway obstruction.
/fluorocarbon propellants/ [Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B. Molinoff, R.W. Ruddon, A.G.
Goodman (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.
9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1996. 575]**PEER REVIEWED**
High concentrations cause narcosis and anesthesia in humans. Human systemic
effects by inhalation: conjunctiva irritation, fibrosing alveolitis and liver
changes. [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 3236]**PEER
REVIEWED**
... Workers who spilled a large volume of CFC-11 were exposed to high concentrations
& developed signs of narcosis. One of the workers became unconscious, &
another experienced tachycardia. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc.
Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices.
6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 1621]**PEER REVIEWED**
... Normal household exposure to CFC-11 aerosols produced no changes in respiratory
parameters, biochemical parameters, or hematologic indices in 20 women followed
for 1 month. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc.
Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices.
6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 1621]**PEER REVIEWED**
In a controlled study, volunteers were exposed to CFC-11 at concentrations
of 250, 500, or 1000 ppm for periods of 1 min to 8 hr. Volunteers were also
exposed for 8 hr/day, 5 days/week for 2 to 4 weeks to CFC-11 at a concentration
of 1000 ppm. The acute exposures did not produce any untoward physiological
effects as determined by a number of biological endpoints, including clinical
hematology & chemistry, EKG, EEG, neurological parameters, pulmonary function,
& cognitive tests. The repetitive exposure at 1000 ppm was without measurable
untoward physiological effect except for a minor decrement in several cognitive
tests. The authors considered these decrements spurious because similar changes
could not be detected in volunteers acutely exposed for 8 hr at 1000 ppm. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc.
Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices.
6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 1620]**PEER REVIEWED**
Intentional inhalation of aerosols containing extremely high concentrations
of mixtures of CFC-11 & CFC-12 has caused instantaneous death. The /Intentions
Program on Chemical Safety/ considered the deaths associated with these exposures
to be caused by cardiac arrhythmia, aggravated by elevated levels of catecholamines
due to stress or by moderate hypercapnia. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc.
Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices.
6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 1621]**PEER REVIEWED**
Medical Surveillance:
Employees should be screened for history of certain medical conditions ...
which might place the employee at increased risk from dichlorodifluoromethane
exposure. Cardiovascular disease: In persons with impaired cardiovascular function,
especially those with a history of cardiac arrhythmias, the inhalation of dichlorodifluoromethane
might cause exacerbation of disorders of the conduction mechanism due to its
sensitizing effects on the myocardium. ... Any employee developing the above-listed
conditions should be referred for further medical examination. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 1]**PEER REVIEWED**
Populations at Special Risk:
Employees /with cardiovascular disease are/ at increased risk. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981.]**PEER REVIEWED**
IT IS POSSIBLE THAT PT WITH CARDIAC OR RESP DISORDERS MAY PROVE ESP SUSCEPTIBLE.
/FLUOROCARBONS/ [Goodman, L.S., and A. Gilman. (eds.) The Pharmacological Basis
of Therapeutics. 5th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975. 910]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
GREATEST OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE BY VOLUME USE OF REFRIGERANTS IS IN SERVICING
(NOT INCLUDING RECHARGING), INITIAL CHARGING, & MANUFACTURING & INSTALLATION.
/FLUOROCARBONS/ [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial
Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John
Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3102]**PEER REVIEWED**
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 267,742 workers
(95,886 of these are female) are potentially exposed to trichlorofluoromethane
in the US(1). Occupational exposure to trichlorofluoromethane may occur through
inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where trichlorofluoromethane
is produced or used(SRC). Monitoring data indicate that the general population
may be exposed to trichlorofluoromethane via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion
of drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound and other consumer
products containing trichlorofluoromethane(SRC). [(1) NIOSH; National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Body Burden:
7 of 8 samples of mother's milk from 4 urban sites in US positive for trichlorfluoromethane(1).
It was detected in 4 of 8 samples of respired air at a range of 0.007 to 0.041
ug/hr, positive subjects having been previously occupationally exposed (laboratory
technicians)(2). [(1) Pellizzari ED et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 28: 322-8
(1982) (2) Conkle JP; Arch Environ Health 30: 290-5 (1975)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Emergency Medical Treatment:
Emergency Medical Treatment:
EMT Copyright Disclaimer:
Portions of the POISINDEX(R) database are provided here for
general reference. THE COMPLETE POISINDEX(R) DATABASE, AVAILABLE FROM MICROMEDEX,
SHOULD BE CONSULTED FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OR TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC
CASES. Copyright 1974-1998 Micromedex, Inc. Denver, Colorado. All Rights
Reserved. Any duplication, replication or redistribution of all or part
of the POISINDEX(R) database is a violation of Micromedex' copyrights and
is strictly prohibited.
The following Overview, *** FLUORINATED HYDROCARBONS ***, is relevant
for this HSDB record chemical.
Life Support:
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures
have been instituted.
Clinical Effects:
SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o LOW CONCENTRATION - Inhalations such as those caused by
leaking air conditioners or refrigerators usually
result in transient eye, nose, and throat irritation.
Palpitations, light headedness, and headaches are also
seen.
o HIGH CONCENTRATION - Inhalation associated with
deliberate abuse, or spills or industrial use occurring
in poorly ventilated areas has been associated with
ventricular arrhythmias, pulmonary edema and sudden
death.
HEENT
0.2.4.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o EYES - Eye irritation occurs with ambient exposure.
Frostbite of the lids may be severe. Ocular
instillation results in corneal burns in rabbits.
o NOSE - Nasal irritation occurs with ambient exposure.
o THROAT - Irritation occurs. Frostbite of the lips,
tongue, buccal mucosa and hard palate developed in a
man after deliberate inhalation.
CARDIOVASCULAR
0.2.5.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Inhalation of high concentrations is associated with
the development of refractory ventricular arrhythmias
and sudden death, believed to be secondary, primarily,
to myocardial sensitization to endogenous
catecholamines. Some individuals may be susceptible to
arrhythmogenic effects at lower concentrations.
RESPIRATORY
0.2.6.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Pulmonary irritation, bronchial constriction, cough,
dyspnea, and chest tightness may develop after
inhalation. Chronic pulmonary hyperreactivity may
occur. Adult respiratory distress syndrome has been
reported following acute inhalational exposures.
Pulmonary edema is an autopsy finding in fatal cases.
NEUROLOGIC
0.2.7.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Headache, dizziness, and disorientation are common.
Cerebral edema may be found on autopsy. A syndrome of
impaired psychomotor speed, impaired memory and
learning, and emotional lability has been described in
workers with chronic occupational exposure to
fluorinated hydrocarbons.
GASTROINTESTINAL
0.2.8.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Nausea may develop. Ingestion of a small amount of
trichlorofluoromethane resulted in necrosis and
perforation of the stomach in one patient.
HEPATIC
0.2.9.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Jaundice and mild elevations in transaminases may
develop after inhalational exposure or ingestion.
Hepatocellular coagulative necrosis has been observed
on liver biopsy.
DERMATOLOGIC
0.2.14.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Dermal contact may result in defatting, irritation or
contact dermatitis. Severe frostbite has been reported
as an effect of freon exposure. Injection causes
transient pain, erythema and edema.
MUSCULOSKELETAL
0.2.15.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE
o Rhabdomyolysis has been reported in a worker
susceptible to malignant hyperthermia after exposure to
fluorinated hydrocarbons and also following intentional
freon inhalation. Compartment syndrome is a rare
complication of severe exposure.
REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS
o Dichlorodifluoromethane was not teratogenic in rats and
rabbits.
o The reproductive effects of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
were studied in rats. No adverse effects on
reproductive performance was noted or on the
development, maturation or reproductive performance of
up to two successive generations.
GENOTOXICITY
o The hydrochlorofluorocarbons, HCFC-225ca and HCFC-225cb,
were not mutagenic in the Ames reverse mutation assay,
or clastogenic in the chromosomal aberration assay with
Chinese hamster lung cells. Neither induced unscheduled
DNA synthesis in liver cells. Both of these agents were
clastogenic in the chromosomal aberration assay with
human lymphocytes.
Laboratory:
o Fluorinated hydrocarbons plasma levels are not clinically
useful.
o No specific lab work (CBC, electrolyte, urinalysis) is
needed unless otherwise indicated.
o Obtain baseline pulse oximetry or arterial blood gas
analysis.
Treatment Overview:
SUMMARY EXPOSURE
o Monitor EKG and vital signs carefully. Cardiopulmonary
resuscitation may be necessary.
ORAL EXPOSURE
o These substances may cause frostbite to the upper airway
and gastrointestinal tract after ingestion. Administer
oxygen and manage airway as clinically indicated.
Emesis, activated charcoal, and gastric lavage are not
recommended.
INHALATION EXPOSURE
o MONITOR ECG and VITAL SIGNS carefully. Cardiopulmonary
resuscitation may be necessary. AVOID CATECHOLAMINES.
o PROVIDE A QUIET CALM ATMOSPHERE to prevent adrenaline
surge if the patient is seen before the onset of cardiac
arrhythmias. Minimize physical exertion.
o MONITOR pulse oximetry or arterial blood gases.
o Provide symptomatic and supportive care.
o These substances may cause frostbite of the upper airway
with the potential for severe edema. Administer oxygen
and manage airway early in patients with evidence of
upper airway injury.
o PULMONARY EDEMA (NONCARDIOGENIC): Maintain ventilation
and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial
blood gas or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of
PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed.
EYE EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Irrigate exposed eyes with copious
amounts of tepid water for at least 15 minutes. If
irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia
persist, the patient should be seen in a health care
facility.
o Ophthamologic consultation should be obtained in any
symptomatic patients.
DERMAL EXPOSURE
o DECONTAMINATION: Remove contaminated clothing and wash
exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A
physician may need to examine the area if irritation or
pain persists.
o If frostbite has occurred, refer to dermal treatment in
the main body of this document for rewarming.
Range of Toxicity:
o Freons are very toxic when inhaled in high concentrations
and/or for extended periods. At lower concentrations or
brief exposure, freons may cause transient eye, nose, and
throat irritation. There is significant interpatient
variation and it is difficult to predict which patient
will exhibit symptoms following exposure.
Emergency treatment is supportive & includes decontamination, oxygen,
& any specific therapy required in a particular case such as antiarrhythmics
or anticonvulsants. A few patients may require intermittent positive-pressure
ventilation, dialysis, or treatment for hepatic failure. /Solvent abuse/ [Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose.
2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. 1259]**PEER REVIEWED**
... In persons who are intoxicated with fluorocarbons, steps can be taken
to lessen the risk of arrhythmias. ... Before evaluation at the hospital, patients
should be advised to avoid strenuous exercise. In the hospital, patients can
be placed in a quiet, nonthreatening environment and sedated if necessary. If
hypoxic, oxygen should be administered and metabolic abnormalities corrected.
Sympathomimetic drugs should be avoided. Ventricular arrhythmias are best treated
with beta-blocking agents. /Fluorocarbons/ [Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose.
2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. 81]**PEER REVIEWED**
Patients with fluorohydrocarbon poisoning should not be given epinephrine
(Adrenalin) or similar drugs because of the tendency of fluorohydrocarbon to
induce cardiac arrhythmia, including ventricular fibrillation. /Fluorohydrocarbons/
[Zenz, C. Occupational Medicine-Principles and Practical Applications.
2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Yearbook, Inc, 1988. 543]**PEER REVIEWED**
Victims of freon inhalation require management for hypoxic, CNS anesthetic,
& cardiac symptoms. Patients must be removed from the exposure environment,
& high flow supplemental oxygen should be utilized. The respiratory system
should be evaluated for injury, aspiration, or pulmonary edema & treated
appropriately. CNS findings should be treated supportively. A calm environment
with no physical exertion is imperative to avoid increasing endogenous adrenegic
levels. Exogenous adrenergic drugs must not be used to avoid inducing sensitized
myocardial dysrhythmias. Atropine is ineffective in treating bradyarrhythmias.
For ventricular dysrhythmias, diphenylhydantoin & countershock may be effective.
Cryogenic dermal injuries should be treated by water bath rewarming at 40-42
deg C until vasodilatory flush has returned. Elevation of the limb & standard
frostbite management with late surgical debridement should be utilized. Ocular
exposure requires irrigation & slit lamp evaluation for injury. /Freons/
[Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose.
2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. 1282]**PEER REVIEWED**
... If inhalation occurs, epinephrine or other sympathomimetic amines and
adrenergic activators should not be admin since they will further sensitize
heart to development of arrhythmias. /Fluorocarbons/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1201]**PEER REVIEWED**
Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for
signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations as needed. Administer
oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Minimize physical activity and
provide a quiet atmosphere. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary
... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination,
flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal
saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. Rinse mouth and administer
5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a
strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Treat
frostbite with rapid rewarming techniques ... . /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs)
and related compounds/ [Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous
Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994. 192]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway
control in the patient who is unconscious or in respiratory arrest. Positive
pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial.
Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV
with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if
signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider
drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Treat seizures with diazepam ... . Use
proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Chlorinated fluorocarbons
(CFCs) and related compounds/ [Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous
Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994. 192]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Animal Toxicity Studies:
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts:
... IT HAS HIGHEST DEGREE OF CARDIOTOXICITY IN MONKEYS. [Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology
of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-160]**PEER
REVIEWED**
... MICE GIVEN 0.1 ML OF 10% SOLN /BY GAVAGE/ AT 1 & 7 DAYS OF AGE &
0.2 ML AT 14 & 21 DAYS OF AGE WERE OBSERVED FOR 1 YR. NO EVIDENCE OF CARCINOGENIC
EFFECT OF FREON 11 WAS FOUND. [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume
1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. 782]**PEER REVIEWED**
... NO HARMFUL EFFECTS ON RABBIT EYES WHEN 9 APPLICATIONS OF 0.1 ML WERE MADE
DURING 11-DAY PERIOD. ALSO, EXPOSING EYES OF RABBITS TO 5-SECOND BURSTS OF PROPELLANT
FROM DISTANCE OF 20 CM FROM CORNEA 5 DAYS/WK FOR A MONTH IS SAID TO HAVE PRODUCED
NOTHING MORE THAN HYPEREMIA OF EYE LASTING SEVERAL HR ... MILD INFLAMMATION
OF EYELIDS. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL:
Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986. 941]**PEER REVIEWED**
... INHALATION @ 20,000 PPM OF 9:1 MIXT OF FREON 12 & FREON 11 BY RATS
ON DAYS 4-16 OF GESTATION & RABBITS ON DAYS 5-20 OF GESTATION DID NOT INDUCE
ANY EMBRYOTOXIC OR TERATOGENIC EFFECTS. [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume
1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. 782]**PEER REVIEWED**
MICE THAT INHALED 10% DEVELOPED CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA ... DOGS THAT INHALED 2.5%
HAD DECR MYOCARDIAL FUNCTION, INCL CARDIAC OUTPUT ... & MONKEYS THAT INHALED
5% DEVELOPED TACHYCARDIA & HYPOTENSION ... [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume
1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. 782]**PEER REVIEWED**
FREON 11 IN CORN OIL WAS ADMINISTERED BY GAVAGE FOR 78 WK TO 50 MALE &
50 FEMALE OSBORNE-MENDEL RATS & B6C3F1 MICE, 5 DAYS/WK. THE TIME WEIGHTED
AVERAGE HIGH & LOW DOSAGES WERE, RESPECTIVELY, 977 & 488 MG/KG/DAY FOR
MALE RATS, 1077 & 538 MG/KG/DAY FOR FEMALE RATS, & 3925 & 1962 MG/KG/DAY
FOR MICE OF BOTH SEXES. A HIGH RATE OF EARLY DEATH OCCURRED AMONG MALE &
FEMALE RATS. NO GROUPS OF MALE OR FEMALE MICE DOSED WITH FREON 11 HAD SIGNIFICANTLY
INCREASED TUMOR INCIDENCES RELATIVE TO THEIR RESPECTIVE CONTROL GROUPS. [CARCINOG TEST PROGRAM, BETHESDA, MD; REPORT; ISS DHEW/PUB/NIH/78-1356,
NCI-CG-TR-106; ORDER NUMBER PB-286187, 93 PAGES (1978)]**PEER REVIEWED**
A 4-week series of 3.5 hr exposures at 12,500 or 25,000 ppm, a 6-week study
with 7 hr exposures at 4000 ppm & another 6-week study with 8 hr exposures
at 10,250 ppm showed no adverse effects attributable to inhaled CFC-11 in various
species. Monkeys, dogs, rats, & guinea pigs exposed continuously at 1000
ppm for 90 days showed no specific abnormalities that the investigators attributed
to CFC-11. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc.
Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices.
6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 1620]**PEER REVIEWED**
RATS & RABBITS EXPOSED TO 50,000 PPM FOR ONE HR TWICE DAILY FOR 15 DAYS
SHOWED INCREASED BLOOD GLUCOSE & LACTIC ACID, DECREASED OXYGEN UPTAKE, &
OTHER BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CONSISTENT WITH SLOWING OF CELLULAR OXIDATION. COMPARABLE
EXPOSURE AT 25,000 PPM DID NOT CAUSE THESE CHANGES. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc.
Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices.
6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 1620]**PEER REVIEWED**
Twelve guinea pigs divided into 4 groups of 3 each were exposed for 5 min,
30 min, 1 hr, & 2 hr, respectively. Exposure of 2.5% for 30 min caused occasional
tremors & the rate of respiration became irregular. Exposure to 10% for
1 hr resulted in coma. The guinea pigs exposed to this concn for 2 hr were sacrificed
8 days later. Whereas their lungs were found to contain mottled areas of congestion,
other organs showed no pathological changes. ... Exposure to a concn of 20%
for 1 hr was lethal. [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1180]**PEER REVIEWED**
/Rats exposed/ ... to CFC 11 in concentrations ranging from 5 to 50% for 30
min. Whereas a concentration of 5% produced no symptoms of intoxication, concentrations
of 6 and 7% caused a loss of postural reflex, 8% a loss of righting reflex,
and 9% complete unconsciousness. The following concentrations and times were
lethal: 10% inhaled for 20 to 30 min: 15% for 8 min; 20 to 30% for 4 min; and
50%, for 1 min. [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1180]**PEER REVIEWED**
... Inhalation of 10 percent CFC I I for 1 hr was lethal to the /cats/. In
an atmosphere containing 15 percent CFC 11, mice succumbed in a few minutes.
[Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1180]**PEER REVIEWED**
THE DOSE THAT CAUSES A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN RESP MINUTE VOLUME /IN MONKEYS/
IS 5% ... RESP EFFECT IS BROUGHT ABOUT BY A COMBINATION OF REDUCED RESP RATE
& TIDAL VOLUME. THE RESP THRESHOLD DOSES FOR DOGS ARE LOWER THAN THOSE FOR
THE MONKEY. ... THE MINIMAL DOSE THAT DEPRESSES RESP MINUTE VOLUME IS 2.5% ...
WITH ADMIN OF INCREASING CONCN OF FC 11, A 40% DEPRESSION OF RESP MINUTE VOLUME
OCCURRED /IN RATS/ AT 10% CONCN ... /IN MICE/ ... 2.5% CONCN CAUSED A 65% DEPRESSION
OF RESP MINUTE VOLUME, WHICH WAS SUPPORTED BY A REDUCTION IN RATE & TIDAL
VOLUME. [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1181]**PEER REVIEWED**
Trichlorofluoromethane was tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella microsome
preincubation assay using a protocol approved by the National Toxicology Program.
Trichlorofluoromethane was tested at doses of 0, 100, 333, 1000, 3333, and 10,000
ug/plate in four Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537)
in the presence and absence of Aroclor-induced rat and/or hamster liver S9.
Trichlorofluoromethane was negative in these tests and the highest ineffective
dose level tested in any Salmonella tester strain was 10,000 ug/plate. [Zeiger E et al; Environ Mutagen 9: 1-110 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**
In dogs, trichloromonofluoromethane (Freon 11, F11, Fluorocarbon 11) at concns
between 15% & 21% causes sinus bradycardia terminating in asystole. These
concns are exceeded (ie, 35% to 40%) when plastic bags are filled with Freon
propellants, similar to the manner in which other inhalation products are abused.
[Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis
and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing
Co., Inc. 1988. 884]**PEER REVIEWED**
The induction of pentobarbital anesthesia reduced the incidence of arrhythmia
and increased the threshold concentration to 10%. CFC 11 Rats that developed
cardiac necrosis elicited by isoproterenol injections showed a reduction in
threshold concentration to 5%. Likewise, those that developed pulmonary arterial
thrombosis showed a similar increase in the proarrhythmic activity of CFC 11.
The induction of pulmonary emphysema did not increase cardiac sensitivity. Adrenalectomy
or injection of drugs that block cardiac adrenergic receptors protected the
heart from CFC 11 induced arrhythmia. [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1181]**PEER REVIEWED**
MICE UNDER PENTOBARBITAL ANESTHESIA DID NOT SHOW ANY CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA FOLLOWING
INHALATION OF 2 OR 5% FC 11. HOWEVER, INHALATION OF 10% FC 11 PRODUCED SECOND-DEGREE
ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK, & INHALATION OF 5% ... CAUSED THE APPEARANCE OF
ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK, FOLLOWING A CONCURRENT IV INJECTION OF EPINEPHRINE.
[Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1181]**PEER REVIEWED**
... INSEMINATED WISTAR ALBINO RATS & ALBINO RABBITS ... /WERE/ ADMIN MIXT
OF 90% FREON 12 ... & 10% FREON 11 BY INHALATION FOR 2 HR/DAY. RATS WERE
EXPOSED ON DAYS 4 TO 16 OF GESTATION & RABBITS ON DAYS 5 TO 20. MIXT WAS
ADMIN IN 20% CONCN (200,000 PPM). NO INDICATIONS OF ANY EMBRYOTOXIC, FETOTOXIC
OR TERATOGENIC CHANGES WERE FOUND WHEN DAMS WERE SACRIFICED & FETUSES REMOVED
ON DAY 20 OF GESTATION (RATS) OR DAY 30 OF GESTATION (RABBITS). [National Research Council. Drinking Water and Health. Volume
3. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1980. 103]**PEER REVIEWED**
CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-114, and mixtures of CFC-11 and CFC-12 and of CFC-11 and
CFC-22 /were applied/ to the skin, tongue, soft palate and auditory canal of
rats, 1-2 times/day, 5 days/week, for 5-6 weeks. The same compounds were applied
once a day, 5 days/week for 1 month to the eye of rabbits. Slight irritation
was noted only in the skin of the rats and in the eye of the rabbits. The healing
rate of experimental burns on the skin of rabbits, however, was noticeably retarded
by all of the compounds. [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.74 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Experimental evidence suggests that increased UV-B irradiation at the earth's
surface, resulting from ozone depletion /caused by the atmospheric chlorofluorocarbons/,
would have deleterious effects on both terrestrial and aquatic biota. Despite
uncertainities resulting from the complexities of field experiments, the data
currently available suggest that crop yields and forest productivity are vulnerable
to increased levels of solar UV-B radiation. Existing data also suggest that
increased UV-B radiation will notify the distribution and abundance of plants,
and change ecosystem structure. /UV-B Radiation/ [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.18 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Various studies of marine ecosystems have demonstrated that UV-B radiation
causes damage to fish larvae and juveniles, shrimp larvae, crab larvae, copepods,
and plants essential to the marine food web. These damaging effects include
decreased fecundity, growth, and survival. Experimental evidence suggests that
even small increases in ambient UV-B exposure could result in significant ecosystem
changes. /UV-B Radiation/ [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.18 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Short-term inhalation studies have been reported for CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-112,
CFC-113, CFC-114, and CFC-115. The results showed low toxicity, and the effects
observed were related mainly to the CNS, respiratory tract, and the liver. Oral
toxicity studies have confirmed the low toxicity. [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.18 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, and CFC-114 at 40% in sesame oil were sprayed onto
shaved rabbit skin for 12 exposures with no effect. [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.73 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Trichlorofluoromethane ... /was/ tested by inhalation on Sprague-Dawley rats
and Swiss mice. The animals were exposed for 4 hr a day, 5 days a week; rats
were exposed for 104 weeks, and mice were exposed for 78 weeks. Animals were
observed until spontaneous death. Trichlorofluoromethane exposure to rats caused
no carcinogenic effects. Trichlorofluoromethane exposure to mice caused increased
numbers of total tumors in females which was dose related, mammary tumors in
females at 5000 ppm, lung adenomas and leukemias in females, both dose related.
[Maltoni C et al; Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
534: 261-82 (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Negative results were also obtained for CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-115 in a cell
transformation assay and for CFC-11 and CFC-12 in a mammalian cell mutagenicity
test. [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.79 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
When administered to groups of 90 male & 90 female /Sprague-Dawley/ rats
& 60 male & 60 female /Swiss/ mice at concns of 1000 or 5000 ppm (57
or 285 g CFC-11/cu m; 49 or 247 g CFC-12/cu m), 4 hr/day, 5 days/wk, neither
cmpd was found to have induced statistically significant differences in the
incidence of total benign or malignant tumors when compared with groups of unexposed
rats or mice. The incidence of all tumors & of some particularly frequently
occurring spontaneous tumors in mice showed a tendency to incr in animals exposed
to CFC-11 & CFC-12 & that the increased incidence was usually observed
in one sex & was not always dose related, possibly due to a longer survival
of the treated mice compared with controls. [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.82 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
THE MOUSE & RAT REQUIRE A FC 11 CONCN OF 2.5 TO 5.0% IN ORDER TO AFFECT
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. WHEN ANESTHETIZED, THESE TWO SPECIES RESPOND WITH BRADYCARDIA.
THE IMPORTANCE OF PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED BY THE
USE OF ATROPINE, WHICH BLOCKS THE RESPONSE. [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1182]**PEER REVIEWED**
EARLY ANIMAL ... WORK INDICATED THAT HIGH VAPOR CONCN (EG, 20%) MAY CAUSE
CONFUSION, PULMONARY IRRITATION, TREMORS & RARELY COMA, BUT THAT THESE EFFECTS
WERE GENERALLY TRANSIENT & WITHOUT LATE SEQUELAE. /FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS
& PROPELLANTS/ [Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology
of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-159]**PEER
REVIEWED**
... THE MECHANISM OF FC 11 CARDIOTOXICITY ... /ORIGINATES/ FROM IRRITATION
OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT WHICH IN TURN REFLEXLY INFLUENCES THE HEART RATE EVEN
PRIOR TO ABSORPTION OF THE FLUOROCARBON, FOLLOWED BY DIRECT DEPRESSION OF THE
HEART AFTER ABSORPTION. ... FC 11 CAUSES ONLY DEPRESSION OF RESPIRATORY MINUTE
VOLUME THAT IS NOT PRECEDED BY STIMULATION OF BREATHING. THERE IS ULTIMATE CESSATION
OF RESPIRATION, WHICH IS A MANIFESTATION OF GENERALIZED DEPRESSION OF THE CNS
BY FC 11. [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1183]**PEER REVIEWED**
The immume system of experimental animals is suppressed in specific ways by
UV-B radiation. This results in a decreased resistance to implanted UV-B induced
tumors and an increased growth of such tumors in mice, in the suppression of
sensitization by contact allergens, and the response to allergens in sensitized
animals. /Chlorofluorocarbons/ [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.101 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Three propellant chlorofluorocarbons (FC-11, FC-12 /dichlorodifluoromethane/,
FC-22) administered by inhalation at concentrations of 5000 and 1000 ppm for
4 hours daily, 5 days weekly for 78 to 104 weeks to rats and mice had no carcinogenic
effects. [Rom, W.N. (ed.). Environmental and Occupational Medicine. 2nd
ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 1992. 1300]**PEER REVIEWED**
... Chlorofluorocarbons could sensitize the canine myocardium to adrenaline,
resulting in serious cardiac arrhythmias. /CFCs/ [Rom, W.N. (ed.). Environmental and Occupational Medicine. 2nd
ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 1992. 1300]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fluorocarbon inhalation in dogs resulted in dysrhythmias that were enhanced
by anoxia, injected epinephrine, & noise stress. Fatal responses resulted
from inhaled concns of 0.35-0.61% of Freon 11 & of 5% of Freon 12 &
114. [Haddad, L.M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose.
2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. 1281]**PEER REVIEWED**
National Toxicology Program Studies:
... The bioassay of technical grade trichlorofluoromethane for possible carcinogenicity
was conducted using Osborne-Mendel rats and B6C3F1 mice. /The cmpd/ in corn
oil was admin by gavage, at either of two dosages, to groups of 50 male and
50 female animals of each species, 5 days/wk, over a period of 78 wk. The time
weighted avg high and low dosages of trichlorofluoromethane in the chronic bioassay
were, respectively 977 and 488 mg/kg for male rats, 1,077 and 538 mg/kg/day
for female rats, and 3,925 and 1,962 mg/kg/day for mice of both sexes. After
a 78 wk dosing period, rats were observed for an additional period of up to
33 wk and mice were observed for an additional period of up to 13 wk, For each
species, 20 animals of each sex were placed on test as vehicle controls. These
animals were gavaged with corn oil at the same time dosed animals were gavaged
/with the cmpd/. Twenty animals of each sex were placed on test as untreated
controls for each species. These animals were not gavaged. A high rate of early
deaths occurred among male and female rats in this bioassay. An insufficient
number of rats of either sex survived long enough to be at risk from late developing
tumors. Survival of mice was adequate for meaningful statistical analysis of
late developing tumors. ... The results of the bioassay of trichlorofluoromethane
in Osborne-Mendel rats for possible carcinogenicity are not conclusive because
of inadequate numbers of rats survived sufficiently long enough to be at risk
from late developing tumors. Under the conditions of this bioassay, trichlorofluoromethane
was not carcinogenic to male or female B6C3F1 mice. Levels of Evidence of Carcinogenicity:
Male Rats: Inadequate study; Female Rats: Inadequate study; Male Mice: Negative;
Female Mice: Negative. [Bioassay of Trichlorofluoromethane for Possible Carcinogenicity
(1978) Technical Rpt Series No. 106 DHEW Pub No. (NIH) 78-1356 U.S. Department
of Health Education and Welfare, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20014]**QC
REVIEWED**
Non-Human Toxicity Values:
LD50 Guinea pig inhalation 250,000 ppm/30 min [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals.
