Dental caries is the most common chronic disease of childhood in the US,¹ with approximately 23% of children aged 2 to 5 years experiencing caries in their primary teeth.² Dental caries disproportionately affects children of low socioeconomic status and minority race and ethnicity,² with a higher prevalence among Mexican American children (33%) and non-Hispanic Black children (28%) than among non-Hispanic White children (18%).³

Poor oral health adversely affects overall health, and dental caries is associated with pain, tooth loss, missed school days, poorer academic performance, and costly restorative care.^4,5 Access to dental care remains limited in many communities, especially for young children, those insured through Medicaid, and patients with special heath care needs.^6\

A dental visit by age 1 year is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, and the American Dental Association,^7,8 yet only 2% of US children will have seen a dentist by their first birthday, despite an estimated 10% already having dental caries.⁹ Conversely, 87% of children have at least 1 visit with a health care professional by age 1 year.⁹ Therefore, primary care clinicians are well-positioned to deliver preventive oral health services, which are proven to reduce caries in young children.¹⁰

Leveraging the numerous routine medical visits during the first year of life to initiate preventive measures (eg, application of fluoride varnish) and provide oral health guidance regarding nutrition and dental hygiene can help address the gap in dental care access.¹¹ However, few primary care clinicians nationwide report providing basic oral health services. In a 2012-2014 cross-sectional analysis of claims data for 6?275?456 children enrolled in Medicaid in 39 states, only 8% received fluoride varnish from their primary care clinician,¹² and in another study examining 328?661 billing claims, less than 5% of privately insured children aged 1 to 5 years received dental fluoride varnish application.¹³

In 2014, the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommended that pediatric primary care clinicians prescribe oral fluoride supplementation starting at age 6 months for children whose water supply is deficient in fluoride and also recommended application of fluoride varnish to the primary teeth of infants and children starting at tooth eruption through age 5 years (B recommendations).¹⁴

In this issue of JAMA, Chou and colleagues¹⁵ report findings from a comprehensive systematic literature review¹⁶ to inform the USPSTF 2021 update on the topic. The authors examined an additional 17 studies published since the prior USPSTF guideline and found that dietary fluoride supplementation and fluoride varnish were both associated with improved caries outcomes in higher-risk children younger than 5 years. Chou et al found limited or no new direct evidence regarding the benefits and harms of oral health screening, caregiver oral health education, or dental referral.^15,16

The Recommendation Statement from the USPSTF in this issue of JAMA on screening and interventions to prevent dental caries in children younger than 5 years presents the updated 2021 guidelines.¹⁷ The 2021 USPSTF guidelines conclude with moderate certainty that there is a moderate net benefit of preventing dental caries with oral fluoride supplementation at recommended doses in children 6 months or older whose water supply is deficient in fluoride and with fluoride varnish application in all children younger than 5 years.

Although the recommendations are largely unchanged from the prior USPSTF Recommendation Statement,¹² the evidence behind these recommendations is stronger, particularly for caries prevention with early application of fluoride varnish. However, the 2021 Recommendation Statement is applicable for children up to age 5 years,¹⁷ whereas the 2014 USPSTF recommendations included children through age 5 years.¹⁴ The modified upper age parameter limits direct comparison of the guidelines.

According to the 2021 Recommendation Statement, “The USPSTF recommends that primary care clinicians prescribe oral fluoride supplementation starting at age 6 months for children whose water supply is deficient in fluoride. (B recommendation).”¹⁷ The USPSTF also “recommends that primary care clinicians apply fluoride varnish to the primary teeth of all infants and children starting at the age of primary tooth eruption (B recommendation).”¹⁷

Clinicians can use “My Water’s Fluoride,” an online tool from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,¹⁸ to assist in determining community water fluoridation status and in making decisions about prescribing oral fluoride supplementation. Fluoride varnish (typically 5% sodium fluoride [2.26% fluoride]) is easily applied with a small brush. Medicaid in all 50 states reimburses primary care clinicians for fluoride varnish application. The American Academy of Pediatrics¹⁹ and Bright Futures publications support these fluoride recommendations.²⁰

In the current Recommendation Statement, “the USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of routine screening examinations for dental caries performed by primary care clinicians in children younger than 5 years (I statement).”¹⁷ The 2021 USPSTF statement,¹⁷ supported by the systemic review by Chou et al,^15,16 cite insufficient evidence on the benefits or harms of primary care clinicians completing oral health screenings (including risk assessment), caregiver oral health education, and dental referrals. A validated and accurate caries risk assessment instrument and evidence regarding the benefits and harms of caries risk assessment are needed to guide practice and inform policy.

However, in the 2021 USPSTF Recommendation Statement, the patient population under consideration is limited to asymptomatic children younger than 5 years. Dental access remains a challenge in many communities, so the absence of formal guidelines addressing school-aged children should not imply that preventive primary care oral health interventions are not indicated for this population. Moreover, recognizing that primary care health care professionals are not dental health professionals, referral of school-aged children for routine recommended dental care is appropriate, and lack of data on referrals preventing caries in this age group should not be interpreted as devaluing this important service to patients.

The 2021 USPSTF Recommendation Statement¹⁷ reinforces the value of early preventive oral health services for children younger than 5 years, specifically fluoride supplementation when indicated and fluoride varnish application. By adhering to the USPSTF recommended preventive oral health services and enacting evidence-based solutions, primary care clinicians could ensure the delivery of more effective whole-person care; help ameliorate oral health inequities that may be related to socioeconomic status, race and ethnicity, and insurance status; and potentially assist the dental profession in meeting the overwhelming demand for preventive dental care and improving oral health for children.

Corresponding Author:

Melinda B. Clark, MD, Division of General Pediatrics, Albany Medical Center, 391 Myrtle Ave, Ste 3A, Albany, NY 12208 (clarkm@amc.edu).

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported.

Additional Information: Dr Clark reported serving as editor of Smiles for Life, a national oral health educational curriculum. Dr Braun reported being an oral health equity researcher and director of the Rocky Mountain Network for Oral Health.