1. Introduction
Hydrofluoric acid (HF) poisoning is a medical emergency and represents a significant public health problem since it is fatal in nearly 50% of cases [1,2,3]. Rubigine® is an acid caustic product (pH < 1) composed of fluorides; it is a very common rust remover used in the Caribbean, more particularly in Martinique. It has been reported that, in the 1960s, it was the cause of a large number of deaths [4]. Its composition was not modified until April 1994, when a prefectural de
INTRODUCTION
The 2019 National Epidemiological Survey indicated that 23.4% of 5-year-olds in England had an experience of dental decay.1 Between 40% and 45% of these visibly decayed teeth in high-risk children will develop pain and infection regardless of the treatment plan.2 Treatment in children is challenging and, in some cases, impossible without general anaesthesia (GA).
In North Cumbria, children attend for exodontia under GA on lists planned and staffed by the Community Dental S
On 23 September 2021, the four UK Chief Medical Officers (CMOs) stated 'there is strong scientific evidence that water fluoridation is an effective public health intervention for reducing the prevalence of tooth decay and improving dental health equality across the UK'.1
Water fluoridation started in the USA in 1945 and is currently practised in about 25 countries. In the USA, 74% of the population receives fluoridated water, with over 200 million people having their water fluoridat
3.3. Health risk map
A health risk map was made using the optimal cut-off value of 0.47 (Fig. 5). It identifies numerous densely populated regions where people rely on groundwater associated with high fluoride. In total, over 13 million people are estimated to be potentially affected by fluoride contamination in groundwater, which is 6.0% of the total population in Pakistan. However, this number would be even larger if the population in regions with probabilities under the cut-off of 0.47 w
Table 1. Top 20 countries in population potentially affected by fluoride concentrations in groundwater greater than 1.5mg/L.
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Rank
Country
Population at risk (range)
Rank
Country
Population at risk (range)
(million)
(million)
1
India
49 (26–89)
11
Malawi
4.0 (3.5–4.8)
2
China
22 (1–50)
12
Zambia
3.4 (1.4–3.6)
3
Dem. Rep. Congo
15 (2–16)
13
Mozambique
2.6 (1.7–3.4)
4
Ethiopia
9.6 (
Abstract
Chocolate bars and chocolate cookies are foodstuffs highly appreciated by children. The possibility of having fluorine (F) among their components, associated with an excessive consumption, may make them decisive contributors to the total daily F intake. Thus, they could participate in the establishment of dental fluorosis. The aim of this study was to analyze the fluorine concentration [F] of the chocolates bars (CB) Baton, Confeti, Garoto Ball, Kinder Ovo, M&M’s, Milkybar, Nesca
Notes
1. Fluoride is isosteric with hydroxide and can compete with phosphate and carboxylate groups, thus acting as a substrate- or transition state-like inhibitor of several enzymatic reactions (Strunecka and Strunecky 2020).
2. Higher organisms can avoid fluoride’s harmful effects, thanks to the exquisite selectivity of most of their anion channels and transporters, which limits fluoride resorption in the gastrointestinal tract (Johnston and Strobel 2020).
3. Larger anions, su
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