Abstract
Recent studies suggest that fluoride may be genotoxic. While the concentration of fluoride in artificially fluoridated water (1 mg Fl-1) is generally considered to be “safe”, levels of fluoride present in a number of widely used dental health products, such as fluoride-containing toothpaste, appear to be potentially mutagenic. Since fluoride is increasingly being used as a drug, and contamination of the total environment by fluoride emissions and solid wastes from industry is a growing problem, a review of the evidence regarding the potential mutagenicity of fluoride may be in order.
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Micronucleus and sister chromatid exchange frequency in endemic fluorosis
Inhabitants of the Hohhot Region in Inner Mongolia who drink high-fluoride (4-15 mg/L) water were compared for their micronucleus (MN) rate and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency in their peripheral blood lymphocytes. In persons with fluorosis as well as those considered "healthy", the MN rafe and SCE frequency were significantly
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Chromosomal changes in maize induced by hydrogen fluoride gas
Maize seedlings of the genotype A1A2C1Wx were fumigated in growth chambers with hydrogen fluoride (HF) at a concentration of about 3 ug/m3. The experiment was run for 10 days, with the first group of treated plants removed from the chambers after 4 days and then at intervals of 2 days.
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Leukocyte response in young mice chronically exposed to fluoride
A light and fluorescent microscopy study of sternal and femoral bone marrow, taken from young Swiss mice exposed for up to 280 days to elevated levels of NaF in drinking water, revealed morphologic abnormalities in cell structure and mitotic figure formation in immature leukocytes. Alterations in the content and distribution
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Analysis of chromosomal abnormalities at anaphase-telophase induced by sodium fluoride in vitro
Don Chinese-hamster cells were treated with 25, 50, or 75 micrograms/milliliter (microg/ml) of sodium-fluoride (7681494) to determine the chromosomal effects of fluoride exposure on these cells. Cultures were assayed at 12, 24, and 36 hours after initiation of treatment. Chromosomal aberrations were recorded for all the concentrations used. Maximum effect
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[Modifying effect of nutrition on the mutagenic activity of phosphorus and fluorine compounds].
The test animals were fed with low-grade food during 2-5 months under conditions of acute and chronic action of hydrogen phosphide and hydrogen fluoride induced by inhalation, that resulted in the pronounced impairment of the chromosomal apparatus of the bone marrow cells in the rats. A principal possibility has been
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Fluoride & Liver Cancers in NTP Bioassay
On October 28, 1988, Battelle Columbus Laboratories submitted its Final Report to the NTP concerning the results of the Mouse study. The principal finding of Battelle's report was that a dose-dependent increase of a rare liver cancer (hepatocholangiocarcinoma) had occurred in the fluoride-treated male and female mice.
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Fluoride & Osteosarcoma: A Timeline
Several human epidemiological studies have found an association between fluoride in drinking water and the occurrence of osteosarcoma (bone cancer) in young males. These studies are consistent with the National Toxicology Program's (NTP) cancer bioassay which found that fluoride-treated male rats had an dose-dependent increase in osteosarcoma. Although a number of studies have failed to detect an association between fluoride and osteosarcoma, none of these studies have measured the risk of fluoride at specific windows in time, which based on recent results, is the critical question with respect to fluoride and osteosarcoma.
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NTP Bioassay on Fluoride/Cancer (1990)
In 1977, the U.S. Congress requested that animal studies be conducted to determine if fluoride can cause cancer. The result of the Congressional request was an extensive animal study conducted in the 1980s by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) and published in 1990. The main finding of NTP's study was a dose-dependent increase in osteosarcoma (bone cancer) among the fluoride-treated male rats.
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Fluoride/Osteosarcoma Link Is Biologically Plausible
The "biological plausiblility" of a fluoride-osteosarcoma link is widely acknowledged in the scientific literature. The biological plausibility centers around three facts: 1) Bone is the principal site of fluoride accumulation, particularly during the growth spurts of childhood; 2) Fluoride is a mutagen when present at sufficient concentrations, and 3) Fluoride can stimulate the proliferation of osteoblasts (bone-forming cells).
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Fluoride's Mutagenicity: The "Oral Health Research Institute's" Studies
Although many in vitro and in vivo studies have detected mutagenic effects from fluoride exposure, the Oral Health Research Institute at Indiana University's School of Dentistry has repeatedly failed to find any such effect in multiple studies on the subject.
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