This section is dedicated to the National Toxicology Program’s (NTP) long involvement with the issue of fluoride's toxicity. The NTP is the scientific research arm for U.S. regulatory agencies. It comes under the aegis of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). The NIEHS, in turn, comes under the umbrella of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). -Updated May 2, 2023 (EC).
Date: Published in English
NTP-1 : Human Studies that were used in the National Toxicology Program 2019 draft Systematic Reviews of Fluoride Exposure and Neurodevelopmental and Cognitive Health Effects.
NTP-2 : Human Studies identified but not used in the NTP’s 2019 draft report (see above).
NTP-3 : Human Studies that were used in the National Toxicology Program 2020 draft Systematic Reviews of Fluoride Exposure and Neurodevelopmental and Cognitive Health Effects.
TSCA-1 : Human Studies submitted to US Environmental Protection Agency on November 22, 2016, in Citizens’ Petition under Section 21 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) to ban the addition of fluoridation chemicals to drinking water due to fluoride’s neurotoxicity.
TSCA-2 : Human Studies submitted into the TSCA record after Nov 22, 2016.
| Date | Author | Title | Publication | Topic | Source |
| 2020 | Cui Y, Yu J, Zhang B, Guo B, Gao T, Liu H. | The relationships between thyroid-stimulating hormone and/or dopamine levels in peripheral blood and IQ in children with different urinary iodine concentrations. | Neurosci Lett | IQ | NTP-3 |
| 2020 | Till C, Green R, Flora D, Hornung R, Martinez-Mier EA, Blazer M, Farmus L, Ayotte P, Muckle G, Lanphear B. | Fluoride exposure from infant formula and child IQ in a Canadian birth cohort. | Environment International |
IQ lowered |
NTP-3 TSCA-2 |
| 2020 | Wang A, Duan L, Huang H, Ma J, Zhang Y, Ma Q, Guo Y, Li Z, Cheng X, Zhu J, Zhou G, Ba Y. | Association between fluoride exposure and behavioural outcomes of school-age children: A pilot study in China. | Int J Environ Health Res |
Behavioural outcomes | NTP-3 |
| 2020 | Wang M, Liu L, Li H, Li Y, Liu H, Hou C, Zeng Q, Li P, Zhao Q, Dong L, Zhou G, Yu X, Liu L, Guan Q, Zhang S, Wang A. | Thyroid function, intelligence, and low-moderate fluoride exposure among Chinese school-age children. | Environment International |
IQ lowered |
NTP-3 |
| 2020 | Zhao Q, Tian Z, Zhou G, Niu Q, Chen J, Li P, Dong L, Xia T, Zhang S, Wang A. | SIRT1-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis supports therapeutic effects of resveratrol against neurodevelopment damage by fluoride. | Theranostics | Cellular effects in neuro- developmnt |
NTP-3 |
| 2019 | Green R, Lanphear B, Hornung R, Flora D, Martinez-Mier EA, Neufeld R, Ayotte P, Muckle G, Till C. 2019 | Association between maternal fluoride exposure during pregnancy and IQ scores in offspring in Canada. | JAMA Pediatics |
IQ loweredMother- |
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-2 |
| 2019 | Lu F, Zhang Y, Trivedi A, Jiang X, Chandra D, Zheng J, Nakano Y, Uyghurturk DA, Jalai R, Guner S, Mentes A, DenBesten PK. | Fluoride related changes in behavioral outcomes may relate to increased serotonin. | Physiol Behav |
Behaviour | NTP-1 NTP-3 |
| 2019 | Riddell JK, Malin AJ, Flora D, McCague H, Till C. | Association of water fluoride and urinary fluoride concentrations with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Canadian youth. | Environment International | ADHD | NTP-3 |
| 2019 | Russ TC, Killin LOJ, Hannah J, Batty GD, Deary IJ, Starr JM. 2019 | Aluminium and fluoride in drinking water in relation to later dementia risk. | Brit J Psychol |
Dementia | NTP-1 NTP-3 |
| 2019 | Soto-Barreras U, Escalante-Villalobos KY, Holguin-Loya B, Perez-Aguirre B, Nevarez-Rascon A, Martinez-Martinez RE, Loyola-Rodriguez JP. | Effect of fluoride in drinking water on dental caries and IQ in children. | Fluoride | IQ no effect |
NTP-3 |
| 2019 | Zhao Q, Niu Q, Chen J, Xia T, Zhou G, Li P, Dong L, Xu C, Tian Z, Luo C, Liu L, Zhang S, Wang A. | Roles of mitochondrial fission inhibition in developmental fluoride neurotoxicity: Mechanisms of action in vitro and associations with cognition in rats and children. | Arch Toxicol |
Neuro- toxicity |
NTP-1 NTP-3 |
| 2018 | Bashash M, Marchand M, Hu H, Till C, Martinez-Mier EA, Sanchez BN, Basu N, Peterson KE, Green R, Schnaas L, Mercado-Garcia A, Hernandez-Avila M, Tellez-Rojo MM. | Prenatal fluoride exposure and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children at 6-12 years of age in Mexico City. | Environment International |
ADHD Mother- |
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-2 |
| 2018 | Bellinger DC. | Environmental chemical exposures and neurodevelopmental impairments in children. | Pediatric Medicine | Neuro- develop- mental |
TSCA-2 |
| 2018 | Cui Y, Zhang B, Ma J, Wang Y, Zhao L, Hou C, Yu J, Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Nie J, Gao T, Zhou G, Liu H. | Dopamine receptor D2 gene polymorphism, urine fluoride, and intelligence impairment of children in China: A school-based cross-sectional study. | Ecotox & Env Safety |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-2 |
| 2018 | Duan Q, Jiao J, Chen X, Wang X. | Association between water fluoride and the level of children’s intelligence: A dose-response meta-analysis. | Public Health | IQ | NTP-3 |
| 2018 | El Sehmawy AAEW, Hammouda SM, Ibrahim GE, Barghash SS, Elamir RY. | Relationship between Drinking Water Fluoride and Intelligence Quotient in Egyptian School Children. | Occupational Medicine & Health Affairs |
IQ
|
TSCA-2 |
| 2018 | Goschorska M, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Gutowska I, Metryka E, Skórka-Majewicz M, Chlubek D. | Potential Role of Fluoride in the Etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease. | Intl J of Mol Sc |
Alzheimer’s | TSCA-2 |
| 2018 | Harriehausen CX, Dosani FZ, Chiquet BT, Barratt MS, Quock RL. | Fluoride Intake of Infants from Formula. | J of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry |
Formula- fed infant |
TSCA-2 |
| 2018 | Induswe B, Opinya G, Khasakhala LI, Owino R. | The Auditory Working Memory of 13-15-Year-Old Adolescents Using Water with Varying Fluoride Concentrations from Selected Public Primary Schools in North Kajiado Sub County. | American Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences |
IQ
|
TSCA-2 |
| 2018 | Kheradpisheh Z, Mahvi AH, Mirzaei M, Mokhtari M, Azizi R, Fallahzadeh H, Ehrampoush MH. | Correlation between drinking water fluoride and TSH hormone by ANNs and ANFIS. | J Environ Health Sci Eng |
