Introduction
Endemic fluorosis is a chemical disease that affects people all over the world. It is also one of the most serious diseases that naturally occur in China. Dental fluorosis is a precursor and specific indicator of chronic fluorosis in the oral cavity and has a significant impact around the world. When dental fluorosis develops, it not only changes how a person looks but can also affect their mental health in different ways. According to the results of the fourth oral epidemi
1. Introduction
... Apoptosis is a highly regulated and programmed cell death characterized by specific biochemical and morphological features that culminate in cellular shrinkage to apoptotic bodies that are engulfed by neighboring macrophages [[12]]. This occurs without an accompanying inflammatory response. Characterized morphological changes accompanying apoptosis include cleavage of cytoskeletal filament fibers, cell cytoplasm, and nucleus condense, DNA fragmentation by the action of end