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Research Studies
Study Tracker

Study Tracker

The most up-to-date and comprehensive source for studies on fluoride's multifaceted effects on human and animal health, with 100+ years of research organized by health category, type of study, author, journal, and date.
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JNK and NADPH oxidase involved in fluoride-induced oxidative stress in BV-2 microglia cells.

August 29, 2013 | Mediators of Inflammation | Yan L, Liu S, Wang C, Wang F, Song Y, Yan N, Xi S, Liu Z, Sun G. | 2013:895975. doi: 10.1155/2013/895975.
Abstract Excessive fluoride may cause central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction, and oxidative stress is a recognized mode of action of fluoride toxicity. In CNS, activated microglial cells can release more reactive oxygen species (ROS), and NADPH oxidase (NOX) is the major enzyme for the production of extracellular superoxide in microglia. ROS have been characterized as an important secondary messenger and modulator for various mammalian intracellular signaling pathways, including the MAPK path