Thyroid | NTP-1 NTP-3 |
| 2018 | Kheradpisheh Z, Mirzaei M, Mahvi AH, Mokhtari M, Azizi R, Fallahzadeh H, Ehrampoush MH. | Impact of drinking water fluoride on human thyroid hormones: A case-control study. | Sci Rep | Thyroid | NTP-1 NTP-3 |
| 2018 | Khandare AL, Validandi V, Gourineni SR, Gopalan V, Nagalla B. | Dose-dependent effect of fluoride on clinical and subclinical indices of fluorosis in school going children and its mitigation by supply of safe drinking water for 5 years: An Indian study. | Environ Monit Assess |
*Classic fluorosis | NTP-1 NTP-3 |
| 2018 | Kumar V, Chahar P, Kajjari S, Rahman F, Bansal DK, Kapadia JM. 2018 | Fluoride, thyroid hormone derangements and its correlation with tooth eruption pattern among the pediatric population from endemic and non-endemic fluorosis areas. | J Contemp Dent Pract |
Thyroid | NTP-1 NTP-3 |
| 2018 | Malin AJ, Riddell J, McCague H, Till C. | Fluoride exposure and thyroid function among adults living in Canada: Effect modification by iodine status. | Envir Intl |
Thyroid | NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-2 |
| 2018 | Mustafa DE, Younis UM, Elhag SAA. | The relationship between the fluoride levels in drinking water and the schooling performance of children in rural areas of Khartoum State, Sudan. | Fluoride |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-2 |
| 2018 | Pang H, Yu L, Lai X, Chen Q. | Relation Between Intelligence and COMT Gene Polymorphism in Children Aged 8-12 in the Endemic Fluorosis Area and Non-Endemic Fluorosis Area. | Chinese J of Control of Endemic Diseases Translated by FAN |
IQ
|
TSCA-2 |
| 2018 | Rathore S, Meena C, Gonmei Z, Dwivedi S, Toteja GS, Bala K. | Study of excess fluoride ingestion and thyroid hormone derangement in relation with different fluoride levels in drinking water among children of Jodhpur District, Rajasthan, India. | Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol Environ Sci |
Thyroid | NTP-2 |
| 2018 | Till C, Green R, Grundy JG, Hornung R, Neufeld R, Martinez-Mier EA, Ayotte P, Muckle G, Lanphear B. | Community water fluoridation and urinary fluoride concentrations in a national sample of pregnant women in Canada. | Env Health Persp | Fluoride Urine levels |
NTP-3 |
| 2018 | Yu X, Chen J, Li Y, Liu H, Hou C, Zeng Q, Cui Y, Zhao L, Li P, Zhou Z, Pang S, Tang S, Tian K, Zhao Q, Dong L, Xu C, Zhang X, Zhang S, Liu L, Wang A. | Threshold effects of moderately excessive fluoride exposure on children’s health: A potential association between dental fluorosis and loss of excellent intelligence. | Environment International |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-2 |
| 2017 | Barberio AM, Hosein FS, Quinonez C, McLaren L. | Fluoride exposure and indicators of thyroid functioning in the Canadian population: Implications for community water fluoridation. | J Epidemiol Community Health |
Thyroid | NTP-1 NTP-3 |
| 2017 | Barberio AM, Hosein FS, Quinonez C, McLaren L. | Fluoride exposure and reported learning disability diagnosis among Canadian children: Implications for community water fluoridation. | Can J Public Health | Learning disability | NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-2 |
| 2017 | Bashash M, Thomas D, Hu H, Martinez-Mier EA, Sanchez BN, Basu N, Peterson KE, Ettinger AS, Wright R, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Schnaas L, Mercado-Garcia A, Tellez-Rojo MM, Hernandez-Avila M. | Prenatal fluoride exposure and cognitive outcomes in children at 4 and 6-12 years of age in Mexico. | Environmental Health Perspectives |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-2 |
| 2017 | Chang A, Shi Y, Sun H, Zhang L. | Analysis on the Effect of Coal-Burning Fluorosis on the Physical Development and Intelligence Development of Newborns Delivered by Pregnant Women with Coal-Burning Fluorosis. | Chinese Journal of Control of Endemic Diseases |
IQ
|
TSCA-2 |
| 2017 | Gais S, Schonauer M. | Untangling a cholinergic pathway from wakefulness to memory. | Neuron | Acetylcholine (ACh), Learning Memory |
Aa |
| 2017 | Jin T, Wang Z, Wei Y, Wu Y, Han T, Zhang H. | Investigation of Intelligence Levels of Children of 8 to 12 Years of Age in Coal Burning-Related Endemic Fluorosis Areas. |
Journal of Environment and Health Translated |
IQ
|
TSCA-2 |
| 2017 | Khandare AL, Gourineni SR, Validandi V. | Dental fluorosis, nutritional status, kidney damage, and thyroid function along with bone metabolic indicators in school-going children living in fluoride- affected hilly areas of Doda District, Jammu and Kashmir, India. | Environ Monit Assess |
Thyroid | NTP-1 NTP-3 |
| 2017 | Ma Q, Huang H, Sun L, Zhou T, Zhu J, Cheng X, Duan L, Li Z, Cui L, Ba Y | Gene-environment interaction: Does fluoride influence the reproductive hormones in male farmers modified by ER? gene polymorphisms? | Chemosphere | Reprod- tive Genes |
NTP-3 |
| 2017 | Pramanik S, Saha D. | The genetic influence in fluorosis. | Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. |
*Classic fluorosis Genetics |
TSCA-2 |
| 2017 | Razdan P, Patthi B, Kumar JK, Agnihotri N, Chaudhari P, Prasad M. | Effect of fluoride concentration in drinking water on intelligence quotient of 12-14-year-old children in Mathura District: A cross- sectional study. | J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-2 |
| 2017 | Valdez Jimenez L, Lopez Guzman OD, Cervantes Flores M, Costilla-Salazar R, Calderon Hernandez J, Alcaraz Contreras Y, Rocha-Amador DO. | In utero exposure to fluoride and cognitive development delay in infants. | Neuro -toxicology |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-2 |
| 2017 |
Zigu Z, Xiaoyu W, Weiwei N, Qiuxia L, Rui Z, Wei O. [Wrong authors referenced: Zhang Z et al.] |
Effects of calcium on drinking fluorosis-induced hippocampal synaptic plasticity impairment in the offspring of rats. | Transl Neurosci |
Hippo- campus |
TSCA-2 |
| 2016 | Aravind A, Dhanya RS, Narayan A, Sam G, Adarsh VJ, Kiran M. | Effect of fluoridated water on intelligence in 10-12-year-old school children. | J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 |
| 2016 | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | Water Fluoridation Data & Statistics. | CDC Govt Report |
Statistics | TSCA-2 |
| 2016 | Cheng H, Lynn R. | The adverse effect of fluoride on children’s intelligence: A systematic review. | Mankind Quarterly |
IQ Syste- matic review |
TSCA-2 |
