The
use of high doses increases the likelihood that potentially
significant toxic effects will be identified. Findings of
adverse effects in any one species do not necessarily indicate
such effects might be generated in humans. From a conservative
risk assessment perspective however, adverse findings in
animal species are assumed to represent potential effects
in humans, unless convincing evidence of species specificity
is available.
--
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
|
Bradypnea
- abnormal slowness of respiration, specifically
a low respiratory frequency.
Dyspnea:
shortness of breath, a subjective
difficultyor distress in breathing, usually associated with
disease of the heart or lungs; occurs normally during intense
physical exertion or at high altitude.
Pulmonary
- relating to the lungs, to the pulmonary artery, or to
the aperture leading from the right ventricle into the pulmonary
artery. SYN pneumonic, pulmonic.
Ref: Stedman's Concise Medical
Dictionary for the Health Professions. Illustrated 4th Edition.
|
Note:
This is not an exhaustive list.
When time allows more information will be added.
Ammonium
fluoride
- Wood Preservative - CAS No. 12125-01-8
Ingestion: May cause
salivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain, followed
by weakness, tremors, shallow respiration, cardopedal spasm, convulsions,
and coma. May cause brain and kidney damage. Death may be caused
by respiratory paralysis. Affects
heart and circulatory system.
Chronic Exposure: Chronic exposure may cause mottling of teeth
and bone damage (osteosclerosis) and fluorosis. Symptoms of fluorisis
include brittle bones, weight loss, anemia, calcified ligaments,
general ill health and joint stiffness.
Ref: 1999 Material Safety Data Sheet prepared
by Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Ammonium.F.MSDS.htm
-- INHALATION - May
cause severe throat irritation, cough, dyspnea, cyanosis, lung
injury and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema.
-- RESPIRATORY. ACUTE EXPOSURE. Dyspnea, bronchospasm (with abnormal
PFTs and hypoxia), chemical pneumonitis,
pulmonary edema (can be hemorrhagic),
tracheobronchitis, upper airway obstruction, chemical burns (larynx,
trachea, bronchi) and ARDS may occur following inhalation.
Ref: TOXNET profile from Hazardous Substances
Data Bank for Ammonium fluoride.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Ammonium.fluoride.TOXNET.htm
Benzotrifluoride
- Insecticide - CAS No. 98-08-8
TARGET ORGANS:
Central Nervous System, Eyes, Skin, Respiratory
Tract.
Ref: BENZOTRIFLUORIDE Material Safety Data
Sheet. OxyChem. Issue Date: 07-08-98
http://www.oxychem.com/products/msds/m7644.pdf
SYMPTOMS: This comound
is extremely destructive to the mucous membranes, upper
respiratory tract, skin and eyes. Inhalation may be fatal
as a result of spasm, inflammation and edema of the larynx and
bronchi; chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary
edema. Other symptoms include a burning sensation, coughing,
wheezing, laryngitis, shortness of breath; headache, nausea and
vomiting.
Ref: 1987 Fact Sheet by National Toxicology
Program for Benzotrifluoride.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Benzotrifluoride.1987.NTP.htm
Beta-cyfluthrin
- Insecticide - CAS No. 68359-37-5
-- Beta-cyfluthrin
(98% a.i.). 5-Day range-finding NOAEL = 0.00025 mg/L (0.07 mg/kg/day)
inhalation study--rat LOAEL = 0.0038 mg/L (1.03 mg/kg/day) based
on unpreened hair coat, piloerection, hepatoid
foci in lungs.
Ref: Federal Register. September 27, 2002.
Cyfluthrin; Pesticide Tolerance. Final Rule. http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Cyfluthrin.FR.Sept.27.2002.htm
Bifenthrin
- Acaricide, Insecticide - CAS Numbers:
82657-04-3 (Cis); 83322-02-5 (Trans)
A chronic/carcinogenicity
study in mice fed at doses of 0, 50, 200, 500, or 600 ppm (0,
2.5, 10, 25, or 30 mg/kg/day) in the diet for 87 weeks (males)
or 92 weeks (females). Chronic LOEL is 10 mg/kg/day based on the
incidence of tremors in both sexes. Chronic NOEL is 2.5 mg/kg/day.
Carcinogenic potential was evidenced by a statistically significant
increased trend for hemangiopericytomas in the urinary bladders
of males, a significant dose-related trend for combined hepatocellular
adenomas and carcinomas in males, and a
significantly higher incidence of combined lung adenomas and carcinomas
in females.
Ref: Federal Register: November 26, 1997.
Bifenthrin; Pesticide Tolerances. Final Rule.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/bifenthrin.fr.nov.1997.htm
Carcinogenic Effects:
There was no evidence of cancer in a 2-year study of rats who
ate as much as 10 mg/kg/day of bifenthrin. However, an 87 week
feeding study of mice with doses of 7, 29, 71, and 86 mg/kg showed
a significantly higher, dose related trend of increased tumor
incidence in the male urinary bladder (63, 67). The incidence
was significantly increased at 86 mg/kg/day. Also, females had
higher incidences of lung cancer
than the controls at doses of 7 mg/kg and higher (67). The EPA
has classified bifenthrin as a class C carcinogen, a possible
human carcinogen (11, 63).