2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 677]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 Rat inhalation 100,000 ppm/30 min [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals.
2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 677]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 Rabbit inhalation 250,000 ppm/30 min [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals.
2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983. 677]**PEER REVIEWED**
LD50 Mouse intraperitoneal 1743 mg/kg [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 3236]**PEER
REVIEWED**
LD50 Rat oral 3725 mg/kg [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc.
Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices.
6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 1619]**PEER REVIEWED**
LC50 Mouse inhalant 10,000 ppm/ 30 minutes [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 3236]**PEER
REVIEWED**
WHEN TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE WAS INHALED BY HUMANS, RECOVERY OF INTACT CMPD
IN EXHALED AIR WAS 79-99% & IN URINE, 0.07-0.09%, & METABOLITES AMT
TO 0.2% OR LESS ... . [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume
1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. 781]**PEER REVIEWED**
RAT-LIVER MICROSOMES DECHLORINATE TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE TO DICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE.
THIS REACTION ... IS MEDIATED VIA THE HEPATIC MICROSOMAL P450 ENZYME SYSTEM.
... TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE & DICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE ADMIN AS HIGH ACUTE INHALATION
DOSAGES WERE EXPIRED UNCHANGED BY BOTH DOGS & RABBITS. [The Chemical Society. Foreign Compound Metabolism in Mammals.
Volume 4: A Review of the Literature Published during 1974 and 1975. London:
The Chemical Society, 1977. 241]**PEER REVIEWED**
THEORETICAL METABOLITES OF TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE ARE DICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE
& TETRACHLORODIFLUOROETHANE. NO EVIDENCE OF FREE-RADICAL FORMATION IN RATS
OR MICE HAS BEEN SHOWN; NOR IS THERE EVIDENCE OF SIGNIFICANT METABOLISM OF TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE
... [National Research Council. Drinking Water and Health. Volume
3. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1980. 166]**PEER REVIEWED**
Absorption, Distribution & Excretion:
PULMONARY UPTAKE OF INHALED CFC-11 BY RABBITS & DOGS IS PROMPT. PEAK CIRCULATING
CONCENTRATIONS AFTER EXPOSURE AT 4500 TO 5000 PPM WERE ACHIEVED IN 15 SECONDS
WITH STEADY-STATE REACHED AT 20 MIN. ELIMINATION IS RELATIVELY RAPID. DOGS EXHALED
WITHIN 1 HR ESSENTIALLY ALL THE CFC-11 INHALED DURING A 6 TO 20 MIN EXPOSURE
AT 5,000 PPM. INHALED CFC-11 WAS PROMPTLY DETECTED IN BLOOD, CEREBROSPINAL FLUID,
BILE & URINE OF ANESTHETIZED RABBITS & DOGS ... . UNANESTHETIZED DOGS
EXPOSED TO 1,000-10,000 PPM FOR 10 MIN SHOWED A RAPID RISE IN BLOOD CONC OF
CFC-11 DURING THE FIRST 5 MIN, WHICH WAS FOLLOWED BY A RAPID & THEN MORE
GRADUAL DECLINE AFTER EXPOSURE. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc.
Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices.
6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 1620]**PEER REVIEWED**
A free compartment open model was proposed for disposition of iv trichlorofluoromethane
in dogs with average half-lives of 3.2, 16 and 93 min for 3 disposition phases.
Tissue compartment distribution following a single dose showed that about 2
hr were required to achieve pseudo distribution equilibrium, following which
more than 90% of the drug remaining in the body was retained in tissue compartments.The
volume of distribution was approximately 6 times the body weight in terms of
blood concn and about 30% of the propellant was cleaned from blood passing through
the lungs in each cycle. Disposition of propellant followed dose independent
kinetics after multiple dosing, and accumulation in tissues continued for a
much longer period, resulting in high tissue compartment levels. [Niazi S, Chiou WL; J Pharm Sci 64 763-9 May (1975)]**PEER REVIEWED**
A 15-year old boy found dead with a plastic bag and a 9 oz aerosol can of
a spray on coating for frying pans lying adjacent to him. ... CFC 11 ... used
as propellants were detected in the tissues removed at the autopsy: CFC (ul/100g):
blood 0.86, kidney 1.65, brain 1.33, liver
0.83, stomach contents 5.78. ... Death of a teenager due to inhalation of fluorocarbon
CFC-containing aerosols ... /noted/ distribution of fluorocarbons: CFC 11 (mg/100
g): blood 3.2, brain 6.1, liver 4.5, lung
3.2, kidney 2.5, trachea 2.1, and bile 0.6. [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994.,p. 1202-3]**PEER REVIEWED**
/After/ ... human exposure to 1000 ppm 8 hr/day, 5 days/week ... venous blood
levels of CFC 11 ... were as high as 419 ug/ml. The gradual attainment of this
level represents a low uptake of the gas. ... There was no significant CFC 11
accumulation in the body following 8 hr exposures to 1000 ppm, repeated every
24 hr. [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1201]**PEER REVIEWED**
(38)Chlorine-labeled CFC was poorly absorbed in the lung, with much of the
inhaled vapor exhaled. After 30 min, the amount retained in the lungs was about
23 percent of the total unexpired CFC 11. Presumably, the compound remained
in the lung tissue; after 5 min only a small fraction of the retained material
was present in the blood. Using fluorine 18-labeled CFC 11, ... the same partition
coefficient derived (olive oil/air partition = 27) ... The fall in pulmonary
concentration was consistent with rapid uptake into the tissues followed by
slow elimination into expired air. [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1201]**PEER REVIEWED**
/In a group of asthmatic patients inhaling bronchodilator aerosols/ CFC 11
level in arterial blood /following/ two actuations 30 sec apart: 0.53-3.1 ug/ml;
one actuation: 0.26-2.0 ug/ml. /Table/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1202]**PEER REVIEWED**
A PHARMACOKINETIC MODEL BASED ON ANALYSIS IN DOGS & HUMANS GAVE AN ESTIMATE
OF 77% ABSORPTION OF THE INHALED FC-11 FROM AN 8 HR EXPOSURE TO 1000 PPM. THIS
ABSORPTION WOULD RESULT IN ABOUT 1/4 THE BLOOD LEVEL REQUIRED TO SENSITIZE DOGS
RECEIVING THE ADDITIONAL STRESS OF IV EPINEPHRINE. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc.
Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices.
6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 1620]**PEER REVIEWED**
Human & animal studies indicate rapid excretion of inhaled FC-114. In
a study with radiolabeled FC-114, 30 min retention of the dose inhaled in a
single breath was 12% versus 23%, 10%, & 20% for comparable doses of FC-11,
FC-12, and FC-113, respectively. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc.
Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices.
6th ed. Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 444]**PEER REVIEWED**
Average pulmonary retention at an apparent steady state after 1 hr of exposure
was 18.2%. Similarly, the ... pulmonary retention of 19% for CFC-11 and 18%
for CFC-12 in workers during occupational exposure. [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.61 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
CFC-11 has been shown to bind in vitro to liver microsomal protein and lipid.
[WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.62 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
... MAIN FACTOR AFFECTING FATE OF FLUOROCARBONS IS BODY FAT, WHERE THEY ARE
CONCENTRATED & SLOWLY RELEASED INTO BLOOD @ CONCN THAT SHOULD NOT CAUSE
ANY RISK OF CARDIAC SENSITIZATION. /FLUOROCARBONS/ [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume
1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. 781]**PEER REVIEWED**
There is a significant accumulation of propellant in the brain,
liver and lung compared to blood levels, signifying a tissue distribution of
propellant similar to that of chloroform. /Fluorocarbons/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1203]**PEER REVIEWED**
Absorption of fluorocarbons is much lower after oral ingestion (35-48 times)
than after inhalation. ... The lung generally has the highest fluorocarbon concentrations
on autopsy. /Fluorocarbons/ [Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis
and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing
Co., Inc. 1988. 884]**PEER REVIEWED**
Although fluorocarbons cause cardiac sensitization in certain animal species,
rapid elimination prevents the development of cardiotoxic concentrations from
aerosol bronchodilator use except at exceedingly high doses (12 to 24 doses
in 2 minutes). /Fluorocarbons/ [Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis
and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing
Co., Inc. 1988. 884]**PEER REVIEWED**
FLUOROCARBON COMPOUNDS ARE LIPID-SOLUBLE AND THUS ARE GENERALLY WELL ABSORBED
THROUGH LUNG. ABSORPTION AFTER INGESTION IS 35 TO 48 TIMES LOWER THAN AFTER
INHALATION. ... FLUOROCARBONS ARE ELIMINATED BY WAY OF LUNG. /FLUOROCARBON COMPOUNDS/
[National Research Council. Drinking Water and Health. Volume
3. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1980. 101]**PEER REVIEWED**
Three volunteers were exposed to a CFC-11 concentration of 3750 mg/cu m (657
ppm). The average value of pulmonary retention was 18.9%. CFC-11 levels in alveolar
air and blood were 3066 mg/cu m (537 ppm) and 2.8 ug/ml, respectively. [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.57 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Regardless of the route of entry, chlorofluorocarbons appear to be eliminated
almost exclusively through the respiratory tract. Little, if any, chlorofluorocarbon
or metabolite has ever been reported in urine or feces. /Chlorofluorocarbons/
[WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.60 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Biological Half-Life:
The distribution half-life of the common fluorocarbons (Freon 11, Freon 12)
averages 13 to 14 seconds; the elimination half-life is longer (1.5 hours) because
of slower release from fat stores. [Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology - Diagnosis
and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing
Co., Inc. 1988. 884]**PEER REVIEWED**
Volunteers exposed to CFC-11 at 3751 mg/cu m (657 ppm) for 150-210 min showed
half-lives for the initial and second phases of elimination from venous blood
of 11 min and 1 hr respectively. Half-lives for the initial and second phases
of CFC-11 elimination in alveolar air were 7 min and 1.8 hr, respectively. [WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.60 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Interactions:
CARDIAC SENSITIZATION STUDIES WITH CONSCIOUS DOGS EXPOSED TO 5,000 PPM FC-11
PLUS IV EPINEPHRINE YIELDED 1 OF 12 DOGS WITH ... SERIOUS ARRHYTHMIA, INDICATING
THAT FC 11 IS ONE OF THE MORE POTENT CARDIAC SENSITIZERS AMONG HOMOLOGOUS COMPD.
THIS SENSITIZATION IS VERY BRIEF, AS DEMONSTRATED IN A SIMILAR EXPT WHERE 2
OF 4 DOGS WERE SENSITIZED AT 12,500 PPM BUT FOLLOW-UP INJECTIONS OF EPINEPHRINE
10 MINUTES AFTER END OF EXPOSURE YIELDED NO ARRHYTHMIA. DOGS THAT HAD RECOVERED
FROM EXPTL-INDUCED MYOCARDIAL INFARCTIONS & WERE THEN EXPOSED TO FC 11 PLUS
IV EPINEPHRINE SHOWED NO CHANGE IN THE THRESHOLD FOR CARDIAC SENSITIZATION;
BOTH THESE & NORMAL DOGS SHOWED 0 OF 12 RESPONSES AT 1,000 PPM. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation
of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati,
OH:American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986. 598]**PEER
REVIEWED**
The minimal concn that elicited cardiac arrhythmia in the anesthetized monkey
was 5% CFC 11 inhaled for less than 5 min. In a group of seven monkeys, two
developed ventricular premature beats and atrioventricular block. The sensitivity
of the heart to arrhythmia was increased by infusion of epinephrine. [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1181]**PEER REVIEWED**
... FOCAL MYOCARDIAL NECROSIS /OBSERVED/ IN DOGS EXPOSED FOR 2 CONSECUTIVE
DAYS TO AEROSOLS CONTAINING FC 11 AS PROPELLANT, & ISOPROTERENOL AS THE
BRONCHODILATOR DRUG. [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1182]**PEER REVIEWED**
The minimal conc that increases /airway/ resistance in anesthetized mouse
is 1%, which is blocked by pretreatment with atropine. [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1184]**PEER REVIEWED**
Trichlorofluoromethane, one of the most toxic fluorocarbons, sensitized dogs
to epinephrine at a concn of 0.3%, and such an effect has also occurred in humans.
[Amdur, M.O., J. Doull, C.D. Klaasen (eds). Casarett and Doull's
Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: Pergamon Press, 1991. 442]**PEER REVIEWED**
/IN HUMANS/ A 10 TO 90% MIXTURE OF FC 11 & FC 12, RESPECTIVELY, CAUSED
MORE SEVERE RESPIRATORY EFFECTS THAN EITHER FLUOROCARBON INHALED SINGLY. [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial
Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John
Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3081]**PEER REVIEWED**
If inhalation occurs, epinephrine or other sympathomimetic amine and adrenergic
activators should not be admin since they will further sensitize heart to development
of arrhythmias. /Fluorocarbons/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1201]**PEER REVIEWED**
... The combination of CFC with a sympathomimetic bronchodilator is potentially
dangerous for the treatment of bronchial asthma. For the same reason, sympathomimetic
drugs are contraindicated in cardiac resuscitation of patients suffering from
CFC poisoning. /Fluorocarbon poisoning/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1183]**PEER REVIEWED**
Patients with fluorohydrocarbon poisoning should not be given epinephrine
(Adrenalin) or similar drugs because of the tendency of fluorohydrocarbon to
induce cardiac arrhythmia, including ventricular fibrillation. /Fluorohydrocarbons/
[Zenz, C. Occupational Medicine-Principles and Practical Applications.
2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Yearbook, Inc, 1988. 543]**PEER REVIEWED**
Pharmacology:
Interactions:
CARDIAC SENSITIZATION STUDIES WITH CONSCIOUS DOGS EXPOSED TO 5,000 PPM FC-11
PLUS IV EPINEPHRINE YIELDED 1 OF 12 DOGS WITH ... SERIOUS ARRHYTHMIA, INDICATING
THAT FC 11 IS ONE OF THE MORE POTENT CARDIAC SENSITIZERS AMONG HOMOLOGOUS COMPD.