| 2016 | Das K, Mondal NK. | Dental fluorosis and urinary fluoride concentration as a reflection of fluoride exposure and its impact on IQ level and BMI of children of Laxmisagar, Simlapal Block of Bankura District, W.B., India. | Environ Monit Assess. |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2016 | Li M, Gao Y, Cui J, Li Y, Li B, Liu Y, Sun J, Liu X, Liu H, Zhao L, Sun D. | Cognitive impairment and risk factors in elderly people living in fluorosis areas in China. | Biol Trace Elem Res |
Cognitive -elderly |
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2016 | Mondal D, Dutta G, Gupta S. | Inferring the fluoride hydrogeochemistry and effect of consuming fluoride-contaminated drinking water on human health in some endemic areas of Birbhum District, West Bengal. | Environ Geochem Health |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2016 | Savchenkov MF, Efimova NV, Manueva RS, Nikolaeva LA, Shin NS. | [Thyroid gland pathology in children population exposed to the combination of iodine deficiency and fluoride pollution of environment]. | Gig Sanit | Thyroid | NTP-2 |
| 2015 | Broadbent JM, Thomson WM, Moffitt TE, Poulton R. | Community water fluoridation and intelligence response. | Am J Pub Health |
IQ no effect |
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2015 | Choi AL, Zhang Y, Sun G, Bellinger DC, Wang K, Yang XJ, Li JS, Zheng Q, Fu Y, Grandjean P. | Association of lifetime exposure to fluoride and cognitive functions in Chinese children: A pilot study. | Neurotoxicol Teratol |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2015 | Khan SA, Singh RK, Navit S, Chadha D, Johri N, Navit P, Sharma A, Bahuguna R. | Relationship between dental fluorosis and intelligence quotient of school going children in and around Lucknow District: A cross-sectional study. | J Clin Diagn Res |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2015 | Kundu H, Basavaraj P, Singla A, Gupta R, Singh K, Jain S. | Effect of fluoride in drinking water on children’s intelligence in high and low fluoride areas of Delhi. | J Indian Assoc Pub Health Dent |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2015 | Malin AJ, Till C. | Exposure to fluoridated water and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder prevalence among children and adolescents in the United States: An ecological association. | Environ Health |
ADHD | NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2015 | Peckham S, Lowery D, Spencer S. | Are fluoride levels in drinking water associated with hypothyroidism prevalence in England? A large observational study of GP practice data and fluoride levels in drinking water. | Epidemiol Community Health | Thyroid | NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2015 | Sebastian ST, Sunitha S. | J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
|
| 2015 | Zhang S, Zhang X, Liu H, Qu W, Guan Z, Zeng Q, Jiang C, Gao H, Zhang C, Lei R, Xia T, Wang Z, Yang L, Chen Y, Wu X, Cui Y, Yu L, Wang A. | Modifying effect of COMT gene polymorphism and a predictive role for proteomics analysis in children’s intelligence in endemic fluorosis area in Tianjin, China. | Toxicol Sci |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2015 | Zhang P, Cheng L. | Effect of coal-burning endemic fluorosis on children’s physical development and intellectual level. |
Chinese Journal of Control of Endemic Diseases Translated |
IQ
|
TSCA-1 |
| 2014 | Asawa K, Pujara P, Thakkar JP, Pandya BG, Sharma AR, Pareek S, Tak A, Tak M, Maniar R. |
Note: This study is similar to one by Nagarajappa et al. (2013) below. |
International Maritime Health |
IQ
|
TSCA-1 |
| 2014 | Bai A, Li Y, Fan Z, Li X, Li P. | [Intelligence and growth development of children in coal-burning-borne arsenism and fluorosis areas: An investigation study]. Also titled: Investigation and analysis of the development of intelligence levels and growth of children in areas suffering fluorine and arsenic toxicity from pollution from burning coal. |
Chinese J EndemiologyTranslated by FAN |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2014 | Grandjean P, Landrigan PJ. | Neurobehavioural effects of developmental toxicity. | Lancet Neurology |
Develop-mental toxicity |
TSCA-1 |
| 2014 | Karimzade S, Aghaei M, Mahvi AH. | Investigation of intelligence quotient in 9-12 year-old children exposed to high- and low-drinking water fluoride in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. | Fluoride |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2014 | Karimzade S, Aghaei M, Mahvi AH. | Letter to the Editor: IQ of 9-12 year-old children in high and low-drinking water fluoride areas in West Axerbaijan Province, Iran: Further information on the two villages in the study and the confounding factors considered. | Fluoride |
IQ
|
TSCA-1 |
| 2014 | Singh N, Verma KG, Verma P, Sidhu GK, Sachdeva S. | A comparative study of fluoride ingestion levels, serum thyroid hormone & TSH level derangements, dental fluorosis status among school children from endemic and non-endemic fluorosis areas. | Springerplus | Thyroid | NTP-1 NTP-3 |
| 2014 | Singh VP, Chauhan DS, Tripathi S, Gaur V, Tomar A, Tiwari M. | Acetylcholinesterase activity in fluorosis adversely affects mental well-being: an experimental study in rural Rajasthan. | European Academic Journal |
AChE activity |
TSCA-1 |
| 2014 | Wei N, Li Y, Deng J, Xu S, Guan Z. | [The effects of comprehensive control measures on intelligence of school-age children in coal-burning-borne endemic fluorosis areas]. |
Chinese J Endemiology Translated |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2013 | Cheng H, Lynn R, | The adverse effect of fluoride on children’s intelligence: A systematic review. | Mankind Quarterly |
IQ Syste- matic review |
TSCA-2 |
| 2013 | Choi AL, Grandjean P, Sun G, Zhang Y. | Developmental Fluoride Neurotoxicity: Choi et al. Respond. | Environmental Health Perspectives | IQ Response to review |
NTP-3 TSCA-2 |
| 2013 | Dai HX, Zeng P, Wang KY, Zhang XG, Ma ZJ, Zhou YG, Fan ZX, Guo SH. | [Analysis of a survey results of patients with suspected high iodine goiter in Liuji Town Fuping County of Shaanxi Province.] | Chinese J Endemiology |
Thyroid Goiter No Abstract |
NTP-2 |
| 2013 | Kutlucan A, Kale Koroglu B, Numan Tamer M, Aydin Y, Baltaci D, Akdogan M, Ozturk M, Vural H, Ermis F. | The investigation of effects of fluorosis on thyroid volume in school-age children. | Med Glas | Thyroid | NTP-2 |
| 2013 | Nagarajappa R, Pujara P, Sharda AJ, Asawa K, Tak M, Aapaliya P, Bhanushali N. |
