Introduction
Fluorosis has become a public health problem worldwide. Excessive fluoride intake can disrupt the processes of bone formation and resorption, which may lead to bone turnover disorders and further result in skeletal fluorosis (1). More than 16.1 million dental fluorosis patients and 1.8 million patients with skeletal fluorosis have been reported in the Chinese province of Guizhou. Patients with skeletal fluorosis experience persistent pain and bone and joint damage. They are physica
Introduction
Fluoride enrichment of drinking water is one of the major public health advances of the 21st century. While fluoride toxicity has been reported with acute intoxication (Gessner et al., 1994; Penman et al., 1997), emerging data suggests that even low levels of exposure may be associated with adverse effects in vulnerable populations (Wei et al., 2021a; Yasmin and Ranjan, 2015; Riddell et al., 2019; Green et al., 2019). While there are known determinants of fluoride toxicity, i
Introduction
Long-term and excess fluoride consumption induces disturbed homeostasis of the bone and a series of chronic systemic diseases (Erdal and Buchanan, 2005). The World Health Organization has stated that the maximum safe limit of fluoride in drinking water is 1.5 ppm; however, more than 50 countries have high fluoride levels in drinking water (Rango et al., 2012; Perumal et al., 2013; Yu et al., 2018; Zhou et al., 2019). Fluorosis is endemic in at least 25 countries around the world, o
References
Zhou G, Yang L, Luo C, Liu H, Li P, Cui Y, Liu L, Yu X, Zeng Q, Chen J, Zhao Q, Dong L, Niu Q, Zhang S, Wang A (2019) Low-to-moderate fluoride exposure, relative mitochondrial DNA levels, and dental fluorosis in Chinese children. Environ Int 127:70–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.033
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References
Adkins and Brunst, 2021
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Impacts of fluoride neurotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction on cognition and mental health: a literature review
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References
Public Health England. National Dental Epidemiology Programme for England: oral health survey of 5-year-olds 2019. 2020. Available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/873492/NDEP_for_England_OH_Survey_5yr_2019_v1.0.pdf (accessed April 2022).
Health and Social Care Information Centre. Children's Dental Health Survey 2013. Country specific report: England. 2015. Available at https://files.digital.nhs.uk
