Abstract
This review of the literature was undertaken to demonstrate the changing trends in the prevalence of dental fluorosis in North America. Using Dean’s early work to establish a baseline for the prevalence of dental fluorosis, results of more recent prevalence surveys were used to establish a range for the occurrence of dental fluorosis today. These results suggest that the prevalence of dental fluorosis now ranges somewhere between 35% and 60% in fluoridated communities and between 20% and 45% in nonfluoridated areas, depending on the influence of different local conditions. While the increase has occurred primarily in the very mild and mild categories of dental fluorosis, there is also some evidence that the prevalence is increasing in the moderate and severe classifications as well.
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Fluoride intake and prevalence of dental fluorosis: trends in fluoride intake with special attention to infants
BACKGROUND: Although the predominant beneficial effect of fluoride occurs locally in the mouth, the adverse effect, dental fluorosis, occurs by the systemic route. The caries attack rate in industrialized countries, including the United States and Canada, has decreased dramatically over the past 40 years. However, the prevalence of dental fluorosis
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Dental caries and dental fluorosis at varying water fluoride concentrations
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between caries experience and dental fluorosis at different fluoride concentrations in drinking water. The impact of other fluoride products also was assessed. METHODS: This study used data from the 1986-87 National Survey of US School-children. Fluoride levels of school water
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Dental fluorosis in populations from Chiang Mai, Thailand with different fluoride exposures - paper 1: assessing fluorosis risk, predictors of fluorosis and the potential role of food preparation.
BACKGROUND: To determine the severity of dental fluorosis in selected populations in Chiang Mai, Thailand with different exposures to fluoride and to explore possible risk indicators for dental fluorosis. METHODS: Subjects were male and female lifetime residents aged 8-13?years. For each child the fluoride content of drinking and cooking water samples
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Association between developmental defects of enamel and different concentrations of fluoride in the public water supply
OBJECTIVES: To compare the prevalence and severity of developmental defects of enamel (DDE) among subjects whose maxillary incisors developed during periods with different concentrations of fluoride in the public water supply. METHODS: Standardized intra-oral photographs of random samples of 12-year-old children were collected in 1983, 1991 and 2001 (n = 1,990)
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Dental fluorosis among persons exposed to high- and low-fluoride drinking water in western Norway.
The aim of this project was to study the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis among persons exposed to moderate- to high- or low-fluoride drinking water in western Norway, and to assess the risk factors involved. Subjects aged 5 to 18 years who had been lifelong consumers of moderate- to
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Dental Fluorosis in the U.S. 1950-2004
Before the widespread use of fluoride in dentistry, dental fluorosis was rarely found in western countries. Today, with virtually every toothpaste now containing fluoride, and most U.S. water supplies containing fluoride chemicals, dental fluorosis rates have reached unprecedented levels. In the 1950s, it was estimated that only 10% of children in
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Community Fluorosis Index (CFI)
The current Community Fluorosis Index for U.S. adolescents as a whole (from both fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas) is roughly 5 times higher than the CFI health authorities predicted for fluoridated areas when fluoridation first began. It is also higher than the CFI that the NIDR found in fluoridated areas back in the 1980s. It is readily apparent, therefore, that children are ingesting far more fluoride than was the case in the 1950s, and even as recently as the 1980s.
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Mechanisms by Which Fluoride Causes Dental Fluorosis Remain Unknown
When it comes to how fluoride impacts human health, no tissue in the body has been studied more than the teeth. Yet, despite over 50 years of research, the mechanism by which fluoride causes dental fluorosis (a hypo-mineralization of the enamel that results in significant staining of the teeth) is not
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"Mild" Dental Fluorosis: Perceptions & Psychological Impact
The vast majority of research has found that patients, parents, and the general public alike view mild fluorosis (TF score 3) as a significant blemish of the teeth, one that is likely to embarrass the affected child to a degree that cosmetic treatment would be warranted.
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Diagnostic Criteria for Dental Fluorosis: The Thylstrup-Fejerskov (TF) Index
The traditional criteria (the "Dean Index") for diagnosing dental fluorosis was developed in the first half of the 20th century by H. Trendley Dean. While the Dean Index is still widely used in surveys of fluorosis -- including the CDC's national surveys of fluorosis in the United States -- dental
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