Note: This study is similar to one by Asawa et al. (2014) above. |
Iranian J Pub Health |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2013 | Singh VP, Singh C, Sandeep T, Sandeep K, Vikas G, Mukesh T, Anurag T. | A correlation between serum vitamin, acetylcholinesterase activity and IQ in children with excessive endemic fluoride exposure in Rajasthan, India. | Int Res J Med Sci |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2013 | Arbuckle TE, Fraser WD, Fisher M, Davis K, Liang CL, et al. (53 authors in all) |
Cohort profile: The maternal-infant research on environmental chemicals research platform. | Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol | MIREC Cohort Study |
NTP-3 |
| 2013 | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | Community water fluoridation: Fluoridation statistics. | CDC | Fluorida- tion stats |
NTP-3 |
| 2013 | Xiang Q, Wang Y, Yang M, Zhang M, Xu Y. | Level of fluoride and arsenic in household shallow well water in Wamiao and Xinhuai villages in Jiangsu Province, China. | Fluoride | Background to Xiang’s 2011 IQ study |
NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2013 | Yasmin S, Ranjan S, D’Souza D. | Effect of excess fluoride ingestion on human thyroid function in Gaya Region, Bihar, India. | Toxicol Environ Chem |
Thyroid | NTP-1 NTP-3 |
| 2013 | Zhang T, Shan KR, Tu X, He Y, Pei JJ, Guan ZZ. | Myeloperoxidase activity and its corresponding mRNA expression as well as gene polymorphism in the population living in the coal-burning endemic fluorosis area in Guizhou of China. | Biol Trace Elem Res |
Genes | TSCA-2 |
| 2012 | Choi AL, Sun G, Zhang Y, Grandjean P. | Developmental fluoride neurotoxicity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | Environmental Health Perspectives | IQ Syste- matic review |
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2012 | Hosur MB, Puranik RS, Vanaki S, Puranik SR. | Study of thyroid hormones free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in subjects with dental fluorosis. | Eur J Dent | Thyroid | NTP-1 NTP-3 |
| 2012 | Saxena S, Sahay A, Goel P. | Effect of fluoride exposure on the intelligence of school children in Madhya Pradesh, India. | J Neurosci Rural Pract. |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2012 | Seraj B, Shahrabi M, Shadfar M, Ahmadi R, Fallahzadeh M, Eslamlu HF, Kharazifard MJ. | Effect of high water fluoride concentration on the intellectual development of children in Makoo, Iran. | J Dent, Tehran U Med Sci |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2012 | Trivedi M, Sangai N, Patel R, Payak M, Vyas S. | Assessment of groundwater quality with special reference to fluoride and its impact on IQ of schoolchildren in six villages of the Mundra Region, Kachchh, Gujurat, India. | Fluoride |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2012 | Wang QJ, Gao MX, Zhang MF, Yang Ml, Xiang, QY. |
Study on the correlation between daily total fluoride intake and children’s intelligence quotient. Note: This was further study on the Xiang (2003) IQ study below. |
J Southeast Univ (Med Sci Edi)Translated by FAN |
IQ
|
NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2012 | Zhou T, Duan LJ, Ding Z, Yang RP, Li SH, Xi Y, Cheng XM, Hou JX, Wen SB, Chen J, Cui LX, Ba Y. | Environmental fluoride exposure and reproductive hormones in male living in endemic fluorosis villages in China. | Life Sci J | Repro- ductive toxicity |
NTP-3 |
| 2011 | Ba Y, Zhang H, Wang G, Wen S, Yang Y, Zhu J, Ren L, Yang R, Zhu C, Li H, Cheng X, Cui L. | Association of dental fluorosis with polymorphisms of estrogen receptor gene in Chinese children. | Biol Trace Elem Res |
Genes & dental fluorosis |
TSCA-1 |
| 2011 | Ding Y, Sun H, Han H, Wang W, Ji X, Liu X, Sun D. | The relationships between low levels of urine fluoride on children’s intelligence, dental fluorosis in endemic fluorosis areas in Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, China. | J Hazard Mater |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2011 | Kang JQ, Cheng YB, Wu KG. | [Effects of fluoride and arsenic in drinking water on children’s intelligence]. Title is slightly different between NTP and TSCA. |
Chinese J Sch Health |
IQ no effect |
NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2011 | Eswar P, Nagesh L, Devaraj CG. | Intelligent quotients of 12-14 year old school children in a high and low fluoride village in India. | Fluoride |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2011 | Poureslami HR, Horri A, Garrusi B. | A comparative study of the IQ of children age 7-9 in a high and a low fluoride water city in Iran. NOTE: This is the same study published in Journal of Dentistry and Oral Hygiene in 2011. |
Fluoride |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2011 | Shivaprakash PK, Ohri K, Noorani H. | Relation between dental fluorosis and intelligence quotient in school children of Bagalkot District. | J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2011 | Xiang Q, Liang Y, Chen B, Chen L. | Analysis of children’s serum fluoride levels in relation to intelligence scores in a high and low fluoride water village in China. | Fluoride | IQ | NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2011 | Yazdi SM, Sharifian A, Dehghani-Beshne M, Momeni VR, Aminian O. | Effects of fluroide on psychomotor performance and memory of aluminum potroom workers. | Fluoride | Memory Psycho- motor |
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2010 | Environmental Protection Agency | Fluoride: Exposure and Relative Source Contribution Analysis. EPA-820-R-10-015. | EPA Office of Water |
Govt report |
NTP-3 TSCA-2 |
| 2010 | Environmental Protection Agency | Fluoride: Dose-Response Analysis For Non-cancer Effects. EPA-820-R-10-019. | EPA Office of Water |
Govt report |
TSCA-2 |
| 2010 | Environmental Protection Agency |
EPA-820-R-10-016. |
EPA Office of Water |
Govt report |
TSCA-2 |
| 2010 | He MX, Zhang CN | [Investigation of children’s intelligence quotient and dental fluorosis in drinking water-type of endemic fluorosis area in Pucheng County, Shaanxi Province before and after drinking water change]. | Chinese J Endemiology |
IQ no effect |
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2010 | Li X, Hou G, Yu B, Yuan C, Liu Y, L Z. | Investigation and analysis of children’s intelligence and dental fluorosis in high fluoride area. | Chinese J Pest Control Translated by FAN |
IQ no effect |
