Abstract
OBJECTIVES: This study tests the hypothesis that fluoride exposure in a nonoccupational setting is a risk factor for childhood osteosarcoma.
METHODS: A population-based case-control study was conducted among residents of New York State, excluding New York City. Case subjects (n = 130) were diagnosed with osteosarcoma between 1978 and 1988, at age 24 years or younger. Control subjects were matched to case subjects on year of birth and sex. Exposure information was obtained by a telephone interview with the subject, parent, or both.
RESULTS: Based on the parents’ responses, total lifetime fluoride exposure was not significantly associated with osteosarcoma among all subjects combined or among females. However, a significant protective trend was observed among males. Protective trends were observed for fluoridated toothpaste, fluoride tablets, and dental fluoride treatments among all subjects and among males. Based on the subjects’ responses, no significant associations between fluoride exposure and osteosarcoma were observed.
CONCLUSIONS: Fluoride exposure does not increase the risk of osteosarcoma and may be protective in males. The protective effect may not be directly due to fluoride exposure but to other factors associated with good dental hygiene. There is also biologic plausibility for a protective effect.
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The Association between Community Water Fluoridation and Bone Diseases: A Natural Experiment in Cheongju, Korea.
The present study aimed to investigate the association between bone diseases and community water fluoridation (CWF). An ecological study with a natural experiment design was conducted in Cheongju, South Korea, from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2013. The community water fluoridation program was implemented in Cheongju and divided into
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Investigation of the genotoxic effects of fluoride on a bone tissue model .
Fluorides are thought to be a major cause of osteocarcinogenesis, due to their widespread industrial use, ability to accumulate in bone tissue, and genotoxic and probable carcinogenic properties. In vitro experiments investigating the genotoxic potential of fluorides in bone tissue models can provide valuable indirect information on their involvement in
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Confounded carcinogenicity study of sodium fluoride in CD-1 mice
To determine its carcinogenic potential, sodium fluoride (NaF) was fed to CD-1 mice for up to 97 weeks. Mice given NaF at a dose of 4, 10, or 25 mg/kg of body weight per day added to a low-fluoride diet were compared to controls given either an unsupplemented low-fluoride diet
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Growth and development and other risk factors for osteosarcoma in children and young adults
BACKGROUND: Risk factors for osteosarcoma in young people were investigated in a population-based case-control study among residents of New York State, excluding New York City. METHODS: Cases (n = 130) were diagnosed between 1978 and 1988 at < or = 24 years of age. Controls were randomly selected from birth certificates
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Results and conclusions of the National Toxicology Program's rodent carcinogenicity studies with sodium fluoride.
The US National Toxicology Program (NTP) has conducted toxicity and carcinogenicity studies with sodium fluoride administered in the drinking water to F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. The drinking water concentrations used in the 2-year studies were 0, 25, 100, or 175 ppm sodium fluoride (equivalent to 0, 11, 45 or
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A Critique of Gelberg's Study on Fluoride/Osteosarcoma in New York
The case-control study by Gelberg, published first as a PhD dissertation and then later in two peer-reviewed journals, may represent the most substantive study on fluoride/osteosarcoma previous to Bassin’s 2001 analysis. In assessing Gelberg’s data, we were at first struck by the existence of several notable errors in both the thesis and papers. While these errors do raise questions about the study, our primary concern with Gelberg’s work relates to the methods she used to analyze her data.
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Fluoride & Osteosarcoma: A Timeline
Several human epidemiological studies have found an association between fluoride in drinking water and the occurrence of osteosarcoma (bone cancer) in young males. These studies are consistent with the National Toxicology Program's (NTP) cancer bioassay which found that fluoride-treated male rats had an dose-dependent increase in osteosarcoma. Although a number of studies have failed to detect an association between fluoride and osteosarcoma, none of these studies have measured the risk of fluoride at specific windows in time, which based on recent results, is the critical question with respect to fluoride and osteosarcoma.
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Fluoride's Mutagenicity: The "Oral Health Research Institute's" Studies
Although many in vitro and in vivo studies have detected mutagenic effects from fluoride exposure, the Oral Health Research Institute at Indiana University's School of Dentistry has repeatedly failed to find any such effect in multiple studies on the subject.
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Fluoride's Mutagenicity: In vivo Studies
Consistent with dozens of in vitro studies, a number of in vivo studies, in both humans and animals, have found evidence of fluoride-induced genetic damage. In particular, research on humans exposed to high levels of fluoride have found increased levels of "sister chromatid exchange" (SCE). As noted in one study: "In
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Micronucleus and Sister Chromatid Exchange Frequency in Endemic Fluorosis
The rise of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and micronucleus (MN) in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of the fluorine-intoxicated patients indicates that fluorine is a mutagenic agent which can cause DNA and chromosomal damage.
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