THIS SENSITIZATION IS VERY BRIEF, AS DEMONSTRATED IN A SIMILAR EXPT WHERE 2
OF 4 DOGS WERE SENSITIZED AT 12,500 PPM BUT FOLLOW-UP INJECTIONS OF EPINEPHRINE
10 MINUTES AFTER END OF EXPOSURE YIELDED NO ARRHYTHMIA. DOGS THAT HAD RECOVERED
FROM EXPTL-INDUCED MYOCARDIAL INFARCTIONS & WERE THEN EXPOSED TO FC 11 PLUS
IV EPINEPHRINE SHOWED NO CHANGE IN THE THRESHOLD FOR CARDIAC SENSITIZATION;
BOTH THESE & NORMAL DOGS SHOWED 0 OF 12 RESPONSES AT 1,000 PPM. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation
of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati,
OH:American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1986. 598]**PEER
REVIEWED**
The minimal concn that elicited cardiac arrhythmia in the anesthetized monkey
was 5% CFC 11 inhaled for less than 5 min. In a group of seven monkeys, two
developed ventricular premature beats and atrioventricular block. The sensitivity
of the heart to arrhythmia was increased by infusion of epinephrine. [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1181]**PEER REVIEWED**
... FOCAL MYOCARDIAL NECROSIS /OBSERVED/ IN DOGS EXPOSED FOR 2 CONSECUTIVE
DAYS TO AEROSOLS CONTAINING FC 11 AS PROPELLANT, & ISOPROTERENOL AS THE
BRONCHODILATOR DRUG. [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1182]**PEER REVIEWED**
The minimal conc that increases /airway/ resistance in anesthetized mouse
is 1%, which is blocked by pretreatment with atropine. [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1184]**PEER REVIEWED**
Trichlorofluoromethane, one of the most toxic fluorocarbons, sensitized dogs
to epinephrine at a concn of 0.3%, and such an effect has also occurred in humans.
[Amdur, M.O., J. Doull, C.D. Klaasen (eds). Casarett and Doull's
Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: Pergamon Press, 1991. 442]**PEER REVIEWED**
/IN HUMANS/ A 10 TO 90% MIXTURE OF FC 11 & FC 12, RESPECTIVELY, CAUSED
MORE SEVERE RESPIRATORY EFFECTS THAN EITHER FLUOROCARBON INHALED SINGLY. [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial
Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John
Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3081]**PEER REVIEWED**
If inhalation occurs, epinephrine or other sympathomimetic amine and adrenergic
activators should not be admin since they will further sensitize heart to development
of arrhythmias. /Fluorocarbons/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1201]**PEER REVIEWED**
... The combination of CFC with a sympathomimetic bronchodilator is potentially
dangerous for the treatment of bronchial asthma. For the same reason, sympathomimetic
drugs are contraindicated in cardiac resuscitation of patients suffering from
CFC poisoning. /Fluorocarbon poisoning/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1183]**PEER REVIEWED**
Patients with fluorohydrocarbon poisoning should not be given epinephrine
(Adrenalin) or similar drugs because of the tendency of fluorohydrocarbon to
induce cardiac arrhythmia, including ventricular fibrillation. /Fluorohydrocarbons/
[Zenz, C. Occupational Medicine-Principles and Practical Applications.
2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Yearbook, Inc, 1988. 543]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Fate & Exposure:
Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary:
Trichlorofluoromethane's former production & use as a refrigerant, in
fire extinguishers, chemical intermediate, & blowing agent resulted in its
direct release to the environment through various waste streams. Aerosol propellant
use was banned in the US on December 15, 1978. Trichlorofluoromethane has been
identified in emissions from volcanoes. If released to air, a vapor pressure
of 803 mm Hg at 25 deg C indicates trichlorofluoromethane will exist solely
as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Trichlorofluoromethane is very stable in
the troposphere having a half-life of 52-207 yr. As a result of its stability,
trichlorofluoromethane is transported long distances & its concn is fairly
uniform around the globe away from known sources. The only major sink for trichlorofluoromethane
is its slow diffusion into the stratosphere where photolysis occurs & subsequent
reactions which destroy ozone. If released to soil, trichlorofluoromethane is
expected to have moderate mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 97. Volatilization
from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon
a Henry's Law constant of 9.7X10-2 atm-cu m/mole. Trichlorofluoromethane may
volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released
into water, trichlorofluoromethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids
& sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Biodegradation in water & soils
proceeds slowly under anaerobic conditions. Volatilization from water surfaces
is expected to be an important fate process based upon this cmpd's Henry's Law
constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river & model
lake are 3 hrs & 5 days, respectively. Concn profiles in oceans show that
trichlorofluoromethane is primarily in surface layers, suggesting that the oceans
are not a sink for this chemical. An estimated BCF of 49 suggests the potential
for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected
to occur due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Occupational exposure
to trichlorofluoromethane may occur through inhalation & dermal contact
with this cmpd at workplaces where trichlorofluoromethane is produced or used.
Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to trichlorofluoromethane
via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of drinking water, & dermal contact
with this cmpd & other consumer products containing trichlorofluoromethane.
(SRC) **PEER REVIEWED**
Probable Routes of Human Exposure:
GREATEST OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE BY VOLUME USE OF REFRIGERANTS IS IN SERVICING
(NOT INCLUDING RECHARGING), INITIAL CHARGING, & MANUFACTURING & INSTALLATION.
/FLUOROCARBONS/ [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial
Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John
Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3102]**PEER REVIEWED**
NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 267,742 workers
(95,886 of these are female) are potentially exposed to trichlorofluoromethane
in the US(1). Occupational exposure to trichlorofluoromethane may occur through
inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where trichlorofluoromethane
is produced or used(SRC). Monitoring data indicate that the general population
may be exposed to trichlorofluoromethane via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion
of drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound and other consumer
products containing trichlorofluoromethane(SRC). [(1) NIOSH; National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1983)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Body Burden:
7 of 8 samples of mother's milk from 4 urban sites in US positive for trichlorfluoromethane(1).
It was detected in 4 of 8 samples of respired air at a range of 0.007 to 0.041
ug/hr, positive subjects having been previously occupationally exposed (laboratory
technicians)(2). [(1) Pellizzari ED et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 28: 322-8
(1982) (2) Conkle JP; Arch Environ Health 30: 290-5 (1975)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Natural Pollution Sources:
Trichlorofluoromethane has been identified in emissions from volcanoes(1).
[(1) Graedel TE; Chemical Compounds in the Atmosphere. NY, NY:
Academic Press pp. 440 (1978)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Artificial Pollution Sources:
Trichlorofluoromethane was released as emissions or in wastewater during its
production, storage, transport and use as a foaming agent for polyurethane foams,
degreaser and solvent, especially in the aerospace and electronics industries,
and as a fire extinguishing agent(1-3). In the early 1970's the largest release
of trichlorofluoromethane was from aerosols (75%) with refrigerants and foaming
agent use coming next by contributing 14 and 21%, respectively(3). Because its
release into the atmosphere was believed to cause depletion of the ozone layer,
production was curtailed, from a maximum of 1.58X10+5 metric tons in 1974(3),
and declining through 1982(3-8). Production of trichlorofluoromethane-containing
propellants was banned after Dec 15, 1978 in the USA(3). [(1) Graedel TE; Chemical Compounds in the Atmosphere. NY, NY:
Academic Press pp. 440 (1978) (2) Verschuren K; Handbook of Environmental Data
on Organic Chemicals 3rd ed. NY, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold p. 1016 (1996) (3)
Astrologes G; Kirk-Othmer Encycl Chem Technol 3rd NY, NY: Wiley 10: 856-74 (1980)
(4) Inter Trade Comm; Synthetic Organic Chemicals. United States Production
and Sales 1978 USITC Publ 1001 (1979) (5) Inter Trade Comm; Synthetic Organic
Chemicals. United States Production and Sales 1979 USITC Publ 1099 (1980) (6)
Inter Trade Comm; Synthetic Organic Chemicals. United States Production and
Sales 1980 USITC Publ 1183 (1981) (7) Inter Trade Comm; Synthetic Organic Chemicals.
United States Production and Sales 1981 USITC Publ 1292 (1982) (8) Inter Trade
Comm; Synthetic Organic Chemicals. United States Production and Sales 1982 USITC
Publ 1422 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Trichlorofluoromethane's former production and use as a refrigerant(1), solvent,
in fire extinguishers, chemical intermediate, and blowing agent(2), may have
resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).
[(1) Budavari S, ed; The Merck Index. 12th ed Whitehouse Station,
NJ: Merck and Co., Inc. p. 1643 (1996) (2) Lewis RJ Sr, ed; Hawley's Condensed
Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. NY, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc p. 1125 (1997)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Environmental Fate:
TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value
of 97(SRC), determined from a measured water solubility of 1,100(2) and a regression-derived
equation(3), indicates that trichlorofluoromethane is expected to have high
mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of trichlorofluoromethane from moist soil
surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law
constant of 9.7X10-2 atm-cu m/mole(4). The potential for volatilization of trichlorofluoromethane
from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 803 mm
Hg(5). [(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) (2) Yalkowsky SH,
Dannenfelser RM; The AQUASOL dATAbASE of Aqueous Solubility. Ver 5. Tucson,
AZ: Univ AZ, College of Pharmacy (1992) (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical
Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-5 (1990) (4)
Warner MJ, Weiss RF; Deep Sea Res A 32: 1485-97 (1985) (5) Daubert TE, Danner
RP; Physical and thermodynamic properties of pure chemicals: data compilation.
Design Inst Phys Prop Data, Amer Inst Chem Eng. NY, NY: Hemisphere Pub. Corp
4 Vol (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value
of 97(SRC), determined from a measured water solubility of 1,100(2) and a regression-derived
equation(3), indicates that trichlorofluoromethane is not expected to adsorb
to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is
expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 9.7X10-2 atm-cu m/mole(4).
Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization
half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hrs and 5 days, respectively(SRC).
According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 49(SRC), from its
log Kow of 2.53(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential
for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. [(1) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) (2) Yalkowsky SH,
Dannenfelser RM; The AQUASOL dATAbASE of Aqueous Solubility. Ver 5. Tucson,
AZ: Univ AZ, College of Pharmacy (1992) (3) Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical
Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-5, 15-1 to
15-29 (1990) (4) Warner MJ, Weiss RF; Deep Sea Res A 32: 1485-97 (1985) (5)
Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994) (6) Hansch C et al; Exploring
QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller
SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 3 (1995) (7) Meylan WM et
al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18: 664-72 (1999)]**PEER REVIEWED**
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile
organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), trichlorofluoromethane, which has a
estimated vapor pressure of 803 mm Hg at 25 deg C(2), is expected to exist solely
as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Trichlorofluoromethane is very stable in
the troposphere having a half-life of 52-207 years(3,4). The dominant atmospheric
sink of trichlorofluoromethane is UV in the stratosphere(5). In the stratosphere
this compound will slowly photolyze to release chlorine atoms which in turn
participates in the catalytic removal of stratospheric ozone(6); the ozone depletion
potential for trichloroflouromethane is 1.0(7). [(1) Bidleman TF; Environ Sci Technol 22: 361-367 (1988) (2)
Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and thermodynamic properties of pure chemicals:
data compilation. Design Inst Phys Prop Data, Amer Inst Chem Eng. NY, NY: Hemisphere
Pub. Corp 4 Vol (1989) (3) Brice KA et al; Atmos Environ 16: 2543-54 (1982)
(4) Penkett SA et al; Nature 286: 793-5 (1980) (5) Wolff GT; Kirk Othmer Encycl
Chem Technol 4th. NY, NY: Wiley 1: 715 (1991) (6) Makide T et al; Chem Lett
4: 355-8 (1979) (7) Verschueren K; Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic
Chemicals. 3rd ed. NY, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. p. 1016 (1996)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Biodegradation:
No significant biodegradation was observed when incubated with a sewage seed
for 7 days followed by three weekly subcultures(1). Losses reported during biological
treatment are probably the result of evaporative losses or adsorption to charcoal(2).
No information could be found concerning the biodegradation of trichlorofluoromethane
under aerobic conditions. [(1) Tabak HH et al; J Water Pollut Control Fed 53: 1503-18 (1981)
(2) Patterson JW, Kodukala PS; Chem Eng Prog 77: 48-55 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**
ANAEROBIC: Trichlorofluoromethane, present at 8 mg/cu m, degraded to approximately
0.7 mg/cu m in 100 days using a lab-scale anaerobic digester and municipal solid
waste inoculum from Hamburg, Germany(1). Trace amounts were still detected at
340 days(1). Samples of anaerobic peat soil from a conifer swamp and a temperate
bog in New York were shown to have the capacity to serve as a sink for atmospheric
trichlorfluoromethane(2). Headspace concns decreased by 34% in 7 days, and by
70% in 10 days in swamp peat and bog peat, respectively(2). Samples from the
subsurface anoxic zones of the Black Sea and from Saanich Inlet, British Columbia,
Canada showed a depletion of dissolved trichlorofluoromethane, with the removal
rate ranging from 0.26-0.48/yr(3). [(1) Deipser A, Stegmann R; Waste Manag Res 12: 129-39 (1994)
(2) Bauer MR, Yavitt JB; Chemosphere 32: 759-68 (1996) (3) Bullister JL, Lee
BS; Geophys Res Lewtt 22: 1893-96 (1995)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Abiotic Degradation:
... PHOTODISSOCIATION OF FLUOROCARBONS IN STRATOSPHERE PRODUCES SIGNIFICANT
AMT OF CHLORINE ATOMS & LEADS TO DESTRUCTION OF ATMOSPHERIC OZONE. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial
Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John
Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3090]**PEER REVIEWED**
Trichlorofluoromethane does not absorb UV radiation >290 nm(1) nor does
it react appreciably with reactive atmospheric species such as hydroxyl radicals
or singlet oxygen atoms(2); nor does it degrade under photochemical smog conditions(3).
Estimates of tropospheric half-lives based on time series concentration measurements,
etc. range from 52-207 yrs(4,5). The only sink is diffusion to the stratosphere
where photolysis by short wavelength UV radiation occurs(6,9). In the stratosphere
this compound will slowly photolyze to release chlorine atoms which in turn
participates in the catalytic removal of stratospheric ozone(10); the ozone
depletion potential for trichloroflouromethane is 1.0(11). Heterogeneous photolysis
occurs when trichlorofluoromethane is adsorbed on silica gel with 23% degradation
occurring in 170 hr when exposed to sunlight(6), however it is difficult to
assess the effect this has on the lifetime. Trichlorofluoromethane is not expected
to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional
groups(7), however the rate is greatly affected by the presence of metals such
as steel which act as catalysts(8). [(1) Hubrich C, Stuhl F; J Photochem 12: 93-107 (1980) (2) Hampson
RF; Chemical Kinetic and Photochemical Data Sheets for Atmospheric Reactions.