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2010 | McGlashan N, Chelkowska E, Sasananan S. | A survey of goiter morbidity in Ban Mae Toen, northwest Thailand. | Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health |
Goiter | NTP-2 |
| 2010 | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | Fluoride: Exposure and relative source contribution analysis. EPA # 820-R-10-015. | Office of Water EPA |
Exposure Sources |
NTP-3 |
| 2010 | Villa A, Anabalon M, Zohouri V, Maguire A, Franco AM, Rugg-Gunn A. | Relationships between fluoride intake, urinary fluoride excretion and fluoride retention in children and adults: An analysis of available data. | Caries Research |
Urinary fluoride |
NTP-3 |
| 2009 | Li F, Chen X, Huang R, Xie Y. | The impact of endemic fluorosis caused by the burning of coal on the development of intelligence in children. | J Envir Health Translated by FAN |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2009 | Rocha-Amador D, Navarro M, Trejo-Acevedo A, Carrizales L, Perez-Maldonado I, Diaz-Barriga F, Calderon J. | Use of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test for neurotoxicity evaluation of mixtures in children. | Neurotox 30 |
Neuro- toxicity |
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2009 | Sharma JD, Sohu D, Jain P. | Prevalence of neurological manifestations in a human population exposed to fluoride in drinking water. | Fluoride | Neuro- logical |
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2009 | Sudhir KM, Chandu GN, Prashant GM, Subba Reddy VV. | Effect of fluoride exposure on intelligence quotient (IQ) among 13-15 year old school children of known endemic area of fluorosis, Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh. | J Indian Assoc Public Health Dentistry |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2008 | Chen YX, Han FL, Zhoua ZL, Zhang HQ, Jiao XS, Zhang SC, Huang MC, Chang TQ, Dong YF. |
Research on the intellectual development of children in high fluoride areas. First published in Chinese in 1991 |
Fluoride Translated |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2008 | Du L, Wan C, Cao X, Liu J. | The effect of fluorine on the developing human brain. |
Fluoride Translated |
Fetal brain |
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2008 | Guo XC, Wang RY, Cheng CF, Wei WS, Tang LM, Wang QS, Tang DX, Liu GW, He GD, Li SL. |
First published in Chinese in 1991 |
Fluoride Translated |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2008 | Guo ZY, He YH, Zhu QX. | Research on the neurobehavioral function of workers occupationally exposed to fluoride. |
Fluoride Translated |
Neuro- behavior |
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2008 | He H, Cheng ZS, Liu WQ. | Effects of fluorine on the human fetus. |
Fluoride Translated |
Fetal brain |
NTP-1 TSCA-1 |
| 2008 | Hong FG, Cao YX, Yang D, Wang H. |
First published in Chinese in 2001 |
Fluoride Translated |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2008 | Huang H, Ba Y, Cui L, Cheng X, Zhu J, Zhang Y, Yan P, Zhu C, Kilfoy B, Zhang Y. | COL1A2 gene polymorphisms (Pvu II and Rsa I), serum calciotropic hormone levels, and dental fluorosis. | Community Dent Oral Epidemiol |
Genetics Dental fluorosis |
TSCA-1 |
| 2008 | Li J, Yao L, Shao QL, Wu CY. | Effects of high fluoride level on neonatal neurobehavioral development. |
Fluoride Translated |
Neuro-behavioral Mother-Offspring |
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2008 | Li Y, Li X, Wei S. |
First published in Chinese in 1996 |
Fluoride Translated |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2008 | Li YP, Jing XY, Chen D, Lin L, Wang ZJ. |
Effects of endemic fluoride poisoning on the intellectual development of children in Baotou. First published in Chinese in 2003 |
Fluoride Translated |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2008 | Liu S Lu Y Sun Z, Wu LLu W Wang X, Yan S. |
Report on the intellectual ability of children living in high-fluoride water areas. Note: This is a duplicate study of Lu et al. (2000). |
Fluoride Translated |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 |
| 2008 | Qin LS, Huo SY, Chen RL, Chang YZ, Zhao MY. |
First published in Chinese in 1990 |
Fluoride Translated |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 NRC2006 |
| 2008 | Ratan SK, Rattan KN, Pandey RM, Singhal S, Kharab S, Bala M, Singh V, Jhanwar A. | Evaluation of the levels of folate, vitamin B12, homocysteine and fluoride in the parents and the affected neonates with neural tube defect and their matched controls. | Pediatr Surg Int | Mother-Offspring | NTP-1 |
| 2008 | Ren D, Li K, Liu D. |
A study of the intellectual ability of 8-14 year-old children in high fluoride, low iodine areas. First published in Chinese in 1989 |
Fluoride Translated |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2008 | Wang G, Yang D, Jia F, Wang H. |
A study of the IQ levels of four- to seven-year-old children in high fluoride areas. First published in Chinese in 1996 |
Fluoride Translated |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2008 | Wang SY, Zhang HX, Fan W, Fang SJ, Kang PP, Chen XG, Yu MJ. |
First published in Chinese in 2005 |
Fluoride Translated |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2008 | Yang Y, Wang X, Guo X, Hu P. |
First published in Chinese in 1994 |
Fluoride Translated |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2008 | Yu YN, Yang WX, Dong Z, Wan CW, Zhang JT, Liu JL, Xiao KQ, Huang YS, Lu BF. | Neurotransmitter and receptor changes in the brains of fetuses from areas of endemic fluorosis. |
Fluoride Translated |
Fetal brain |
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2007 | Fan Z, Dai H, Bai A, Li P, Li T, Li G. | The effect of high fluoride exposure on the level of intelligence in children. | J Environ Health |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2007 | Rocha-Amador D, Navarro ME, Carrizales L, Morales R, Calderon J. | Decreased intelligence in children and exposure to fluoride and arsenic in drinking water. | Cadernos de Saude Publica |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2007 | Tripathi P, Sultana N. | Fluoride content of groundwater and prevalence of dental, skeletal and neurological stage of fluorosis in Tehsil Purwa of Unnao. | Indian Journal of Environmental Protection | *Classic fluorosis | NTP-1 |
