Abstract
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to estimate fluoride (F) intake from infant formulas prepared with different brands of bottled water.
METHODS: Fluoride concentrations in 4 samples of infant milk and soy-based formulas, commercially available in the United States, prepared with deionized water and 5 brands of bottled water, were determined after Hexamethyldisioxane (HMDS)-facilitated diffusion, in duplicate, using an F ion-specific electrode. Possible fluoride ingestion per killogram body mass was estimated, based on suggested volumes of formula consumption, for infants 1 and 12 months.
RESULTS: Fluoride concentrations ranged from 0.076 to 0.214 ppm and 0.092 to 1.053 ppm for formulas prepared with deionized and bottled water, respectively. When prepared with deionized water, none of the formulas provided an F intake above the suggested threshold for fluorosis (0.07 mg F/kg/day). However, when prepared with some brands of bottled water containing 0.623 and 0.839 ppm, all of them did provide it.
CONCLUSIONS: Some brands of bottled water usually marketed for infants and used to dilute infant formulas may increase fluoride concentrations beyond reccommended levels believed to lead to fluorosis.
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Dietary fluoride intake from infant and toddler formulas in Poland.
Risk of enamel fluorosis associated with excessive fluoride intake during infancy and early childhood has been widely reported in literature. Results of several studies indicate that infant formula consumption, especially in the form of powdered concentrate, may appreciably increase children's fluoride exposure in optimally fluoridated communities. The aim of the
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Fluoride concentration in commonly consumed infant juices
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to measure the fluoride concentration in the most commonly consumed, commercially available infant fruit juices and to determine if a significant difference existed among various juice flavors and brands. METHODS: Ninety samples of different flavors from three infant juice manufacturing companies were analyzed using
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Evidence-based clinical recommendations regarding fluoride intake from reconstituted infant formula and enamel fluorosis: a report of the American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs.
BACKGROUND: This article presents evidence-based clinical recommendations regarding the intake of fluoride from reconstituted infant formula and its potential association with enamel fluorosis. The recommendations were developed by an expert panel convened by the American Dental Association (ADA) Council on Scientific Affairs (CSA). The panel addressed the following question: Is
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Risk of enamel fluorosis associated with fluoride supplementation, infant formula, and fluoride dentifrice use.
Eight hundred fifty 11- to 14-year-old residents of nonfluoridated communities in Massachusetts and Connecticut, who were born between 1972 and 1975, were investigated in a case-control study of the possible association between enamel fluorosis and exposure to fluoride supplements, infant formula, and/or fluoride dentifrice. The effect of median household income,
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Comparison of recommended and actual mean intakes of fluoride by Canadians
The findings of two separate 1993 reports, one of the actual intake of fluoride by Canadians and the other on their recommended fluoride intake, are summarized and compared. Recent increases in very mild and mild dental fluorosis suggest that the gap between current fluoride intake and recommended intake is narrowing. The daily swallowing of fluoride dentifrice makes
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Racial Disparities in Dental Fluorosis
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Dental Fluorosis: The "Cosmetic" Factor
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"Mild" Dental Fluorosis: Perceptions & Psychological Impact
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Moderate/Severe Dental Fluorosis
In its "moderate" and severe forms, fluoride causes a marked increase in the porosity of the enamel. After eruption into mouth, the porous enamel of moderate to severe fluorosis readily takes up stain, creating permanent brown and black discolorations of the teeth. In addition to extensive staining, teeth with moderate to severe fluorosis are more prone to attrition and wear - leading to pitting, chipping, and decay.
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Dental Fluorosis Impacts Dentin in Addition to Enamel
Dental fluorosis is a mineralization defect of tooth enamel marked by increased subsurface porosity. The enamel, however, is not the only component of teeth that is effected. As several studies have demonstrated, dental fluorosis can also impair the mineralization of dentin as well. As noted in one review: "The fact that
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