FAA-EE-80-17 (1980) (3) Japar S et al; Univ Calif Riverside CA Personal Comm
(1974) (4) Brice KA et al; Atmos Environ 16: 2543-54 (1982) (5) Penkett SA et
al; Nature 286: 793-5 (1980) (6) Gaeb S et al; Angew Chem 90: 398-9 (1978) (7)
Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington,
DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5 (1990) (8) DuPont de Nemours Co; Freon Products
Information B-2. A98825 12/80 (1980) (9) Wolff GT; Kirk Othmer Encycl Chem Technol
4th. NY, NY: Wiley 1: 715 (1991) (10) Makide T et al; Chem Lett 4: 355-8 (1979)
(11) Verschueren K; Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals. 3rd
ed. NY, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. p. 1016 (1996)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Bioconcentration:
An estimated BCF of 49 was calculated for trichlorofluoromethane(SRC), using
a log Kow of 2.53(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification
scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms
is moderate. The levels of trichlorofluoromethane in three species of mollusks
and five species of fish are only slightly enriched (usually 2-25 times on a
dry weight basis) over the seawater levels(4). The usual order of enrichment
was found to be brain > liver > gill
> muscle(4). [(1) Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic,
and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington,
DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 3 (1995) (2) Meylan WM et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 18:
664-72 (1999) (3) Franke C et al; Chemosphere 29: 1501-14 (1994) (4) Dickson
AG, Riley JP; Mar Pollut Bull 7: 167-9 (1976)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Soil Adsorption/Mobility:
The Koc of trichlorofluoromethane is estimated as 97(SRC), using a water solubility
of 1,100 mg/l at 20 deg C(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According
to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that trichlorofluoromethane
is expected to have high mobility in soil. Trichlorofluoromethane has negligible
adsorption to soil and modeling studies which predict distributions between
environmental compartments indicate that none of the chemical will reside in
the soil or sediment(4,5). [(1) Yalkowsky SH, Dannenfelser RM; The AQUASOL dATAbASE of Aqueous
Solubility. Ver 5. Tucson, AZ: Univ AZ, College of Pharmacy (1992) (2) Lyman
WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC:
Amer Chem Soc pp. 4-9 (1990) (3) Swann RL et al; Res Rev 85: 17-28 (1983) (4)
Kloepffer W et al; Ecotox Environ Safety 6: 294-301 (1982) (5) Neeley WB; Environ
Toxicol Contam 1: 259-66 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Volatilization from Water/Soil:
The Henry's Law constant for trichlorofluoromethane is 9.70X10-2 atm-cu m/mole(1).
This Henry's Law constant indicates that trichlorofluoromethane is expected
to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant,
the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec,
wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3 hours(SRC). The volatilization
half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of
0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 5 days(SRC). Trichlorofluoromethane's Henry's
Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC).
The potential for volatilization of trichlorofluoromethane from dry soil surfaces
may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 803 mm Hg(3). [(1) Warner MJ, Weiss RF; Deep Sea Res A 32: 1485-97 (1985) (2)
Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington,
DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 15-1 to 15-29 (1990) (3) Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical
and thermodynamic properties of pure chemicals: data compilation. Design Inst
Phys Prop Data, Amer Inst Chem Eng. NY, NY: Hemisphere Pub. Corp 4 Vol (1989)
(4) Kloepffer W et al; Ecotox Environ Safety 6: 294-301 (1982) (5) Neeley WB;
Environ Toxicol Contam 1: 259-66 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Water Concentrations:
GROUNDWATER: Trichlorofluoromethane concns in cluster wells at manufacturing
research facility in the Northeastern US were as follows: glacial shallow wells
80 ppb mean, median not detectable; glacial deep wells 5 ppb mean, 4 ppb median;
bedrock wells 650 ppb mean, 23 ppb median(1). The atmosphere may be a source
of the trichlorfluoromethane detected in 72 shallow groundwater samples from
Gluocester County, NJ sampled in December, 1996 and 6 wells sampled in November
1997(2). Groundwater samples from the Danube River Basin in Hungary contained
trichlorofluormethane concns ranging from 0.0 to 14.61 pmol/l(3). Concn in the
Pannonian deep well in the same region was 0.07 pmol/l(3). [(1) Rich CA; Stud Environ Sci 17 (Qual Groundwater): 309-14
(1981) (2) Baehr AL et al; Water Res Res 35: 127-36 (1999) (3) Bohlke JK et
al; Environ Sci Technol 31: 3293-9 (1997)]**PEER REVIEWED**
DRINKING WATER: Trichlorofluoromethane was detected, not quantified in drinking
water samples worldwide(1). Water supply wells in the Danube River Basin Hungary
contained trichlorofluormethane concns ranging from 0.0 to 2.75 pmol/l, sampled
in the spring, 1993, the highest concns being within 2 km from Danube River(2).
[(1) Kool HJ et al; Crit Rev Environ Control 12: 307-57 (1982)
(2) Bohlke JK et al; Environ Sci Technol 31: 3293-9 (1997)]**PEER REVIEWED**
SURFACE WATER: Trichlorofluoromethane was detected in the Ohio River Basin
(11 stations, 4972 samples) in 5.3% of samples at 0.1 ppb; 46 samples between
1 and 10 ppb, and 3 samples >10 ppb(1). 14 Heavily industrialized river basins
in US (204 sites) - 11 sites positive all in the Chicago area and Illinois River
Basin 3-20 ppb(2). Lake Erie central and eastern basins - 34 and 46 parts/trillion
average in 1977 and 1978, respectively, with concentration uniform throughout
the basin(3). Delaware River Basin (30 sites, depth integrating samples) - 3%
of sites had values > 1 ppb(4). Lake Michigan (9 sites) - 5 sites positive,
1-20 ppb(5). Levels in two Danube River samples, Hungary were 7.82 and 7.74
pmol/l, May, 1993(6). [(1) Ohio R Valley Water Sanit Comm; Assessment of Water Quality
Conditions. Ohio River Mainstream 1980-81 Cincinnati OH (1982) (2) Ewing BB
et al; Monitoring to Detect Previously Unrecognized Pollutants in Surface Waters
USEPA-560/6-77-015 (1977) (3) Kaiser KLE, Valdamis I; J Great Lakes Res 5: 160-9
(1979) (4) Dewalle FB, Chian ESK; Proc Ind Waste Conf 32: 908-19 (1978) (5)
Konasewich D et al; Status Report on Organic and Heavy Metal Contaminants in
the Lake Erie, Michigan, Huron and Superior Basins. Great Lakes Qual Rev Board
(1978) (6) Bohlke JK et al; Environ Sci Technol 31: 3293-9 (1997)]**PEER REVIEWED**
SEAWATER: Pacific Ocean 0.13 parts/trillion average at surface. 0.06 parts/trillion
average at 300 m depth(1) Point Reyes, CA nearshore 43 parts/trillion(2). Trichlorofluoromethane
is most abundant in the surface layers of the sea as opposed to the depths as
was demonstrated in concn profiles of the Greenland(3) and Norwegian Seas(3,4).
[(1) Singh HB et al; Atmospheric Distributions, Sources and Sinks
of Selected Halocarbons, Hydrocarbons, SF6 and N2O pp. 134 USEPA-600/3-79-107
(1979) (2) Singh HB et al; J Air Pollut Control Assoc 27: 332-6 (1977) (3) Bullister
JL, Weiss RF; Science 221: 265-8 (1983) (4) Hahne A et al; Pure Appl Geoph 116:
575-82 (1978)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Effluent Concentrations:
Industries whose raw or treated wastewater exceed an average of 10 ug/l trichlorofluoromethane
include: auto and other laundries, electrical components, nonferrous metal manufacturing,
coal mining, photographic equipment/supplies and textile mills(1). Maximum levels
at or above 100 ppb occurred in textile mills (2100 ppb) auto and other laundries
(120 ppb), and nonferrous metal manufacturing (100 ppb)(1). Of 343 industrial
effluents sites representing all STORET stations, 0.6% were positive for trichlorofluoromethane,
with a median of <5 ppb(2). National Urban Runoff Program (nineteen cities
including 11 of the 18 river basins in the contiguous USA - 86 samples) reports
a 6% frequency of detection, 0.6-27 ppb(3). The concn of trichloroflouromethane
in a Los Angeles municipal wastewater was below the detection limit of 0.3 ppb(4).
[(1) USEPA; Treatability Manual pp. 1-12 to 22-1 to 1-12 to 22-4
USEPA-600/2-82-001a (1981) (2) Staples CA et al; Environ Toxicol Chem 4: 131-42
(1985) (3) Cole RH et al; J Water Pollut Control Fed 56: 898-908 (1984) (4)
Young DR et al; pp. 871-84 in Water Chlorination: Environ Impact Health Effects
Book 2 Vol. 4 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sediment/Soil Concentrations:
SEDIMENT: Bottom sediment from the submarine outfall of Los Angeles sewage
treatment plant contained < 0.5 ppb trichlorofluoromethane(1). [(1) Young DR et al; pp. 87-84 in Water Chlorination: Environ
Impact Health Effects Book 2 Vol 4 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Atmospheric Concentrations:
URBAN/SUBURBAN: In the USA, 903 samples contained 100-4900 parts/trillion
trichlorofluoromethane with a median concn of 380 parts/trillion(1). Mean concns
in the US were as follows (ppb, location, date): 0.025, Seagirt, NJ, 6/74; 1.44,
New York, NY, 6/74; 0.28, Sandy Hook, NJ 7/74; 0.13, Delaware City, DE, 7/74;
0.24, Baltimore, MD, 7/74; 0.14, Wilmington, OH, 7/74; and 1.34, Bayonne, NJ,
3/73-12/73(2). In Tubingen and Leipzig in Germany, median levels were elevated
by approximately 50% compared to background levels; a max concn of 100 ug/cu
m was detected in Tubingen(3). Using national and United Nations statistics
for 1986, it was determined that almost 75% of the total CFC emissions come
from developed countries(4). Monitoring evidence suggests that trichlorofluoromethane
emissions in Europe have declined to about one third of the 1987 levels to the
end of 1990(5). [(1) Brodzinsky R, Singh HB; Volatile Organic Chemicals in the
Atmosphere: An Assessment of Available Data SRI International p. 198 Contract
68-02-3452 1982) (2) Lillian D et al; Environ Sci Technol 9: 1042-8 (1975) (3)
Frank W et al; Chemosphere 23: 609-626 (1991) (4) McCulloch A et al; Atmos Environ
28: 2567-82 (1998) (5) Simmonds PG et al; Atmos Environ 27A: 1397-407 (1993)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
INDOOR AIR: Trichlorofluoromethane levels of 1.7X10-3 to 2.9 mg/cu m have
been reported in homes. A concn of 0.28 mg/cu m was reported in a beauty shop
where fluorocarbon aerosol cosmetic sprays were likely to be used(1). [(1) USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Halomethanes pp.
C-18 PB81-117624 Oct (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**
RURAL/REMOTE: US (1977-1980, 431 samples) 120 parts/trillion median, 230 parts/trillion
maximum(1). South Pole (1975-1980) 90-166 parts/trillion, average annual concn
increase 8-12%(2). US Pacific NW (1975-1980) 125-188 parts/trillion, average
annual concn increase 8-12%(2). Harwell England (1/78-6/81) 207-272 parts/trillion
monthly average, annual rate of increase between 1975-1981 10-11 parts/trillion
rate of increase slowing down(3). Southern Hemisphere Background: 182 parts/trillion
average in 1981 with an annual growth 11.5 parts/trillion for 1979-1981 as measured
at Cape Point, South Africa(4) and 130 parts/trillion in June 1977 with an increase
of nearly 20% in the previous 12 months as measured at Cape Grim, Australia(5).
Point Barrows, Alaska 192.3-202.6 parts/trillion with the highest concentration
during the winter(6). The source of the trichlorofluoromethane is anthropogenic
in the mid-latitudes(6). Concn measurements as a function of latitude show that
the concn decreases with altitude in the troposphere followed by a sharper decrease
through the tropopause and into the stratosphere(7). Mean concn in troposphere
over Southern France, June-Sept 1977, 130 parts/trillion(8). Three altitudes
over Pacific Ocean, Hawaii to Alaska, Oct-Nov 1974, 6 locations (km altitude,
range parts/trillion) - 15.2, 65-106; 18.3, 29-96; 21.3, 5.5-86(9). Northern
stratosphere, April 1974 - Nov 1976, 49-90 parts/trillion, 65.3 avg; upper troposphere,
May-Nov 1976, 115-126 parts/trillion, 122 avg(10). Tropospheric concn range
of 127-149 parts/trillion, May 1975 - April 1977, from 4 samples sites between
California and Alaska(11). [(1) Brodzinsky R, Singh HB; Volatile Organic Chemicals in the
Atmosphere: An Assessment of Available Data SRI International p. 198 Contract
68-02-3452 (1982) (2) Rasmussen RA et al; Science 211: 285-7 (1981) (3) Brice
KA et al; Atmos Environ 16: 2543-54 (1982) (4) Brunke EG, Halliday EC; Atmos
Environ 17: 823-6 (1983) (5) Wainwright L; Clean Air 13: 5-10 (1979) (6) Khalil
MAK, Rasmussen RA; Environ Sci Technol 17: 157-64 (1983) (7) Schmeltekopf PD
et al; Geophys Res Lett 2: 393-6 (1975) (8) Fabian P et al; J Geophys Res 84:
3149-54 (1979) (9) Vedder JF et al; Geophys Res Lett 5: 33-6 (1978) (10) Leifer
R et al; J Geophys Res 85: 1096-72 (1980) (11) Saunder WD et al; Water Air Pollut
10: 421-39 (1978)]**PEER REVIEWED**
RURAL/REMOTE: Trichlorofluoromethane was detected, not quantified at Point
Barrow, Alaska, showing seasonal variations that parallel that of Arctic haze(1).
Samples from ground-level atmosphere in Antartica contained average concns of
254 and 269 parts/trillion volume, sampled during Austral summer 1989/90 and
1990/91, respectively(2). Trichlorofluoromethane levels at Caparica, Portugal
on the Atlantic coast are approximately 20% lower than at 3 remote forest areas
in Germany, Berchtesgaden, Erzgeirge, and Freudenstadt(3). The mean concn at
Whiteface Mountain, New York was 0.13 ppb, sampled from Sept 16 through Sept
19, 1974(4). [(1) Barrie LA; Atmos Environ 20: 643-63 (1986) (2) Bruner F
et al; Intern J Environ Anal Chem 55: 311-8 (1994) (3) Frank W et al; Chemosphere
23: 609-626 (1991) (4) Lillian D et al; Environ Sci Technol 9: 1042-8 (1975)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
SOURCE DOMINATED: Trichlorofluoromethane was dectected at one unspecified
USA site at a concn of 260 parts/trillion(1). It was identified in landfill
gas from seven municipal waste disposal facilities in the UK at concns of <0.5-74,
<0.1, <0.1, <0.1, <01.-28, <0.5, and <0.5(2). The concn range
of trichlorofluoromethane in six municipal landfills in Hamburg, Germany was
from not detected to 10.79 mg/kg(3). [(1) Brodzinsky R, Singh HB; Volatile Organic Chemicals in the
Atmosphere: An Assessment of Available Data. SRI Inter p. 198 Contract 68-02-3452
(1982) (2) Allen MR et al; Environ Sci Technol 31: 1054-61 (1997) (3) Deipser
A, Stegmann R; Waste Manag Res 12: 129-39 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fish/Seafood Concentrations:
Samples from the Isle of Man - Irish Sea contained trichlorofluormethane concns
as follows: 3 species of mollusks 0.2-1.4 ppb dry weight; 5 species of fish
0.1-5.0 ppb dry weight(1). [(1) Dickson AG, Riley JP; Mar Pollut Bull 7: 167-9 (1976)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Milk Concentrations:
In mother's milk from 4 urban sites in US - 7 of 8 samples positive for trichlorofluoromethane(1).
[(1) Pellizzari ED et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 28: 322-8
(1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Environmental Standards & Regulations:
FIFRA Requirements:
Residues of trichlorofluoromethane are exempted from the requirement of a
tolerance when used as a propellant in accordance with good agricultural practices
as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied
to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest. [40 CFR 180.1001(c) (7/1/91)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Trichlorofluoromethane is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when
used as a propellant in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert
(or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals.