| 2007 | Trivedi MH, Verma RJ, Chinoy NJ, Patel RS, Sathawara NG. | Effect of high fluoride water on intelligence of school children in India. | Fluoride |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2007 | Wang SX, Wang ZH, Cheng XT, Li J, Sang ZP, Zhang XD, Han LL, Qiao XY, Wu ZM, Wang ZQ. | Arsenic and fluoride exposure in drinking water: Children’s IQ and growth in Shanyin County, Shanxi Province, China. | Environmental Health Perspectives |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2006 | Bassin EB, Wypij D, Davis RB, Mittleman MA. | Age-specific fluoride exposure in drinking water and osteosarcoma (United States). | Cancer Causes Control |
Age- specific exposure Bone |
TSCA-2 |
| 2006 | Seraj B, Shahrabi M, Falahzade M, Falahzade F, Akhondi N. | Effect of high fluoride concentration in drinking water on children’s intelligence. | J Dental Medicine |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2006 | Wang Z, Wang S, Zhang X, Li J, Zheng X, Hu C. | Investigation of children’s growth and development under long-term fluoride exposure. | Chin J Control Endem DisTranslated by FAN |
*Classic fluorosis | NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2006 | Zohouri FV, Swinbank CM, Maguire A, Moynihan PJ. | Is the fluoride/creatinine ratio of a spot urine sample indicative of 24-h urinary fluoride? | Community Dent Oral Epidemiol |
Urinary fluoride |
NTP-3 |
| 2005 | Gas’kov AI, Savchenkov MF, Iushkov NN. | [The specific features of the development of iodine deficiencies in children living under environmental pollution with fluorine compounds]. | Gig Sanit | Iodine deficiency | NTP-2 |
| 2005 | Jones S, Burt BA, Petersen PE, Lennon MA. | The effective use of fluorides in public health. | Bull World Health |
NTP-3 | |
| 2005 | Susheela AK, Bhatnagar M, Vig K, Mondal NK. | Excess fluoride ingestion and thyroid hormone derangements in children living in Delhi, India. | Fluoride | Thyroid | NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-2 |
| 2005 | Wang SX, Wang ZH, Cheng XT, Li J, Sang ZP, Zhang XD, Han LL, Qiao XY, Wu ZM, Wang ZQ. | [Investigation and evaluation on intelligence and growth of children in endemic fluorosis and arsenism areas]. | Chinese J Endemiology |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 |
| 2003 | Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry | Toxicological Profile for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorine | U.S. Depart Health and Human Services, Public Health Service |
Govt report |
TSCA-2 |
| 2003 | Díaz-Cadórniga FJ, Delgado E, Tartón T, Valdés MM, Méndez A, Fernández MT, Rojo C. | Endemic goiter associated with high iodine intake in primary school children in the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic. | Endocrinol Nutr |
Thyroid Goiter |
NTP-2 |
| 2003 | Shao Q. | Study of cognitive function impairment caused by chronic fluorosis. | Chinese J EndemiologyTranslated by FAN |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2003 | Xiang Q, Liang Y, Chen L, Wang C, Chen B, Chen X, Zhou M. | Effect of fluoride in drinking water on children’s intelligence | Fluoride |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 NRC2006 |
| 2003 | Xiang Q, Liang Y, Zhou M, Zang H. | Blood lead of children in Wamiao-Xinhuai intelligence study (Letter). | Fluoride | More research on Xiang IQ study cited above. |
NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2001 | Alarcon-Herrera MT, Martin-Dominguez IR, Trejo-Vazquez R, Rodriguez-Dozal S. | Well water fluoride, dental fluorosis, bone fractures in the Guadiana Valley of Mexico. | Fluoride | Dose- response Bone Dental- fluorosis |
TSCA-2 |
| 2001 | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | Recommendations for using fluoride to prevent and control dental caries in the United States. | MMWR | Govt report |
TSCA-2 |
| 2001 | Choubisa SL. | Endemic fluorosis in southern Rajasthan, India. | Fluoride | *Classic fluorosis Thyroid |
NTP-2 |
| 2001 |
Wang X, Wang L, Hu P, Guo X, Luo X. Note: NTP used the wrong authors in 2019. They used: Wang S, Wang L, Hu P, Guo S, Law S.. |
[Effects of high iodine and high fluorine on children’s intelligence and thyroid function]. | Chinese J EndemiologyTranslated by FAN |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 2000 | Fomon SJ, Ekstrand J, Ziegler EE. | Fluoride intake and prevalence of dental fluorosis: Trends in fluoride intake with special attention to infants. | J Pub Health Dentistry |
Infants | TSCA-2 |
| 2000 | Lu Y, Sun ZR, Wu LN, Wang X, Lu W, Liu SS. |
Effect of high-fluoride water on intelligence in children. Note: This is a duplicate of Liu et al (2008). |
Fluoride |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 NRC2006 |
| 1999 | Fomon SJ, Ekstrand J. | Fluoride intake by infants. | J Pub Health Dentistry |
Infants | TSCA-2 |
| 1999 | Jooste PL, Weight MJ, Kriek JA, Louw AJ. | Endemic goitre in the absence of iodine deficiency in schoolchildren of the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. | Eur J Clin Nutr |
Iodine Goiter |
NTP-2 TSCA-2 |
| 1998 | Morgan L, Allred E, Tavares M, Bellinger D, Needleman H. | Investigation of the possible associations between fluorosis, fluoride exposure, and childhood behavior problems. | Pediatr Dent |
Behavior | NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-2 |
| 1998 | Zhang J, Yao H, Chen Y. | [Effect of high level of fluoride and arsenic on children’s intelligence]. | Chinese Journal of Public Health Translated by FAN |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 1997 | Lamberg M, Hausen H, Vartiainen T. | Symptoms experienced during periods of actual and supposed water fluoridation. | Community Dent Oral Epidemiol |
Skin rashes |
NTP-1 |
| 1997 | Yao Y, Deng Y, Yang S, Zhou J, Wang X, Cui Z. | Comparative assessment of the physical and mental development of children in endemic fluorosis area with water improvement and without water improvement. |
Lit and Info Preventive Medicine Translated |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 1996 | Michael M, Barot VV, Chinoy NJ. | Investigations of soft tissue functions in fluorotic individuals of North Gujarat. | Fluoride | Thyroid | NTP-1 NTP-3 |
| 1996 | Yao L, Zhou J, Wang S, Cui K, Lin F. | Analysis of TSH levels and intelligence of children residing in high fluorosis areas. |
Lit and Info Preventive Medicine Translated |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 1996 | Zhao LB, Liang GH, Zhang DN, Wu XR. | Effect of a high-fluoride water supply on children’s intelligence. | Fluoride |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 NRC2006 |
