Abstract
To investigate the effects of fluoride on the expression levels of cytokines in the rat hippocampus, 60 adult Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups of 15 rats each, whose drinking water contained: (1) double distilled water (the control group); (2) 25 mg sodium fluoride (NaF)/L, (11.3 mg F/L); (3) 50 mg NaF/L, (22.6 mg F/L); and (4) 100 mg NaF/L, (45.2 mg F/L). After five months treatment, the expression levels of the cytokines TGF-B1, IL-4, IL-1B, IL-6, and TNF-B gene were determined by real-time PCR, and the TGF-B1 protein levels were detected by ELISA. A significant decrease of TGF-B1 was found, in both the gene and protein levels, while no significant change occurred in the levels of IL-4, IL-1B, IL-6, and TNF-a gene. Fluoride may damage the hippocampus by significantly decreasing the expression of TGF-B1 gene and protein, possibly by an unknown post-transcriptional mechanism. The study provides a new perspective for evaluating the neurotoxicity of fluoride.
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Effects of flouride on region of hippocampus in adult albino rats.
The pilot study is conducted using 30 adult albino rats (200-250gm). They were divided into one control and one experimental group. Group 1 is Control (Ctrl), which received food and water ad-libitum, experimental group received, 20 ppm of sodium fluoride (NaF) for 7 weeks. The body weights and physical activity
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Influence of chronic fluorosis on expression of phospho-Elk-1 in rat brains.
Objective: To investigate the expression and distribution of the downstream substrate of extracellular regulated protein kinase(ERK1/2) pathway, ternary complex factor phospho-Elk-1, in rat brains with chronic fluorosis, and reveal the mechanism of the impaired learning and memory ability caused by chronic fluorosis. Methods: Seventy-two SD rats, weighing 100 - 120 g,
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Protective Effect of Curcumin on Hippocampal and Behavior Changes in Rats Exposed to Fluoride During Pre- and Post-natal Period.
Introduction: Curcumin, a yellow-pigment, found in the popular Indian spice turmeric (Curcuma longa), poses pharmaceutical applications due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and chemoprotective properties. Excessive fluoride causes fluorosis leading to neurodegeneration and associated behavioral deficits, particularly in children. This study aimed at investigating the neuroprotective ability of curcumin on sodium
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Chronic fluoride exposure induces neuronal apoptosis and impairs neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity: role of GSK-3ß/ß-catenin pathway.
Highlights Fluoride dose-dependently impaired neurogenesis and synaptic function. Fluoride exposure induced hippocampal neuronal loss and apoptosis. Fluoride exposure compromised GSK-3ß/ß catenin signaling. Fluoride decreased ß-catenin downstream target genes, cyclin D1 and c-myc. Fluoride is becoming an ineluctable environmental pollutant and its longterm exposure would cause fluorosis and irreversible brain damage,
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Proteomic analysis of hippocampus in offspring male mice exposed to fluoride and lead
Fluoride and lead are two common pollutants in the environment. Previous investigations have found that high fluoride exposure can increase the lead burden. In this experiment, in order to study on the molecular mechanisms of central neural system injury induced by the above two elements, differently expressed protein spots in
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Fluoride's Effect on Fetal Brain
The human placenta does not prevent the passage of fluoride from a pregnant mother's bloodstream to the fetus. As a result, a fetus can be harmed by fluoride ingested pregnancy. Based on research from China, the fetal brain is one of the organs susceptible to fluoride poisoning. As highlighted by the excerpts
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Fluoride Affects Learning & Memory in Animals
An association between elevated fluoride exposure and reduced intelligence has now been observed in 65 IQ studies. Although a link between fluoride and intelligence might initially seem surprising or random, it is actually consistent with a large body of animal research. This animal research includes the following 45 studies (out
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Fluoride & IQ: 68 Studies
As of February 2021, a total of 76 studies have investigated the relationship between fluoride and human intelligence. Of these investigations, 68 studies have found that elevated fluoride exposure is associated with reduced IQ in humans, while over 60 animal studies have found that fluoride exposure impairs the learning and/or
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Fluoride's Direct Effects on Brain: Animal Studies
The possibility that fluoride ingestion may impair intelligence and other indices of neurological function is supported by a vast body of animal research, including over 40 studies that have investigated fluoride's effects on brain quality in animals. As discussed by the National Research Council, the studies have consistently demonstrated that fluoride, at widely varying concentrations, is toxic to the brain.
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Fluoride: Developmental Neurotoxicity.
Developmental Neurotoxicity There has been a tremendous amount of research done on the association of exposure to fluoride with developmental neurotoxicity. There are over 60 studies reporting reduced IQ in children and several on the impaired learning/memory in animals. And there are studies which link fluoride to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Teaching
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