[40 CFR 180.1001(e) (7/1/91)]**PEER REVIEWED**
As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive
review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects
and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration
program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients
initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are
eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety
standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA
had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA,
as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential
for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater
concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Trichloromonofluoromethane is
found on List D. Case No: 4042; Pesticide type: insecticide; Case Status: No
products containing the pesticide are actively registered ... The case /is characterized/
as "cancelled." Under FIFRA, pesticide producers may voluntarily cancel their
registered products. EPA also may cancel pesticide registrations if registrants
fail to pay required fees or make/meet certain reregistration commitments, or
if EPA reaches findings of unreasonable adverse effects.; Active ingredient
(AI): Trichloromonofluoromethane; AI Status: The active ingredient is no longer
contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled." [USEPA/OPP; Status of Pesticides in Registration, Reregistration
and Special Review p.312 (Spring, 1998) EPA 738-R-98-002]**PEER REVIEWED**
Ninety days after publication of this notice the ingredients /incl trichloromonofluoromethane/
... will be removed from Reregistration List D, and all associated registrations
will be cancelled ... . [56 FR 50425 (10/4/91)]**PEER REVIEWED**
TSCA Requirements:
(a) After October 15, 1978, no person may manufacture, except to import, any
fully halogenated chlorofluoroalkane for any aerosol propellant use except ...
for use in an article which is a food, food additive, drug, cosmetic, or device
exempted under 15 U.S.C. 2602 (21 CFR 2.125) ... for those essential uses listed
in 40 CFR 762.58 ... for exempted uses listed in 40 CFR 762.59; (b) After December
15, 1978, no person may import into the customs territory of the United States
any fully halogenated chlorofluoroalkane, whether as a chemical substance or
as a component of a mixture or article, for any aerosol propellant use except
... for use in an article which is a food, food additive, drug, cosmetic, or
device exempted under 15 U.S.C. 2602 (21 CFR 2.125) ... for those essential
uses listed in 40 CFR 762.58 ... for exempted uses listed in 40 CFR 762.59;
(c) Every person manufacturing fully halogenated chlorofluoroalkanes for aerosol
propellant uses after October 15, 1978 must obtain a signed statement ... for
aerosol propellant uses permitted under 40 CFR Part 762 or 21 CFR 2.125, or
... for other uses. /Fully halogenated chlorofluoroalkanes/ [40 CFR 762.45 (7/1/91)]**PEER REVIEWED**
(a) After December 15, 1978, no person may process any fully halogenated chlorofluoroalkane
into any aerosol propellant article except ... for use in an article which is
a food, food additive, drug, cosmetic, or device exempted under 15 U.S.C. 2602
(21 CFR 2.125) ... for those essential uses listed in 40 CFR 762.58 ... for
exempted uses listed in 40 CFR 762.59; (b) After December 15, 1978 no person
may process any fully halogenated chlorofluoroalkane into any aerosol propellant
article intended for export except ... for use in an article which is a food,
food additive, drug, cosmetic, or device exempted under 15 U.S.C. 2602 (21 CFR
2.125) ... for those essential uses listed in 40 CFR 762.58 ... for exempted
uses listed in 40 CFR 762.59. /Fully halogenated chlorofluoroalkanes/ [40 CFR 762.50 (7/1/91)]**PEER REVIEWED**
After December 15, 1978, no person may distribute in commerce any fully halogenated
chlorofluoroalkane for processing into any aerosol propellant article except
... for use in an article which is a food, food additive, drug, cosmetic, or
device exempted under 15 U.S.C. 2602 (21 CFR 2.125) ... for those essential
uses listed in 40 CFR 762.58 ... for exempted uses listed in 40 CFR 762.59.
/Fully halogenated chlorofluoroalkanes/ [40 CFR 762.55 (7/1/91)]**PEER REVIEWED**
The following aerosol propellant uses of fully halogenated chlorofluoroalkanes
are essential and exempt from 40 CFR 762.45, 40 CFR 762.50 and 40 CFR 762.55:
(a) Mercaptan stench warning devices; (b) Release agents for molds used in the
production of plastic and elastomeric materials; (c) Flying insect pesticides
... for use in nonresidential food handling areas ... for space spraying of
aircraft; (d) Diamond-grit spray; (e) Nonconsumer articles used as cleaner-solvents,
lubricants, or coatings for electrical or electronic equipment; (f) Articles
necessary for safe maintenance and operation of aircraft; (g) Uses essential
to the military preparedness of the United States as determined by the Administrator
and the Secretary of Defense; (h) Pharmaceutical rotary tablet press punch lubricants;
(i) Automatic timed-release insecticide dispensing system for facilities in
which tobacco is stored for three or more years for use from May 18, 1981 to
December 31, 1981. /Fully halogenated chlorofluoroalkanes/ [40 CFR 762.58 (7/1/91)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Special exemptions: (a) Inkless fingerprinting systems until August 1, 1981;
(b) ... For producers of pyrethrin pesticide formulations; ... (c) Effective
June 1, 1982, Virginia Chemicals Inc. (VCI) may process chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs) for incorporation into its automatic timed-release insecticide dispensing
A-System customers for use before December 31, 1982 ... . /Fully halogenated
chlorofluorocarbons/ [40 CFR 762.59 (7/1/91)]**PEER REVIEWED**
CERCLA Reportable Quantities:
Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National
Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated
hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity
of 5000 lb or 2270 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In
the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining
when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).
[40 CFR 302.4 (7/1/2000)]**PEER REVIEWED**
RCRA Requirements:
U121; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when trichloromonofluoromethane as a
commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification
commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes
a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste
regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated
soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water
or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste
may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).
[40 CFR 261.33 (7/1/2000)]**PEER REVIEWED**
F002; When trichlorofluoromethane is a spent halogenated solvent, it is classified
as a hazardous waste from a nonspecific source (F002), as stated in 40 CFR 261.31,
and must be managed according to state and/or federal hazardous waste regulations.
[40 CFR 261.31 (7/1/2000)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Atmospheric Standards:
This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile
Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry
(SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed,
modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated
system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering
costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements.
Trichlorofluoromethane is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by
process units covered under this subpart. [40 CFR 60.489 (7/1/2000)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Federal Drinking Water Guidelines:
EPA 2000 ug/l [USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis
Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and
Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**
State Drinking Water Standards:
(CA) CALIFORNIA 150 ug/l [USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis
Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and
Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**
State Drinking Water Guidelines:
(AZ) ARIZONA 2100 ug/l [USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis
Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and
Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**
(FL) FLORIDA 2,100 ug/l [USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis
Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and
Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**
(ME) MAINE 2300 ug/l [USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis
Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and
Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**
(MN) MINNESOTA 2000 ug/l [USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis
Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and
Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**
(WI) WISCONSIN 3500 ug/l [USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis
Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and
Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**
(WA) WASHINGTON 1,300 ug/l [USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis
Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking Water Standards and
Guidelines (11/93)] **QC REVIEWED**
Allowable Tolerances:
Residues of trichlorofluoromethane are exempted from the requirement of a
tolerance when used as a propellant in accordance with good agricultural practices
as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied
to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest. [40 CFR 180.1001(c) (7/1/91)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Trichlorofluoromethane is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when
used as a propellant in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert
(or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals.
[40 CFR 180.1001(e) (7/1/91)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Chemical/Physical Properties:
Molecular Formula:
C-Cl3-F **PEER REVIEWED**
Molecular Weight:
137.37 [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 1643]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Color/Form:
Liquid @ temp below 23.7 deg C [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 1643]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Colorless liquid [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary.
13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997. 1125]**PEER REVIEWED**
Colorless to water-white ... liquid or gas (above 75 degrees F). [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
146]**PEER REVIEWED**
Odor:
In concn of less than 20% (by volume in air), trichlorofluoromethane is odorless,
in higher concn, its odor is mild and somewhat ethereal. [Matheson Gas Products; Matheson Gas Data Book 6th Ed p.670 (1980)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
... Nearly odorless ... [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
146]**PEER REVIEWED**
Characteristic; quality: sweet, pleasant to unpleasant [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals.
3rd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1996. 1016]**PEER REVIEWED**
Boiling Point:
23.7 deg C @ 760 mm Hg [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 1643]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Melting Point:
-111 deg C [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 1643]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Corrosivity:
Liquid fluorotrichloromethane will attack some forms of plastics, rubber,
and coatings. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**
Critical Temperature & Pressure:
Critical temperature: 198 deg C; critical pressure: 43.2 atm (635 lb/sq in,
absolute) [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 1643]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Density/Specific Gravity:
1.494 @ 17.2 deg C/4 deg C /liquid/ [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 1643]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Heat of Vaporization:
25.1 kJ/mol @ 23.7 deg C [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th
ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999.,p. 6-103]**PEER REVIEWED**
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient:
log Kow= 2.53 [Hansch, C., Leo, A., D. Hoekman. Exploring QSAR - Hydrophobic,
Electronic, and Steric Constants. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.,
1995. 3]**PEER REVIEWED**
Solubilities:
Sol in alc, ether, other org solvents [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 1643]**PEER
REVIEWED**
1 G SOL IN 1 L WATER @ 25 DEG C [National Research Council. Drinking Water and Health. Volume
3. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1980. 167]**PEER REVIEWED**
In water, 1,100 mg/l @ 25 deg C. [DuPont de Nemours Co; Freon Products Information B-2. A98825.
December (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Solubility in water: 0.0036 g/100 g @ 0 deg C; 0.013 g/100 g @ 30 deg C [Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial
Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present.,p.
VA11 (88) 356]**PEER REVIEWED**
In water, 1,100 mg/l @ 20 deg C [Yalkowsky SH, Dannenfelser RM; The AQUASOL dATAbASE of Aqueous
Solubility. Ver 5. Tucson, AZ: Univ AZ, College of Pharmacy (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Spectral Properties:
Index of refraction: 1.3865 @ 18.5 deg C/D [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 1643]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Index of Refraction (liquid): 1.374 @ 25 deg C [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes
1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V11 (94) 505]**PEER REVIEWED**
IR: 1113 (Sadtler Research Laboratories Prism Collection) [Weast, R.C. and M.J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic
Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985.,p. V1 841]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Surface Tension:
18 dyn/cm @ 25 deg C [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes
1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V11 (94) 512]**PEER REVIEWED**
Vapor Density:
5.04 @ 25 deg C (Air= 1) [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 1643]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Vapor Pressure:
803 mm Hg @ 25 deg C [Daubert, T.E., R.P. Danner. Physical and Thermodynamic Properties
of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, D.C.: Taylor and Francis, 1989.]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Relative Evaporation Rate:
63 (butyl acetate= 1) [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**
Specific enthalpy of evaporation at standard BP: 182 kJ/kg [Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial
Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present.,p.
B3 (88) 19-8]**PEER REVIEWED**
Viscosity:
Gas: 0.0105 mPa.s @ 24 deg C; liquid: 0.43 mPa.s @ 20 deg C [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes
1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V11 (94) 512]**PEER REVIEWED**
Specific heat of liquid: 0.89 J/g K @ 25 deg C and 1 atm [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th
ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999.,p. 15-18]**PEER REVIEWED**
Global warming potential: 1.0; ozone depletion potential: 1.0 [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals.
3rd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1996. 1016]**PEER REVIEWED**
1.476 g/ml @ 25 deg C /Liquid density/ [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes
1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V11 (94) 505]**PEER REVIEWED**
Critical volume: 2476 cu cm /mol [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th
ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1998-1999.,p. 6-48]**PEER REVIEWED**
Critical density: 0.548 g/cu m [Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial
Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present.,p.
VA11 (88) 356]**PEER REVIEWED**
Specific heat of vapor at 38 deg C and 1 atm: 0.142 cal/g [Lide, D.R. (ed). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 72nd
ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1991-1992.,p. 6-171]**PEER REVIEWED**
Liquid heat capacity @ 80 deg F= 0.213 Btu/lb-deg F; ideal gas heat capacity
@ 70 deg F= 0.127 Btu/lb-deg F. [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous
Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,
1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Volatile liquid [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary.
13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997. 1125]**PEER REVIEWED**
Ozone depletion potential: 1.0. (Ozone depletion potential relative to R11=
1.0. Scientific assessment of ozone: 1989.) /From table/ [Baxter V, Fairchild P; Oak Ridge National Laboratory Review
No. 3 (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Henry's Law constant = 9.70X10-2 atm-cu cm/mol @ 25 deg C [Warner MJ, Weiss RF; Deep Sea Res A 32: 1485-97 (1985)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Hydroxyl radical rate constant < 5X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec @ 25 deg C
[Atkinson R; J Phys Chem Ref Data Monograph No. 2 (1994)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Greenhouse efficiency: 17,500, relative to CO2 on a volume basis [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes
1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V1 (91) 739]**PEER REVIEWED**
Chemical Safety & Handling:
Odor Threshold:
Low: 28.0 mg/cu m; High: 1170.4 mg/cu m [Ruth JH; Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 47: A-142-51 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Flammable Limits:
Non-flammable [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 1517]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fire Fighting Procedures:
If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type
of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty).
Keep runoff water out of sewers and water sources. [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous
Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American
Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 1074]**PEER REVIEWED**
Toxic Combustion Products:
WHEN HEATED TO DECOMP, IT EMITS HIGHLY TOXIC FUMES OF FLUORIDE
& CHLORIDE IONS. [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 3236]**PEER
REVIEWED**
ALL FLUOROCARBONS WILL UNDERGO THERMAL DECOMPOSITION WHEN EXPOSED TO FLAME
OR RED-HOT METAL. DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS OF THE CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS WILL INCLUDE
HYDROFLUORIC & HYDROCHLORIC ACID ALONG WITH SMALLER AMOUNTS OF PHOSGENE
& CARBONYL FLUORIDE. THE LAST COMPOUND
IS VERY UNSTABLE TO HYDROLYSIS & QUICKLY CHANGES TO HYDROFLUORIC ACID &
CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE PRESENCE OF MOISTURE. /FLUOROCARBONS/ [International Labour Office. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health
and Safety. 4th edition, Volumes 1-4 1998. Geneva, Switzerland: International
Labour Office, 1998.,p. 104.185]**PEER REVIEWED**
IN CONTACT WITH OPEN FLAME OR VERY HOT SURFACE FLUOROCARBONS MAY DECOMP INTO
HIGHLY IRRITANT & TOXIC GASES: CHLORINE, HYDROGEN FLUORIDE
OR CHLORIDE, & EVEN PHOSGENE. /FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANT & PROPELLANTS/
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology
of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984.,p. II-159]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Under certain conditions, fluorocarbon vapors may decompose on contact with
flames or hot surfaces, creating the potential hazard of inhalation of toxic
decomposition products. /Fluorocarbons/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1195]**PEER REVIEWED**
Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities:
Chemically active metals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, powdered aluminum,
zinc, magnesium & lithium shavings; granular barium. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
146]**PEER REVIEWED**
Granular barium in contact with fluorotrichloromethane ... is susceptible
to detonation. [Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed.
Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 78]**PEER REVIEWED**
Mixtures of lithium shavings and several halocarbon derivatives /including
fluorotrichloromethane/ are impact-sensitive and will explode, sometimes violently.
[Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th ed.
Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990 1315]**PEER REVIEWED**
Dangerous ... on contact with acid or acid fumes, they emit highly toxic fumes.
/Fluorides/ [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 1660]**PEER
REVIEWED**
DANGEROUS ... ON CONTACT WITH ACIDS OR ACID FUMES THEY EVOLVE HIGHLY TOXIC
CHLORIDE FUMES. /CHLORIDES/ [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 715]**PEER REVIEWED**
Hazardous Decomposition:
UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS, FLUOROCARBON VAPORS MAY DECOMPOSE ON CONTACT WITH
FLAMES OR HOT SURFACES, CREATING THE POTENTIAL HAZARD OF INHALATION OF TOXIC
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS. /FLUOROCARBONS/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1195]**PEER REVIEWED**
When heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes of /hydrogen fluorides/
and /hydrogen chlorides/. [Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996. 3236]**PEER
REVIEWED**
APPEARANCE OF TOXIC DECOMP PRODUCTS SERVES AS WARNING OF OCCURRENCE OF THERMAL
DECOMP & DETECTION OF SHARP ACRID ODOR WARNS OF PRESENCE ... HALIDE LAMPS
OR ELECTRONIC LEAK DETECTORS MAY ALSO BE USED. ADEQUATE VENTILATION ALSO AVOIDS
PROBLEM OF TOXIC DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS. /FLUOROCARBONS/ [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial
Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John
Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3101]**PEER REVIEWED**
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
2000 ppm [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
146]**QC REVIEWED**
Protective Equipment & Clothing:
AIR LINE RESPIRATOR; RUBBER GLOVES; MONOGOGGLES. [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous
Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,
1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Employees should be provided with and required to use impervious clothing,
gloves, face-shields (eight-inch minimum), and other appropriate protective
clothing necessary to prevent repeated or prolonged of skin contact with liquid
fluorotrichloromethane. Employees should be provided with and required to use
splash-proof goggles where liquid fluorotrichloromethane may contact the eyes.
[Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**
Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
147]**PEER REVIEWED**
Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
147]**PEER REVIEWED**
Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possbility
that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the
recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
147]**PEER REVIEWED**
Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate
work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note:
It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of
water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed.
The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility
depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower
should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from
a sink or hose could be considered adequate. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
147]**PEER REVIEWED**
Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 2000 ppm: Respirator
Classes: Any supplied-air respirator. Any self-contained breathing apparatus
with a full facepiece. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
147]**PEER REVIEWED**
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Emergency or planned
entry into unknown concn or IDLH conditions: Respirator Classes: Any self-contained
breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand
or other positive-pressure mode. Any supplied-air respirator that has a full
facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode
in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated
in pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
147]**PEER REVIEWED**
Recommendations for respirator selection. Condition: Escape from suddenly
occurring respiratory hazards: Respirator Classes: Any air-purifying, full-facepiece
respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor
canister. Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
147]**PEER REVIEWED**
Many of the fluorocarbons are good solvents of skin oil, so protective ointment
should be used. /Fluorocarbons/ [Zenz, C. Occupational Medicine-Principles and Practical Applications.
2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Yearbook, Inc, 1988. 544]**PEER REVIEWED**
Neoprene gloves, protective clothing, and eye protection minimize risk of
topical contact. The degreasing effect on the skin can be treated with lanolin
ointment. /Fluorocarbons/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1198]**PEER REVIEWED**
Forced air ventilation and level of vapor concentration together with the
use of individual breathing devices with independent air supply will minimize
risk of inhalation. Lifelines should be worn when entering tanks or other confined
spaces. /Fluorocarbons/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1195]**PEER REVIEWED**
Preventive Measures:
Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
147]**PEER REVIEWED**
Persons not wearing protective equipment and clothing should be restricted
from areas of spills until cleanup has been completed. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 3]**PEER REVIEWED**
Non-impervious clothing which becomes contaminated with liquid fluorotrichloromethane
should be removed immediately and not reworn until the fluorotrichloromethane
has evaporated. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**
If the use of respirators is necessary, the only respirators permitted are
those that have been approved by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (formerly
Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration) or by the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**
Inhalation of fluorocarbon vapors should be avoided. /Fluorocarbons/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1195]**PEER REVIEWED**
Forced air ventilation at the level of vapor concentration together with the
use of individual breathing devices with independent air supply will minimize
the risk of inhalation. Lifelines should be worn when entering tanks or other
confined spaces. /Fluorocarbons/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1195]**PEER REVIEWED**
Enclosure of process materials and isolation of reaction vessels and proper
design and operation of filling heads for packaging and shipping /are administrative
controls that may be instituted to limit occupational exposure to fluorocarbons
during manufacture, packaging, and use/. /Fluorocarbons/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1195]**PEER REVIEWED**
Filling areas should be monitored to ensure that the ambient concn of fluorocarbons
does not exceed 1000 ppm ... Inhalation of fluorocarbon vapors should be avoided
... . If inhalation occurs, epinephrine or other sympathomimetic amines and
adrenergic activators should not be admin since they will further sensitize
heart to development of arrhythmias. /Fluorocarbons/ [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1195]**PEER REVIEWED**
Personnel protection: Keep upwind. Avoid breathing vapors. ... Do not handle
broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous
Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American
Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 1074]**PEER REVIEWED**
If material not on fire or involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources
and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if
without undue personnel hazard. [Association of American Railroads. Emergency Handling of Hazardous
Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington, DC: Association of American
Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, 1994. 1074]**PEER REVIEWED**
APPEARANCE OF TOXIC DECOMP PRODUCTS SERVES AS WARNING OF OCCURRENCE OF THERMAL
DECOMP & DETECTION OF SHARP ACRID ODOR WARNS OF PRESENCE ... HALIDE LAMPS
OR ELECTRONIC LEAK DETECTORS MAY ALSO BE USED. ADEQUATE VENTILATION ALSO AVOIDS
PROBLEM OF TOXIC DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS. /FLUOROCARBONS/ [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial
Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John
Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3101]**PEER REVIEWED**
Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed
and replaced. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
147]**PEER REVIEWED**
SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence
of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work
area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation
is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure
to airborne contaminants. **PEER REVIEWED**
SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner
so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose,
or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the
cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective
clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should
not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of
work for cleaning. **PEER REVIEWED**
Storage Conditions:
Storage temp: ambient; venting: safety relief [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous
Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,
1984-5.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Cleanup Methods:
If fluorotrichloromethane is spilled or leaked, the following steps should
be taken: 1) Ventilate area of spill or leak. 2) If gas is leaking, stop the
flow of gas. 3) If in liquid form, allow to vaporize. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 3]**PEER REVIEWED**
Disposal Methods:
Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant,
EPA hazardous waste numbers U121; F002 must conform with USEPA regulations in
storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. [40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/2000)]**PEER REVIEWED**
A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range
of 820 to 1,600 deg C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases,
and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at
a temperature range of 450 to 980 deg C and residence times of seconds for liquids
and gases, and longer for solids. [USEPA; Engineering Handbook for Hazardous Waste Incineration
p.3-13 (1981) EPA 68-03-3025]**PEER REVIEWED**
Trichlorofluoromethane is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be
subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Incineration, preferably
after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure
complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is
necessary to remove the halo acids produced. [USEPA; Engineering Handbook for Hazardous Waste Incineration
p.2-10 (1981) EPA 68-03-3025]**PEER REVIEWED**
This compound should be susceptible to removal from waste water by air stripping.
[USEPA/ORD; Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment
Manual pp.3-5, 3-11,12 (1980) EPA 430/9-78-009]**PEER REVIEWED**
Because of recent discovery of potential ozone decomposition in the stratosphere
by fluorotrichloromethane, this material should be released to the environment
only as a last resort. Waste material should be /recovered and/ returned to
the vendor, or to licensed waste disposal company. [United Nations. Treatment and Disposal Methods for Waste Chemicals
(IRPTC File). Data Profile Series No. 5. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations
Environmental Programme, Dec. 1985. 207]**PEER REVIEWED**
The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for trichlorofluoromethane:
Concentration process: Solvent extraction. [USEPA; Management of Hazardous Waste Leachate, EPA Contract
No.68-03-2766 p.E-118 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for trichlorofluoromethane:
Concentration process: Activated carbon. [USEPA; Management of Hazardous Waste Leachate, EPA Contract
No.68-03-2766 p.E-161 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Occupational Exposure Standards:
OSHA Standards:
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 1000 ppm (5600
mg/cu m). [29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/2000)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL Ceiling limit 1000 ppm (5600 mg/cu m) is still enforced
in some states. [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
364]**PEER REVIEWED**
Threshold Limit Values:
Ceiling Limit 1,000 ppm [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs
and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents
and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH. 2000. 68]**PEER REVIEWED**
A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs
and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents
and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH. 2000. 68]**PEER REVIEWED**
NIOSH Recommendations:
Recommended Exposure Limit: Ceiling Value: 1,000 ppm (5,600 mg/cu m). [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
146]**PEER REVIEWED**
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health:
2000 ppm [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
146]**QC REVIEWED**
Manufacturing/Use Information:
Major Uses:
For Trichlorofluoromethane (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 000013) there are 0
labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved
pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities
must be consulted for currently approved uses./ [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Pesticide Program's
Chemical Ingredients Database on Trichlorofluoromethane (75-69-4). Available
from the Database Query page at http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/epa/epamenu.htm
as of Sept 8, 2000.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) such as trichlorofluoromethane
were scheduled for production phase-out in 1987 by the Montreal Protocol. Although
originally scheduled for 50% production phase-out by the year 2000 in developed
countries, the worsening ozone depletion has forced acceleration of the CFC
phase-out. [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes
1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V21 (1997) 132]**PEER
REVIEWED**
USED IN MFR OF CLEANING CMPD AND IN FIRE EXTINGUISHERS /FORMER/ [National Research Council. Drinking Water & Health Volume
1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1977. 781]**PEER REVIEWED**
Solvent, fire extinguishers, chemical intermediate, blowing agent /Former/
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary.
13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997. 1125]**PEER REVIEWED**
BLOWING AGENT IN PRODN OF POLYURETHANE FOAMS; REFRIGERANT; DEGREASING AGENT
[SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
Freon 11 is used in electric insulation since it has high electric strength,
inhibits partial discharges, and tends to extinguish power arcs. [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes
1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984.,p. V13 556 (1980)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Propellant in aerosols for insecticides, floor waxes, paint, cosmetics, and
perfumes /former use/ [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**
In production of polymeric resins. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**
Dielectric fluid in bubble chambers and in wind tunnels. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 3]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sulfonation solvent in chemical synthesis. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 3]**PEER REVIEWED**
USED TO PROPEL BRONCHODILATOR SYMPATHOMIMETIC DRUGS OR CORTICOSTERIODS FOR
THE TREATMENT OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA ... /FORMERLY/ IN COSMETIC AEROSOL PRODUCTS.
[Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial
Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John
Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3074]**PEER REVIEWED**
In refrigeration machinery requiring a refrigerant effective at negative pressures.
As aerosol propellant /former use/. [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 1643]**PEER
REVIEWED**
MECHANICAL VAPOR COMPRESSION SYSTEMS USE FLUOROCARBONS FOR REFRIGERATION &
AIR CONDITIONING & ACCOUNT FOR ... MAJORITY OF REFRIGERATION CAPABILITY
IN US. ... FLUOROCARBONS ARE USED AS REFRIGERANTS IN HOME APPLIANCES, MOBILE
AIR CONDITIONING UNITS, RETAIL FOOD REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS & ... CHILLERS.
/FLUOROCARBONS/ [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial
Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John
Wiley Sons, 1981-1982. 3102]**PEER REVIEWED**
Laboratory use [Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals.
3rd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1996. 1016]**PEER REVIEWED**
Reactive ion etching of integrated circuits. ... being replaced by fluorine-based
... chlorine-based ..., and bromine-based gases. [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes
1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present.,p. V14 (95) 690]**PEER REVIEWED**
Hydrologic tracer and age-dating tool in shallow groundwaters [Busenberg E, Plummer LN; Water Res Res 28: 2257-83 (1992)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE IS REACTED WITH ANTIMONY TRIFLUORIDE IN THE PRESENCE
OF A SMALL QUANTITY OF ANTIMONY PENTACHLORIDE. [Osol, A. (ed.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 16th ed.
Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1980. 1266]**PEER REVIEWED**
From carbon tetrachloride and hafnium, in the presence of fluorinating agents
such as antimony tri- and penta-fluoride.
[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary.
13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997. 1125]**PEER REVIEWED**
Prepn: Henne, Organic Reactions 2, 64 (1944). [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996. 1643]**PEER
REVIEWED**
... /The use of chlorofluorocarbons for aerosol sprays/ was prohibited in
1979 except for a few specialized items, because of their depleting effect on
stratospheric ozone. /Chlorofluorocarbons/ [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary.
13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997. 256]**PEER REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code 000013; Trade Names: Freon 11; Propellent 11; Frigen
11; Halon 11; FC 11; Khaladon 11; Kaltron 11; Isotron 11; Eskimon 11; and Genetron
11. /Former trade names/ [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Pesticide Program's
Chemical Ingredients Database on Trichlorofluoromethane (75-69-4). Available
from the Database Query page at http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/epa/epamenu.htm
as of Sept 8, 2000.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Technical, 99.9% min [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary.
13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997. 1125]**PEER REVIEWED**
Consumption Patterns:
Refrigeration/air conditioning, 43%; foam blowing agents, 20%; polymer precursors,
13%; solvent cleaning, 12% aerosol propellants, 2%; medical equipment sterilization,
3%; other, 7%. (1991). /Estimates are for CFC-11,-12,-113,-114,-115 and HCFC-22
only/ [Chemical Profile: Fluorocarbons (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1988) 249,012,000 lb [United States International Trade Commission. Synthetic Organic
Chemicals- United States Production and Sales, 1988. USITC Publication 1989.
