Abstract
Bone tissue is an anisotropic non-homogeneous composite material composed of inorganic, bone mineral fibres (hydroxyapatite) embedded in an organic matrix (type I collagen and non-collagenous proteins). Factors contributing to the overall mechanical behaviour include constituent volume fraction, mechanical properties, orientation and interfacial bonding interactions. Interfacial bonding between the mineral and organic constituents is based, in part, on electrostatic interactions between negatively charged organic domains and the positively charged mineral surface. Phosphate and fluoride ions have been demonstrated to alter mineral-organic interactions, thereby influencing the mechanical properties of bone in tension. The present study explores the effects of phosphate and fluoride ions on the compressive properties of cortical bone.
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In situ observation of fluoride-ion-induced hydroxyapatite-collagen detachment on bone fracture surfaces by atomic force microscopy
The topography of freshly fractured bovine and human bone surfaces was determined by the use of atomic force microscopy (AFM). Fracture surfaces from both kinds of samples exhibited complex landscapes formed by hydroxyapatite mineral platelets with lateral dimensions ranging from ~90 nm × 60 nm to ~20 nm × 20 nm. Novel AFM techniques
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The effect of fluoride treatment on bone mineral in rabbits
Fluoride therapy has been used clinically for many years, but its use remains controversial and many basic questions remain unanswered. Accordingly, this study returns to an animal model to study the effects of high doses of fluoride on bone mineral in rabbits. Twelve rabbits, aged 3(1/2) months at the start
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The role of ions and mineral-organic interfacial bonding on the compressive properties of cortical bone
Bone tissue is a composite material composed of an inorganic stiff mineral phase embedded in a compliant organic matrix. Similar to other composites, the mechanical properties of bone depend upon the properties, volume fraction, and orientation of its constituents as well as the bonding interactions. Interfacial bonding between the mineral
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Fluoride ion effect on interfacial bonding and mechanical properties of bone
The mechanical properties of composite material (such as bone) rely on the properties of its constituents as well as the interfacial bonding between them. Bone tissue is a porous mineralized matrix composite of inorganic bone mineral and organic constituents (collagen and non-collagenous proteins). The porosity of bone is due in
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The effect of in vitro fluoride ion treatment on the ultrasonic properties of cortical bone
The mechanical properties of composites are influenced, in part, by the volume fraction, orientation, constituent mechanical properties, and interfacial bonding. Cortical bone tissue represents a short-fibered biological composite where the hydroxyapatite phase is embedded in an organic matrix composed of type I collagen and other noncollagenous proteins. Destructive mechanical testing
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Fluoride Reduces Bone Strength Prior to Onset of Skeletal Fluorosis
The majority of animal studies investigating fluoride's impact on bone strength have found that fluoride has either no effect, or a detrimental effect, on bone strength. Importantly, several of the animal studies that have found fluoride reductes bone strength have reported that this reduction in strength occurs before signs of skeletal fluorosis
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Skeletal Fluorosis: The Misdiagnosis Problem
It is a virtual certainty that there are individuals in the general population unknowingly suffering from some form of skeletal fluorosis as a result of a doctor's failure to consider fluoride as a cause of their symptoms. Proof that this is the case can be found in the following case reports of skeletal fluorosis written by doctors in the U.S. and other western countries. As can be seen, a consistent feature of these reports is that fluorosis patients--even those with crippling skeletal fluorosis--are misdiagnosed for years by multiple teams of doctors who routinely fail to consider fluoride as a possible cause of their disease.
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"Pre-Skeletal" Fluorosis
As demonstrated by the studies below, skeletal fluorosis may produce adverse symptoms, including arthritic pains, clinical osteoarthritis, gastrointestinal disturbances, and bone fragility, before the classic bone change of fluorosis (i.e., osteosclerosis in the spine and pelvis) is detectable by x-ray. Relying on x-rays, therefore, to diagnosis skeletal fluorosis will invariably fail to protect those individuals who are suffering from the pre-skeletal phase of the disease. Moreover, some individuals with clinical skeletal fluorosis will not develop an increase in bone density, let alone osteosclerosis, of the spine. Thus, relying on unusual increases in spinal bone density will under-detect the rate of skeletal fluoride poisoning in a population.
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Fluoride Reduces Bone Strength in Animals
Most animal studies investigating how fluoride effects bone strength have found either a detrimental effect, or no effect. Few animal studies have found a beneficial effect. In fact, one of the few studies that found a beneficial effect was unable to be repeated by the same authors in a later
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Mechanisms by which fluoride may reduce bone strength
Based on a large body of animal and human research, it is now known that fluoride ingestion can reduce bone strength and increase the rate of fracture. There are several plausible mechanisms by which fluoride can reduce bone strength. As discussed below, these mechanisms include: Reduction in Cortical Bone Density De-bonding of
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