| 1995 | Balabolkin MI, Mikhailets ND, Lobovskaia RN, Chernousova NV. | [The interrelationship of the thyroid and immune statuses of workers with long-term fluorine exposure]. | Ter Arkh | Thyroid | NTP-2 |
| 1995 | Duan J, Zhao M, Wang L, Fang D, Wang Y, Wang W. | A comparative analysis of the results of multiple tests in patients with chronic industrial fluorosis. | Guizhou Medical JournalTranslated by FAN |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 1995 | Li XS, Zhi JL, Gao RO. 1995 | Effect of fluoride exposure on the intelligence of children. | Fluoride |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 NRC2006 |
| 1995 | Shimonovitz S, Patz D, Ever-Hadani P, Singer L, Zacut D, Kidroni G, Ron M. | Umbilical cord fluoride serum levels may not reflect fetal fluoride status. | J Perinatal Medicine |
Mother-Offspring serum levels |
TSCA-2 |
| 1995 | Watanabe M, Kono K, Orita Y, Dote T, Usuda K, Takahashi Y, Yoshida Y. | Influence of dietary fluoride intake on urinary fluoride concentration and evaluation of corrected levels in spot urine. | Fluoride | Urinary fluoride |
NTP-3 |
| 1994 | Brambilla E, Belluomo G, Malerba A, Buscaglia M, Strohmenger L. | Oral administration of fluoride in pregnant women, and the relation between concentration in maternal plasma and in amniotic fluid. | Archives of Oral Biology |
F levels in blood of pregnant women & levels in amniotic fluid |
TSCA-2 |
| 1994 | Jacqmin H, Commenges D, Letenneur L, Barberger-Gateau P, Dartigues JF. | Components of drinking water and risk of cognitive impairment in the elderly. | Am J Epidemiol |
Cognitive impair- ment in elderly |
NTP-1 NTP-3 |
| 1994 | Xu Y, Lu C, Zhang X. | Effect of fluoride on children’s intelligence. | Endemic Diseases Bulletin Translated by FAN |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 1993 | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | Fluoridation Census 1992 . | Govt report | Names of cities & towns that fluoridate |
TSCA-2 |
| 1993 | Desai VK, Solanki DM, Bansal RK. | Epidemiological study of goitre in endemic fluorosis district of Gujarat. | Fluoride | Thyroid Goiter |
NTP-2 TSCA-2 |
| 1993 | Dong Z, Wan C, Liu J. | Determination of the contents of amino acid and monoamine neurotransmitters in fetal brains from a fluorosis endemic area. | Journal of Guiyang Medical College Translated by FAN |
Fetal brain |
TSCA-1 |
| 1993 | Gupta S, Seth AK, Gupta A, Gavane AG. | Transplacental passage of fluoride. | The Journal of Pediatrics | Fetus | TSCA-2 |
| 1992 | An J, Mei S, Liu A, Fu Y, Wang C. | [Effect of high level of fluoride on children’s intelligence] | Chinese J Control of Endemic Diseases Translated by FAN |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 1992 | Chinoy NJ, Narayana MV. | Studies on fluorosis in Mehsana District of North Gujarat. |
Proceedings Zoological Society of Calcutta |
*Classic fluorosis | NTP-1 NTP-3 |
| 1991 | Lin F, Ai H, Zhao H, Lin J, Jhiang J, Maimaiti. 1991 | High fluoride and low iodine environment and subclinical cretinism in Xinjiang. | Endemic Diseases Bulletin Repub in Iodine Def Disorder |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 1991 | Sun M, Li S, Wang Y, Li F. | Measurement of intelligence by drawing test among the children in the endemic area of Al-F combined toxicosis. | Journal Guiyang Medical College Translated by FAN |
IQ
|
NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-1 |
| 1989 | Tokar VI, Voroshnin VV, Sherbakov SV. | [Chronic effects of fluorides on the pituitary-thyroid system in industrial workers]. | Gig Tr Prof Zabol |
Thyroid | NTP-2 |
| 1987 | Environmental Protection Agency | Fluorine (Soluble Fluoride) (CASRN 7782-41-4). Integrated Risk Information System. (last updated January 31, 1987). | EPA | Non- cancer assess- ment |
TSCA-2 |
| 1987 | Hasling C, Nielsen HE, Melsen F, Mosekilde L. | Safety of osteoporosis treatment with sodium fluoride, calcium phosphate and vitamin D. | Miner Electrolyte Metab |
Safety of treatment with NaF |
NTP-2 |
| 1986 | Ron M, Singer L, Menczel J, Kidroni G. | Fluoride concentration in amniotic fluid and fetal cord and maternal plasma. | Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. |
Mother-Offspring blood levels |
TSCA-2 |
| 1986 | Shannon FT, Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. | Exposure to fluoridated public water supplies and child health and behaviour. | New Zeal Med J |
Behaviour | NTP-1 NTP-3 TSCA-2 |
| 1985 | Bachinskii PP, Gutsalenko OA, Naryzhniuk ND, Sidora VD, Shliakhta AI. | [Action of the body fluorine of healthy persons and thyroidopathy patients on the function of hypophyseal-thyroid the system]. | Probl Endokrinol |
Thyroid | NTP-2 |
| 1985 | Yu YN. | [Effects of chronic fluorosis on the thyroid gland]. | Chin Med J | Thyroid No Abstract |
NTP-2 |
| 1984 | US Department of Health and Human Services: 1-3. Washington, DC |
Fluoride in urine. In: Manual of Analytical Methods Vol 11. Method 8308. | NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) |
NTP-3 | |
| 1983 | Sidora VD, Shliakhta AI, Iugov VK, Kas’ianenko AS, Piatenko VG. | [Indices of the pituitary-thyroid system in residents of cities with various fluorine concentrations in drinking water]. | Probl Endo- krinol |
Thyroid | NTP-2 |
| 1982 | Rotton J, Tikofsky RS, Feldman HT. | Behavioral effects of chemicals in drinking water. | J Appl Psychol |
Behavioral reactions | NTP-1 NTP-3 |
| 1981 | Baum K, Boerner W, Reiners C, Moll E. | [Bone density and thyroid function in adolescents in relation to fluoride content of drinking water]. | Fortschr Med |
Thyroid | NTP-2 |
| 1981 | Eichner R, Borner W, Henschler D, Kohler W, Moll E. | [Osteoporosis therapy and thyroid function. Influence of 6 months of sodium fluoride treatment on thyroid function and bone density]. | Fortschr Med |
Thyroid | NTP-2 |
| 1980 | Erickson JD. | Down syndrome, water fluoridation, and maternal age. | Teratology | Downs syndrome | NTP-1 |
| 1980 | Still CN, Kelley P. | The incidence of primary degenerative dementia vs. water fluoride content in South Carolina, USA. | Neurotox | Dementia No Abstract |
NTP-1 NTP-3 |
| 1980 | Tamboli BL, Mathur GM, Mathur AP, Lalla SK, Goyal OP. | Prevalence of fluorosis in Pratabpura and Surajpura villages, District Ajmer (Rajasthan). | Indian J Med Res |
*Classic fluorosis | NTP-1 |
| 1976 | Erickson JD, Hay S. | Water fluoridation and congenital malformations: No association | Journal of the American Dental Association |
Downs Syndrome | NTP-1 |
