Abstract
The roles of dietary protein (Pr) and calcium (Ca) levels on the changes in T-lymphocyte subsets induced by excessive fluoride (F) intake were assessed using rats that were malnourished for 120 days as a model. The CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes in the spleen tissue were determined by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence assay. The percentages of CD3+ , CD4+ , and CD8+ T-lymphocytes were reduced in the spleen of rats exposed to excessive F, and malnutrition aggravated these changes in the T-lymphocytes. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of IL-1B, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-a, and IFN-y in the spleen were downregulated significantly. We also reported herein the increased apoptosis ratio following caspase-9 and caspase-3 upregulation in the spleen of rats exposed to excessive amount of F. Light and transmisison electron microscopy revealed the irregularly arranged lymphocytes, few lymph nodules and the apoptotic characteristic of lymphocytes, which are caused by the increased expression of caspase. In addition, Pr and Ca supplementation reversed the morphologic and T-lymphocytic changes in spleen under malnutrition. Taken together, our results revealed an endogenous caspase-mediated mechanism of regulating the apoptosis of the T-lymphocyte subsets, as well as the immune-related cytokine secretion, which reduces the immune function in F-induced rats.
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Effects of dietary protein and calcium on thymus apoptosis induced by fluoride in female rats (Wistar rats)
Our previous studies showed that excessive fluoride (F) ingestion seriously damaged the nonspecific immune function in rabbits. However, the underlying mechanisms of the F-induced damage to the immune system are unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether F induces thymus apoptosis in female rats and its underlying
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Some characteristics of fluoride-induced cell death in rat thymocytes: cytotoxicity of sodium fluoride
Fluoride is found in the atmosphere, water, soil, coal, food, dental and industrial uses. There were some case reports concerning acute fluoride poisoning in workplaces and laboratories. However, there is limited information concerning the mechanism of fluoride-induced cell death. To study the cytotoxicity of fluoride, the effect of sodium fluoride
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Effects of malnutrition and supplemented nutrition on nonspecific immune function changes induced by fluoride in rabbits
This study was designed to investigate the protective role of protein (Pr) and calcium (Ca) on effects of fluoride (F) induced in nonspecific immunological function in New Zealand rabbits fed a Pr and a Ca nutritionally deficient (malnutrition) diet. Eighty healthy 30-day-old rabbits (1.07±0.25 kg) were divided randomly into four equal groups of twenty
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Effect of dietary protein or calcium supplement on the expression of collagen I and dentine phosphoprotein of rats with dental fluorosis.
This study aims to assess the roles of dietary protein (Pr) and calcium (Ca) levels associated with excessive fluoride (F) intake and the impact of Pr, Ca, and F on expression of collagen I (COL I) and dentine phosphoprotein (DPP) in rat incisors. Seventy-two rats were randomly allotted to six
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Mitigating effects of some antidotes on fluoride and arsenic induced free radical toxicity in mice ovary
The effects of oral administration of sodium fluoride (NaF) and/or arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) (5 mg and 0.5 mg/kg body weight, respectively) for 30 days were investigated on free radical induced toxicity in the mouse ovary. The reversibility of the induced effects after withdrawal of NaF+As(2)O(3) treatment and by administration of
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Nutrient Deficiencies Enhance Fluoride Toxicity
It has been known since the 1930s that poor nutrition enhances the toxicity of fluoride. As discussed below, nutrient deficiencies have been specifically linked to increased susceptibility to fluoride-induced tooth damage (dental fluorosis), bone damage (osteomalacia), neurotoxicity (reduced intelligence), and mutagenicity. The nutrients of primary importance appear to be calcium,
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Fluoridated Water Causes Severe Dental Fluorosis in Children with Diabetes Insipidus
This section on Diabetes includes: • Fluoride & Impaired Glucose Tolerance • Fluoride & Insulin • Fluoride Sensitivity Among Diabetics • Fluoridated Water Causes Severe Dental Fluorosis in Children with Diabetes Insipidus • NRC (2006): Fluoride’s Effect on Glucose Metabolism Excessive exposure to fluoride causes a defect of the tooth enamel known as dental fluorosis. In
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Fluoride Is Not an Essential Nutrient
In the 1950s, dentists believed that fluoride was a “nutrient.” A nutrient is a vitamin or mineral that is necessary for good health. Dentists believed that fluoride ingestion during childhood was necessary for strong, healthy teeth. A “fluoride deficiency” was thus believed to cause cavities, just like a deficiency of calcium can
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Kidney Patients Are at Increased Risk of Fluoride Poisoning
It is well established that individuals with kidney disease are susceptible to suffering bone damage and other ill effects from low levels of fluoride exposure. Kidney patients are at elevated risk because when kidneys are damaged they are unable to efficiently excrete fluoride from the body. As a result, kidney patients
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Unheeded Warnings: Government Health Authorities Ignore Fluoride Risk for Kidney Patients
Despite the well known fact that individuals with kidney disease are at much higher risk of fluoride toxicity than the general population, there has yet to be any attempt in the United States, or any other country that practices mass-scale water fluoridation to determine the prevalence of fluoride-related effects (e.g.,
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