Washington,DC: United States International Trade Commission, 1989.,p. 15-7]**PEER
REVIEWED**
(1989) 87,335,000 lb [United States International Trade Commission. Synthetic Organic
Chemicals-United States Production and Sales, 1989. USITC Publication 2338,
1990. Washington, DC:United States International Trade Commission, 1990.,p.
15-8]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1984) 1.36X10+11 g (est) /CFC-13, -113, -114, -115, FLUORINATED MONOMERS
AND SPECIALITIES/ [CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: FLUOROCARBONS (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1991) 7x10+8 lb (est) /Estimates are for CFC-11,-12,-113,-114,-115 and HCFC-22
only/ [Chemical Profile: Fluorocarbons (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1992) 6.1x10+8 lb (est) /Estimates are for CFC-11,-12,-113,-114,-115 and
HCFC-22 only/ [Chemical Profile: Fluorocarbons (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1996) 3.75x10+8 lb (est) /Estimates are for CFC-11,-12,-113,-114,-115 and
HCFC-22 only/ [Chemical Profile: Fluorocarbons (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**
U. S. Imports:
(1978) 2.40X10+9 G (INCLUDES FLUOROCARBON 12) [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1982) 1.30X10+9 G (INCLUDES FLUOROCARBON 12) [SRI]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1985) 9.68X10+9 g [BUREAU OF THE CENSUS, US IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION AND GENERAL
IMPORTS 1985 p.1-584]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1984) 3.95X10+9 g /COMBINATION OF TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE & DICHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE/
[BUREAU OF THE CENSUS US IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION AND GENERAL
IMPORTS (1984) p.1-363]**PEER REVIEWED**
(1984) GREATER THAN 4.54X10+9 g (est) /UNCLASSIFIED FLUOROCARBONS/ [CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: FLUOROCARBONS (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
U. S. Exports:
(1984) RANGE FROM 1.82X10+10 g TO 2.27X10+10 g (est) /UNCLASSIFIED FLUOROCARBONS/
[CHEMICAL PRODUCTS SYNOPSIS: FLUOROCARBONS (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Laboratory Methods:
Clinical Laboratory Methods:
HEXANE EXTRACTION PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF COMMON FLUOROCARBON PROPELLANTS
IN BLOOD WAS EVALUATED. AN ANALYSIS OF SAMPLE HEADSPACE WAS ALSO EVALUATED FOR
DETERMINING CHLOROPENTAFLUOROETHANE IN BLOOD. BOTH PROCEDURES INVOLVED ANALYSIS
BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY USING ELECTRON CAPTURE DETECTION. THE WIDELY USED HEXANE
EXTRACTION PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING PPM LEVELS OF VOLATILE HALOCARBONS IN TISSUE
WAS EVALUATED BY A COMBINATION OF RADIOCHEMICAL AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES.
THE DATA SUGGEST THAT HEXANE EXTRACTION GIVES SIGNIFICANTLY LOW RESULTS. /FLUOROCARBONS/
[TERRILL JB; AMER IND HYG ASSOC J 33 (11): 736-44 (1972)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Analysis of fluorinated hydrocarbon propellants in blood using head-space
gas chromatography. [Chio WL, Niazi S; Chem Pathol Pharm 6: 481-98 (1973)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Analytic Laboratory Methods:
EPA Method IP-1A. High resolution capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
method coupled to one or more detectors (eg flame ionization detector, electron
capture detector, photoionization detector) for the determination of volatile
organic compounds in indoor air using stainless steel canisters. During analysis,
water vapor is reduced in the gas stream by a Nafion(R) dryer and the temperature
of the trap is raised. Under the prescribed conditions, the method detection
limit are not given as defined by EPA. [USEPA/SCC; Environmental Monitoring Methods Index p.94 (1992)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
EPA Method 5030. Purge and Trap extraction procedure for the analysis of volatile
organics. Such cmpds include low-molecular weight halogenated hydrocarbons,
aromatics, ketones, nitriles, acetates, acrylates, ethers and sulfides. An inert
gas is bubbled through the solution at ambient temperature, and the volatile
components are efficiently transferred from the aqueous phase to the vapor phase.
After purging is complete, the sorbent column is heated and backflushed with
inert gas to desorb the components onto a GC column. Water samples can be analyzed
directly, while preparation is necessary for water-miscible liquids, solids,
wastes and soil/sediments. [USEPA; Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste SW-846 (1986)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
EPA Method 5040. Protocol for Analysis of Sorbent Cartridges from Volatile
Organic Sampling Train. This method covers the determination of volatile principal
organic hazardous constituents collected on Tenax and Tenax/charcoal sorbent
cartridges using a volatile organic sampling train, from wet stack gas effluents
from hazardous waste incinerators. The contents of the sorbent cartidges are
thermally desorbed, bubbled, and trapped on an analytical adsorbent trap. The
desired target detection limit of the analytical method is 0.1 ng/l. Interferences
include phthalate esters, detectable levels of volatile principal hazardous
constituents in blanks, and soap residue on the glassware. [USEPA; Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste SW-846 (1986)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
EPA Method 3580. Waste Dilution. One gram of sample is weighed into a capped
tube and the sample is diluted with an appropriate solvent. This method is designed
for wastes that may contain organic chemicals at a level greater than 20,000
mg/kg. It is recommended that an aliquot of the diluted sample be cleaned up
with an applicable technique. [USEPA; Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste SW-846 (1986)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
NIOSH Method 1006. Determination of Fluorotrichloromethane by Gas Chromatography
with Flame Ionization Detection. Detection limit= 1.0 mg/cu m. [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health
Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 4th ed.Methods A-Z & Supplements.
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Aug 1994.]**PEER REVIEWED**
EPA Method OSW 8010B. Determination of Halogenated Volatile Organics by Gas
Chromatography. [USEPA/Office of Solid Waste (OSW); Test Methods for Evaluating
Solid Waste, Physical/ Chemical Methods, SW-846, 3rd Edition, Final Update II,
September (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**
EPA Method OSW 8240B. Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography/Mass
Spectrometry (GC/MS). [USEPA/Office of Solid Waste (OSW); Test Methods for Evaluating
Solid Waste, Physical/ Chemical Methods, SW-846, 3rd Edition, Final Update II,
September (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**
EMSLC Method 601. Purgeable Halocarbons in Wastewater by Gas Chromatography
with Electrolytic Conductivity Detection. [USEPA; EMMI. EPA's Environmental Monitoring Methods Index. Version
1.1. PC# 4082. Rockville, MD: Government Institutes (1997)]**PEER REVIEWED**
EMSLC Method 624. Protocol for the Analysis of Purgeable Organic Priority
Pollutants in Industrial and Municipal Wastewater. [USEPA; EMMI. EPA's Environmental Monitoring Methods Index. Version
1.1. PC# 4082. Rockville, MD: Government Institutes (1997)]**PEER REVIEWED**
EPA Method OSW 8010B. Determination of Halogenated Volatile Organics by Gas
Chromatography. [USEPA/Office of Solid Waste (OSW); Test Methods for Evaluating
Solid Waste, Physical/ Chemical Methods, SW-846, 3rd Edition, Final Update II,
September (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**
EPA OSW Method 8240. Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography/Mass
Spectrometry (GC/MS). [USEPA/Office of Solid Waste (OSW); Test Methods for Evaluating
Solid Waste, Physical/ Chemical Methods, SW-846, 3rd Edition, Final Update II,
September (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**
EPA Method 502.1. Volatile Halogenated Organic Compounds in Water by Purge
and Trap Gas Chromatography. Revision 2.0. [USEPA; EMMI. EPA's Environmental Monitoring Methods Index. Version
1.1. PC# 4082. Rockville, MD: Government Institutes (1997)]**PEER REVIEWED**
EPA Method 502.2. Volatile Organic Compounds in Water by Purge and Trap Capillary
Column Gas Chromatography with Photoionization and Electrolytic Conductivity
Detectors in Series. Revision 2.0. [USEPA; EMMI. EPA's Environmental Monitoring Methods Index. Version
1.1. PC# 4082. Rockville, MD: Government Institutes (1997)]**PEER REVIEWED**
EPA Method 524.1. Measurement of Purgeable Organic Compounds in Water by Packed
Column Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry. Revision 3.0. [USEPA; EMMI. EPA's Environmental Monitoring Methods Index. Version
1.1. PC# 4082. Rockville, MD: Government Institutes (1997)]**PEER REVIEWED**
EPA Method 524.2. Measurement of Purgeable Organic Compounds in Water by Capillary
Column Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Revision 4.0. [USEPA; EMMI. EPA's Environmental Monitoring Methods Index. Version
1.1. PC# 4082. Rockville, MD: Government Institutes (1997)]**PEER REVIEWED**
EPA Method OSW 8260B. Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography/Mass
Spectrometry (GC/MS): Capillary Column Technique. [USEPA/Office of Solid Waste (OSW); Test Methods for Evaluating
Solid Waste, Physical/ Chemical Methods, SW-846, 3rd Edition, Final Update II,
September (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**
EPA Method OSW 8021A. Analysis of Halogenated and Aromatic Volatiles By Gas
Chromatography using Electrolytic Conductivity and Photoionization Detectors
in Series: Capillary Column Technique. [USEPA/Office of Solid Waste (OSW); Test Methods for Evaluating
Solid Waste, Physical/ Chemical Methods, SW-846, 3rd Edition, Final Update II,
September (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**
EPA Method 6230B. Volatile Halocarbons in Water by Purge and Trap Packed-Column
Gas Chromatography. [USEPA; EMMI. EPA's Environmental Monitoring Methods Index. Version
1.1. PC# 4082. Rockville, MD: Government Institutes (1997)]**PEER REVIEWED**
Sampling Procedures:
Measurements to determine employee exposure are best taken so that the average
eight-hr exposure is based on a single eight-hr sample or two four-hr samples.
Several short time interval samples (up to 30 minutes) may also be used to determine
the average exposure level. Air samples should be taken in the employee's breathing
zone (air that would most nearly represent that inhaled by the employee). [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. (eds.).
NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH)
PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Jan. 1981. 2]**PEER REVIEWED**
NIOSH Method 1006. Analyte: Freon 11. Matrix: Air. Sampler: Solid sorbent
tube (coconut shell, charcoal, 400 mg/200 mg). Flow Rate: 0.01 to 0.05 l/min.
Sample Size: 4 l. Shipment: Refrigerate. Sample Stability: Quantitative recovery
after 8 days @ 25 deg C. [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health
Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 4th ed.Methods A-Z & Supplements.
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Aug 1994.]**PEER REVIEWED**
EPA Method 8010. For the analysis of solid waste, a representative sample
(solid or liquid) is collected in a standard 40 ml glass screw-cap VOA vial
equipped with a Teflon-faced silicone septum. Sample agitation, as well as contamination
of the sample with air, must be avoided. Two vials are filled per sample location,
then placed in separate plastic bags for shipment and storage. [USEPA; Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste SW-846 (1986)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
EPA Method 8240. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for the determination
of volatile Organics. This method can be used to quantify most volatile organic
compounds including trchlorofluoromethane that have boiling points below 200
deg C and are insoluble or slightly soluble in water. The detection limit is
not given. Precision and method accuracy were found to be directly related to
the concentration of the analyte and essentially independent of the sample matrix.
[USEPA; Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste SW-846 (1986)]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Edling C, Soderkvist P; Criteria Document for Threshold Limit Values: Fluorocarbons;
Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen 171 (84) 38p (1982). A literature survey of the health
hazards of fluorocarbons (Freons 11, 12, 22, and 113).
WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113 Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
(1990)
Aviado DM; Toxicity of Propellants; Progress Research 18: 365-97 (1974). Available
information concerning toxicity of 15 propellants used in aerosols was reviewed.
Zakhari S, Aviado DM; Cardiovascular Toxicology of Aerosol Propellants, Refrigerants
and Related Solvents; Target Organ Toxicology Series: Cardiovascular Toxicology,
XII+ 388 pages; Raven Press: New York, NY 281-326 (1982). Review of the toxicology
of aerosol propellants, refrigerants and related solvents on the cardiovascular
system of humans.
Bioassay of Trichlorofluoromethane for Possible Carcinogenicity (1978) Technical
Rpt Series No. 106 DHEW Pub No. (NIH) 78-1356 U.S. Department of Health Education
and Welfare, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20014
Synonyms and Identifiers:
Synonyms:
F-11 **PEER REVIEWED**
F 11B **PEER REVIEWED**
R 11 **PEER REVIEWED**
ALGOFRENE TYPE 1 **PEER REVIEWED**
ARCTON 9 **PEER REVIEWED**
Arcton 11 **PEER REVIEWED**
Caswell No. 878 **PEER REVIEWED**
CFC 11 **PEER REVIEWED**
ELECTRO-CF 11 **PEER REVIEWED**
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 000013 **PEER REVIEWED**
ESKIMON 11 **PEER REVIEWED**
FC-11 **PEER REVIEWED**
FC 11 (HALOCARBON) **PEER REVIEWED**
FKW 11 **PEER REVIEWED**
FLUOROCARBON-11 **PEER REVIEWED**
FLUOROCARBON NO. 11 **PEER REVIEWED**
FLUOROCHLOROFORM **PEER REVIEWED**
FLUOROTRICHLOROMETHANE **PEER REVIEWED**
FLUOROTROJCHLOROMETAN (POLISH) **PEER REVIEWED**
FREON 11 **PEER REVIEWED**
FREON HE **PEER REVIEWED**
FREON MF **PEER REVIEWED**
FRIGEN 11 **PEER REVIEWED**
HALON 11 **PEER REVIEWED**
ISCEON 131 **PEER REVIEWED**
ISOTRON 11 **PEER REVIEWED**
KALTRON 11 **PEER REVIEWED**
KHLADON 11 **PEER REVIEWED**
LEDON 11 **PEER REVIEWED**
METHANE, FLUOROTRICHLORO- **PEER REVIEWED**
METHANE, TRICHLOROFLUORO- **PEER REVIEWED**
MONOFLUOROTRICHLOROMETHANE **PEER REVIEWED**
NCI-C04637 **PEER REVIEWED**
PROPELLANT 11 **PEER REVIEWED**
R 11 (REFRIGERANT) **PEER REVIEWED**
Refrigerant 11 **PEER REVIEWED**
TRICHLOROMONOFLUOROMETHANE **PEER REVIEWED**
UCON REFRIGERANT 11 **PEER REVIEWED**
Formulations/Preparations:
USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code 000013; Trade Names: Freon 11; Propellent 11; Frigen
11; Halon 11; FC 11; Khaladon 11; Kaltron 11; Isotron 11; Eskimon 11; and Genetron
11. /Former trade names/ [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Pesticide Program's
Chemical Ingredients Database on Trichlorofluoromethane (75-69-4). Available
from the Database Query page at http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/epa/epamenu.htm
as of Sept 8, 2000.]**PEER REVIEWED**
Technical, 99.9% min [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary.
13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997. 1125]**PEER REVIEWED**
EPA Hazardous Waste Number:
U121; A toxic waste when a discarded commercial chemical product or manufacturing
chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or
manufacturing chemical intermediate.
F002; A hazardous waste from nonspecific sources when a spent solvent.
RTECS Number:
NIOSH/PB6125000
Administrative Information:
Hazardous Substances Databank Number: 138
Last Revision Date: 20010809
Last Review Date: Reviewed by SRP on 1/20/2001
Update History:
Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/23/2001, 67 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 05/16/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/12/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/28/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/13/2000, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/02/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/04/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/21/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 07/20/1999, 8 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/17/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/20/1999, 3 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 12/18/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/16/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/12/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/02/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/17/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/27/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 02/26/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/09/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/26/1996, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/11/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 04/16/1996, 7 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/18/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 11/10/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/29/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/14/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 05/26/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/24/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/19/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/04/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/15/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/07/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 08/04/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/03/1993, 60 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 04/27/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 02/05/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field update on 12/11/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 11/23/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 11/04/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/03/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 07/02/1992, 56 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 04/16/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/13/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/26/1991, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 10/15/1990, 5 fields added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 05/14/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 04/02/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Field Update on 01/15/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/11/1990, 3 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 01/27/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 12/09/1988, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 09/23/1988, 1 field added/edited/deleted.
Complete Update on 06/22/1988, 63 fields added/edited/deleted.