| 1976 | Romer TEZ, Kowalczyk B, Kacprzak M, Wiktorowski M. | [Incidence of goitre in pubertal girls of the Piotrkow Region and iodide content in drinking water]. | Endokrynol Pol |
Goiter | NTP-2 |
| 1974 | Shen YW, Taves DR. | Fluoride concentrations in the human placenta and maternal and cord blood. | Am J Obstetrics and Gynecol |
F levels in placenta & blood |
TSCA-2 |
| 1973 | Grimm H. | [The physical development of schoolchildren under the influence of drinking water fluoridation in Karl Marx Stadt]. | Dtsch Gesund- heitsw |
No Abstract |
NTP-2 |
| 1973 | Sung FC, Chen KP, Chen CY, Tai PW, Yang CF. | Studies of the effect of salt iodization on endemic goiter in Taiwan. IV. A survey of drinking water in relation to endemic goiter. | J Fomosan Med Assoc |
Goiiter Salt F No Abstract |
NTP-2 |
| 1972 | Day T, Powell-Jackson P. | Fluoride, water hardness, and endemic goitre. | Lancet | Thyroid Goiter |
NTP-2 |
| 1969 | Siddiqui AH. | Incidence of simple goiter in areas of endemic fluorosis in Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh, India. | Fluoride | Thyroid Goiter |
NTP-2 |
| 1967 | Latham MC, Grech P. | The effects of excessive fluoride intake. | Am J Public Health |
Caries, Nails, Goiter |
NTP-2 |
| 1964 | Chuka A, Zhukovskil V, Mirku I, Postel’Niku D. |
[Premature aging of the population in the zone of endemic goiter.] | Vestnik Akademii Medit- sinskikh Nauk SSSR |
Thyroid Goiter |
NTP-2 |
| 1964 | Geeraerts F, Gijs G, Finné E, Crokaert R. | Kenetics of fluoride penetration in liver and brain. | Fluoride | Blood- Brain Barrier |
TSCA-2 |
| 1964 | Leone NC, Leatherwood EC, Petrie IM, Lieberman L. | Effect of fluoride on thyroid gland: Clinical study. | Journal of the American Dental Association |
Thyroid | NTP-2 |
| 1963 | Berry WTC, Whittles JH. | Absence of effect of fluoride upon the incidence of thyroid enlargements in Wiltshire schoolgirls. | Mon Bull Minist Health Public Health Lab Serv |
Thyroid | NTP-2 |
| 1963 | Gedalia I, Brand N. | The relationship of fluoride and iodine in drinking water in the occurrence of goiter. | Arch Int Pharma codyn Ther |
Thyroid Goiter |
NTP-2 |
| 1962 | Shtifanova AK. | [The fluorine content in water, soil and vegetal products of the Alma-Atinsk District areas and its role in the etiology of dental caries and endemic goiter]. | Zdravook-hranenie Kazakhstana | Goiter No Abstract |
NTP-2 |
| 1962 | Singh A, Jolly SS, Devi P, Bansal BC, Singh SS. | Endemic fluorosis: An epidemiological, biochemical and clinical study in the Bhatinda District of Panjab. | Indian J Med Res |
*Classic fluorosis | NTP-1 |
| 1961 | Feltman R, Kosel G. | Prenatal and postnatal ingestion of fluorides: fourteen years of investigation — final report. | J Dental Medicine |
Prenatal & postnatal ingestion of F |
TSCA-2 |
| 1961 | Kolomiitseva MG. | [The content of fluorine in the external environment of the Upper Altai autonomous region and its role in the etiology of endemic goiter]. | Gig Sanit | Goiter No Abstract |
NTP-2 |
| 1961 | Reisenauer R, Rezler D, Kremenová J, Preininger Q. | [Fluorization of the waters in Czechoslovakia. IV. Endocrinological control of results of two years’ fluorization of drinking-water in school children]. | Cesk Stomatol | No Abstract |
NTP-2 |
| 1958 | Gabovich RD, Verzhikovskaia NV. | [Effect of fluoride compounds on absorption of radioactive iodine by the thyroid gland in humans and in experimental conditions]. | Probl Endo- krinol Gormo- noter |
Thyroid No Abstract |
NTP-2 |
| 1958 | Galletti PM, Joyet G. | Effect of fluorine on thyroidal iodine metabolism in hyperthyroidism. | J Clin Endo- crinol Metab |
Thyroid | NTP-2 |
| 1958 | Hidehiko T. | On the relation between the distribution of endemic goiter and the fluorine content of natural water in Hidaka Province, Hokkaido. | Folia Pharm Jpn |
Thyroid Goiter No Abstract |
NTP-2 |
| 1957 | Galletti PM, Joyet G, Jallut O. | [Effect of sodium fluoride on thyroid function in Basedow’s Disease]. | Helv Med Acta | Thyroid No Abstractt |
NTP-2 |
| 1956 | Cherkinskii SN, Zaslavskaia RM. | [Significance of fluorides in potable water in the development of endemic goiter]. | Probl Endo- krinol Gormo- noter |
Thyroid No Abstract |
NTP-2 |
| 1956 | Galletti P, Held HR, Korrodi H, Wegmann T. | [Investigations on the possible damaging effect of fluorine on the thyroid gland]. | Helv Med Acta |
Thyroid | NTP-2 |
| 1956 | Jentzer A. | [Effect of fluorine on the iodine content of the human thyroid gland]. | Bull Schweiz Akad Med Wiss |
Thyroid No Abstract |
NTP-2 |
| 1955 | Korrodi H, Wegmann T, Galleti P, Held HR. | [Caries prophylaxis and the untoward effects of fluor on the thyroid gland]. | Schweiz Med Wochen-schr | Thyroid No Abstract |
NTP-2 |
| 1955 | Levi JE, Silberstein HE. | Lack of effect of fluorine ingestion on uptake of iodine 131 by the thyroid gland. | J Lab Clin Med |
Thyroid No Abstract |
NTP-2 |
| 1954 | Wespi HJ. | [Iodized-fluoridized salt for the prevention of goiter and caries]. | Schweiz Med Wochen- schr |
Goiter F salt No Abstract |
NTP-2 |
| 1953 | Hoffmann-Axthelm W. | [Observations on the influence of fluorine on dental enamel and thyroid gland]. | Dtsch Zahnarztl Z |
Thyroid No Abstract |
NTP-2 |
| 1950 | Hodge HC. | The concentration of fluorides in drinking water to give the point of minimum caries with maximum safety. | J Am Dent Assoc |
Safety of fluoride |
TSCA-2 |
| 1947 | Fiorentini S, Galeazzi M, Visintin B. |
Google Translation: II fluorine in nature as a morbigenous agent II. Campagnano fluorosis in Rome. III. An outbreak of human fluorosis in Campagnano di Roma. IV. Radiological observations on the alveolar processes, on the maxillary bones, and on the appearance of the inhabitants of Campagnano. V. Fluorotic zone around Campagnano di Roma. V1. Frequency and clinical features of dental caries in fluorotic subjects. |
Rend Ist Super- iore Sanita |
Fluorosis Bone No Abstract |
NTP-2 |
| 1942 | Dean HT. | The investigation of physiological effects by the epidemiological method. | In: Fluorine and Dental Health, Pub of the Am Assoc for the Advanc of Sci, No. 19 (Moulton, F.R., editor) |
Physiology No Abstract |
TSCA-2 |
*Classic Fluorosis: A crippling disease resulting from deposition of fluorides in the hard and soft tissues of body. Includes dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, and non-skeletal fluorosis: Gastrointestinal symptoms, Neurological and Allergic manifestation, Harm to the Fetus (foetus), Low haemoglobin levels, and more.
Studies Translated by FAN (Fluoride Action Network) – see all translations