Abstract
Effects of fluoride (F) on lipid peroxidation and enzyme activity levels in the hippocampus and neocortex were studied in 6- to 7-week-old female Wistar rats in five groups of six administered intraperitoneal doses of NaF in physiological saline over the range of 0, 1, 5, 10, and 20 mg NaF/kg bw/day for 14 days. Body weight and brain index decreased significantly (p <0.05) as F levels increased in the hippocampus and neocortex. Activities of the free radical enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT) likewise decreased significantly (p<0.05), whereas the level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and xanthine oxidase (XOD) increased compared with those of the control group. The enzymes of secondary signaling, protein kinase C (PKC) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), also increased compared with the control. Dopamine, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid levels likewise increased, whereas norepinephrine and epinephrine levels decreased. The NaF administered groups showed dose-dependent responses with more significant effects in the two higher dosage groups. Although NaF treatment produced significant neurochemical alterations in both the hippocampus and neocortex, there was not much difference in the degree of effects in the two organs.
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Impaired V-ATPase leads to increased lysosomal pH, results in disrupted lysosomal degradation and autophagic flux blockage, contributes to fluoride-induced developmental neurotoxicity.
Highlights NaF exposure caused developmental neurotoxicity. NaF-induced neuronal apoptosis results from autophagic flux blockage. Raised lysosomal pH disrupting lysosomal degradation caused autophagic flux blockage. V-ATPase is a crucial factor regulating neuronal lysosomal pH. Upregulation of V-ATPase alleviate NaF-induced developmental neurotoxicity. Fluoride is capable of inducing developmental neurotoxicity, yet its mechanisms
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Effects of fluoride on microtubule ultrastructure and expression of TubB1a and TubB2a in mouse hippocampus
Axonal and dendrictic degenerations were observed in non-skeleton fluorosis as the neurological manifestations. Microtubules, composed of the assembled tubulin dimers, are the essential cytoskeleton of axon and dendron. However, the effect of fluoride (F) on microtubules status and tubulin dimer expression in central nerves system remains largely unknown. In this
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Effects of chronic fluoride exposure on object recognition memory and mRNA expression of SNARE complex in hippocampus of male mice
This study aimed to investigate the effects of long-term fluoride exposure on object recognition memory and mRNA expression of soluble N-ethylmaleimidesensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptors (SNARE) complex (synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25), vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP-2), and syntaxin 1A) in the hippocampus of male mice. Sixty sexually matured
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Effects of fluoride on synaptic membrane fluidity and PSD-95 expression level in rat hippocampus.
The objective of this study is to investigate the neurotoxicity of drinking water fluorosis on rat hippocampus. Just weaning male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups and given 15, 30, and 60 mg/L NaF solution and distilled water, respectively, for 9 months. The fluidity of brain synaptic membrane
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Effect of exercise on microglial activation and transcriptome of hippocampus in fluorosis mice.
Highlights Exercise alleviated fluoride-induced activation of microglia in hippocampus. Exercise altered the expressions of 670 genes in hippocampus of fluorosis mice. Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway involved in the regulation of exercise on neuro-fluorosis. Fluorosis is a widespread endemic disease. Reports have shown that high fluoride causes the dysfunction of central
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Fluoride's Direct Effects on Brain: Animal Studies
The possibility that fluoride ingestion may impair intelligence and other indices of neurological function is supported by a vast body of animal research, including over 40 studies that have investigated fluoride's effects on brain quality in animals. As discussed by the National Research Council, the studies have consistently demonstrated that fluoride, at widely varying concentrations, is toxic to the brain.
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Fluoride's Effect on Fetal Brain
The human placenta does not prevent the passage of fluoride from a pregnant mother's bloodstream to the fetus. As a result, a fetus can be harmed by fluoride ingested pregnancy. Based on research from China, the fetal brain is one of the organs susceptible to fluoride poisoning. As highlighted by the excerpts
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NRC (2006): Fluoride's Neurotoxicity and Neurobehavioral Effects
The NRC's analysis on fluoride and the brain.
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Fluoride & IQ: 76 Studies
• As of July 18, 2022, a total of 85 human studies have investigated the relationship between fluoride and human intelligence. • Of these investigations, 76 studies have reported that elevated fluoride exposure is associated with reduced IQ in humans. • The studies which reported an association of reduced IQ with exposure
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Fluoride: Developmental Neurotoxicity.
Developmental Neurotoxicity There has been a tremendous amount of research done on the association of exposure to fluoride with developmental neurotoxicity. There are over 60 studies reporting reduced IQ in children and several on the impaired learning/memory in animals. And there are studies which link fluoride to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Teaching
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