Abstract
In this study, the neurotoxicity of fluoride (F) in the hippocampus of rats exposed to 15, 30, and 60 mg NaF/L in their drinking water for nine months was investigated. Compared with the control (<0.5 mg F/L), significant increases in the expression of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II alpha (CaMKII?) (F=5.228, p<0.05) and catus proto-oncogene protein c-fos (cFOS) (F=7.625, p<0.05 or p<0.01) were observed in both the 30 and 60 mg NaF/L groups. In contrast, significant decreases occurred in the two higher NaF groups in the expression of Bcl2- associated X protein (Bax) and B-cell CLL/lymphoma (Bcl-2) (F=13.983, p<0.05 or p<0.01). These results indicate that the signalling pathway of CaMKII?, c-fos, Bax, and Bcl-2 involves a molecular basis for the effects of fluorosis in the central nervous system.
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Fluoride activates microglia, secretes inflammatory factors and influences synaptic neuron plasticity in the hippocampus of rats.
Epidemiological studies have reported that highly fluoridated drinking water may significantly decrease the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) of exposed children. It is thought that synaptic plasticity is the basis of learning and memory skills in developing children. However, the effect on synaptic plasticity by activated microglia induced via fluoride treatment is
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Molecular mechanism of brain impairment caused by drinking-acquired fluorosis and selenium intervention
This study investigated the molecular mechanism of brain impairment induced by drinking fluoridated water and selenium intervention. Results showed that the learning and memory of rats in NaF group significantly decreased. Moreover, the number of apoptotic cells, the expression levels of Cytc mRNA and protein, and the expression levels of
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Detrimental Effects of Sodium Fluoride on the Expression of Insulin Receptor in the Olfactory Bulb and Hippocampus of Male Mice.
Fluoride exposure is associated with lowered cognitive function ability, intelligence quotient, and mental decline, especially in children. The brain insulin receptor (IR) signaling system is related to neuronal plasticity and consequent cognitive ability. In our previous study, NaF exposure decreased IR expressions in olfactory bulb (OB) and hippocampus after Y-maze
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Effect of selenium on fluoride-induced changes in synaptic plasticity in rat hippocampus.
This study was conducted to further explore the effect of selenium on fluoride-induced changes in the synaptic plasticity in rat hippocampus. Animals were randomly divided into control group, F group (sodium fluoride: 50 mg/L), three Se groups (sodium selenite: 0.375, 0.75, and 1.5 mg/L), and three F?+?Se groups (sodium fluoride: 50 mg/L; sodium
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Chronic fluoride exposure induces neuronal apoptosis and impairs neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity: role of GSK-3ß/ß-catenin pathway.
Highlights Fluoride dose-dependently impaired neurogenesis and synaptic function. Fluoride exposure induced hippocampal neuronal loss and apoptosis. Fluoride exposure compromised GSK-3ß/ß catenin signaling. Fluoride decreased ß-catenin downstream target genes, cyclin D1 and c-myc. Fluoride is becoming an ineluctable environmental pollutant and its longterm exposure would cause fluorosis and irreversible brain damage,
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Fluoride: Developmental Neurotoxicity.
Developmental Neurotoxicity There has been a tremendous amount of research done on the association of exposure to fluoride with developmental neurotoxicity. There are over 60 studies reporting reduced IQ in children and several on the impaired learning/memory in animals. And there are studies which link fluoride to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Teaching
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Fluoride Affects Learning & Memory in Animals
An association between elevated fluoride exposure and reduced intelligence has now been observed in 65 IQ studies. Although a link between fluoride and intelligence might initially seem surprising or random, it is actually consistent with a large body of animal research. This animal research includes the following 45 studies (out
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Fluoride's Effect on Fetal Brain
The human placenta does not prevent the passage of fluoride from a pregnant mother's bloodstream to the fetus. As a result, a fetus can be harmed by fluoride ingested pregnancy. Based on research from China, the fetal brain is one of the organs susceptible to fluoride poisoning. As highlighted by the excerpts
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Fluoride's Direct Effects on Brain: Animal Studies
The possibility that fluoride ingestion may impair intelligence and other indices of neurological function is supported by a vast body of animal research, including over 40 studies that have investigated fluoride's effects on brain quality in animals. As discussed by the National Research Council, the studies have consistently demonstrated that fluoride, at widely varying concentrations, is toxic to the brain.
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NRC (2006): Fluoride's Neurotoxicity and Neurobehavioral Effects
The NRC's analysis on fluoride and the brain.
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