Abstract
A 38-year prospective study of 992 New Zealand children on fluoride (F) and IQ, of whom an uncertain number (0–101) had not received, at age 5 years, additional F with F tablets (taken: 139, not taken: 763, unknown: 90), community water fluoridation (CWF) (lived in CWF area: 891, never lived in CWF area: 99, unknown: 2) or F toothpaste (always used: 634, sometimes used: 240, never used: 22, unknown: 96), has led to differing advice on avoiding Type I and Type II errors. Consideration of eight studies on F and IQ, and introducing a safety factor of 10 to allow for individual differences in water intake and sensitivity (between- and within-subject variations), suggests a maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG) for F in drinking water of 0.1 mg F/L. Whilst achieving this may be difficult in many areas, at the least no active steps should be taken to raise water F levels above 0.1 mg F/L. Some evidence suggests that the only assuredly safe level of F in drinking water is zero.
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Research on the effects of fluoride on child intellectual development under different environmental conditions.
Goal: To study the effects of the fluoride and iodine content of drinking water on child intellectual development and the interaction between the two factors and also the relationship of educational factors to such development. Methods: The subjects of the investigation were 8- to 14-year-old children randomly selected from endemic areas as well
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Reviews of developmental fluoride neurotoxicity by Grandjean and Guth et al.
An updated review by Philippe Grandjean, published in Environmental Health on December 19, 2019, of developmental fluoride neurotoxicity concluded that recent epidemiological results support the notion that elevated fluoride intake during early development can result in IQ deficits that may be considerable. He noted that the recognition of neurotoxic risks
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Fluoride exposure and reported learning disability diagnosis among Canadian children: Implications for community water fluoridation.
OBJECTIVES: Recent studies have connected increased fluoride exposure with increased risk of neurodevelopmental-related outcomes, such as ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and lower IQ in children. Our primary objective was to examine the association between fluoride exposure and reported diagnosis of a learning disability among a population-based sample of Canadian
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The effects of high levels of fluoride and iodine on intellectual ability and the metabolism of fluoride and iodine.
The authors carried out a study on the intellectual abilities and fluoride/iodine metabolism of children living in a high fluoride-high iodine area. Among the results: the percentage of the general population living in this fluoride/iodine-contaminated region that suffered from goiter (clinical thyroid enlargement) was 3.8%, the rate of children already showing some thyroid
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Intelligent quotients of 12-14 year old school children in a high and low fluoride village in India.
SUMMARY: The aim of this preliminary study was to compare the intelligence quotient (IQ) scores of 12–14 year old school children living in a high fluoride (F) village with the IQ scores of a similar group of children in a low F village in the Davangere district, Karnataka, India. Sixty-five
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Fluoride Affects Learning & Memory in Animals
An association between elevated fluoride exposure and reduced intelligence has now been observed in 65 IQ studies. Although a link between fluoride and intelligence might initially seem surprising or random, it is actually consistent with a large body of animal research. This animal research includes the following 45 studies (out
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Fluoride & IQ: 68 Studies
As of February 2021, a total of 76 studies have investigated the relationship between fluoride and human intelligence. Of these investigations, 68 studies have found that elevated fluoride exposure is associated with reduced IQ in humans, while over 60 animal studies have found that fluoride exposure impairs the learning and/or
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Fluoride: Developmental Neurotoxicity.
Developmental Neurotoxicity There has been a tremendous amount of research done on the association of exposure to fluoride with developmental neurotoxicity. There are over 60 studies reporting reduced IQ in children and several on the impaired learning/memory in animals. And there are studies which link fluoride to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Teaching
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Fluoride's Direct Effects on Brain: Animal Studies
The possibility that fluoride ingestion may impair intelligence and other indices of neurological function is supported by a vast body of animal research, including over 40 studies that have investigated fluoride's effects on brain quality in animals. As discussed by the National Research Council, the studies have consistently demonstrated that fluoride, at widely varying concentrations, is toxic to the brain.
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NRC (2006): Fluoride's Neurotoxicity and Neurobehavioral Effects
The NRC's analysis on fluoride and the brain.
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