Ref: EXTOXNET Pesticide Information Profile.
1995.
http://ace.ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/pips/bifenthr.htm
Boron
Trifluoride
- Fumigant - CAS No. 7637-07-2
-- Target Organs: Lungs,
blood, bones and teeth.
-- Signs and Symptoms of Exposure: Acute exposure: coughing, shortness
of breath, headache, vertigo, chills and nausea. Subchronic: dental
fluorosis, increased bone, serum and urinary fluoride levels,
hypocalcemia.
-- Chronic and Subchronic Data: Two of forty rats exposed to 6
ppm for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 13 weeks exhibited renal
toxicity and signs of respiratory irritation. Six month exposures
of rats, rabbits and guinea pigs produced dental fluorosis and
pneumonitis at similar levels. This
material is listed in the Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical
Substances (RTECS), but no information on its carcinogenicity
is available.
Ref: Material Safety Data Sheet for Boron
Trifluoride (BF3). May 2001.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/boron.trifluoride.msds.htm
-- Clinical Effects:
SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE 0.2.1.1 ACUTE EXPOSURE to Boron trifluoride
is a severe irritant to the lungs
and eyes and corrosive on skin contact. Effects are similar to
that of hydrogen fluoride but less severe.
-- CHRONIC EXPOSURE o Lowered pulmonary function, dried mucous
membranes and nosebleeds, severe irritation of the eyes and eyelids,
as well as inflammation and congestion of
the lungs may occur with chronic exposure to this compound
(HSDB, 1992).
-- Exposure of 6 animal species to 100 ppm, 4-7 hr/day, 5 days/wk
in a 30 day experiment killed all animals, most within the test
period. Guinea pigs were most susceptible ... dogs least ...
The primary site of damage was the lung ... Kidney damage
... also occurs. [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge,
Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical
Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS). Washington,
DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 1]
-- Boron trifluoride is primarily a respiratory
irritant which predisposed the exposed /guinea pigs/ to
respiratory infection. Exposure at 100 ppm (277 mg/cu m) was fatal
to all animals. Physiological responses prior to death included
respiratory irritation and infection, kidney damage, retarded
growth, and severe progressive fluorosis
in rat teeth. Exposure at 15 ppm (41.5 mg/cu m) did not produce
fluorosis, but did predispose guinea pigs to a rate of
respiratory infection greater than that found in controls. [NIOSH;
Criteria Document: Boron trifluoride p.27 (1976) DHEW Pub. NIOSH
77-122]
-- Ten male guinea pigs and 14 female rats were exposed to boron
trifluoride at a nominal concentration of 12.8 ppm (35 mg/cu m),
7 hours/day, 5 days/week, for up to 3 months. Examinations showed
the guinea pigs had difficulty in breathing and appeared
asthmatic. Exposed guinea pigs had increased lung
weights averaging 0.80 g/100 g of body weight, compared to lung
weights of 0.64 g/100 of body weight for the control animals.
Gross examination revealed pneumonitis, suggesting chemical damage,
in the hilar region of the lungs.
Examined microscopically, the lung showed
areas of collapse and emphysema adjacent to the areas of more
severe pneumonitis. The exposed rats were considered to
have normal appearance and organ weights, but gross and microscopic
tissue examination showed pulmonary changes indicating chemical
irritation. The hilar regions of the lung
were the most affected and the injuries were manifested as pneumonitis.
[NIOSH; Criteria Document: Boron trifluoride p.29-30 (1976)
DHEW Pub. NIOSH 77-122]
Ref: TOXNET profile from Hazardous Substances
Data Bank for Boron Trifluoride.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/boron.trifluoride.toxnet.htm
Bromethalin
- Rodenticide - CAS No. 63333-35-7
Abstract: Bromethalin
is a new rodenticide for the control of commensal rodents. Doses
in excess of the LD50 (2 mg/kg in rats) will cause death within
8-12 hr and it is preceded by one to three episodes of clonic
convulsions with death usually due to respiratory
arrest.
Ref: Fundam Appl Toxicol 1988 Nov;11(4):664-72.
The
toxicity and mechanism of action of bromethalin: a new single-feeding
rodenticide by van Lier RB and Cherry LD.
Carbon
Tetrafluoride
- Former US EPA List 3 Inert
- CAS No. 75-73-0
-- TARGET
ORGANS: Respiratory system, cardio-vascular system, central nervous
system.
-- ACUTE: The most significant hazard associated with Tetrafluoromethane
[carbon tetrafluoride] is inhalation of high concentrations of
Tetrafluoromethane. Such overexposure can cause oxygen deficiency.
Symptoms of such exposures include respiratory difficulty, ringing
in ears, headaches, dizziness, indigestion, nausea, and possible
death...
-- INHALATION: Exposures to high concentrations of this gas may
cause sensitization of the heart
to adrenaline and nor-adrenaline. Effects of such overexposure
can include light-headedness, giddiness, shortness of breath and
in extreme cases, irregular heartbeats, cardiac arrest, and death.
High concentrations of this gas can cause an oxygen-deficient
environment. Individuals breathing such an atmosphere may experience
symptoms which include headaches, ringing in ears, dizziness,
drowsiness, unconsciousness, nausea, vomiting, and depression
of all the senses. The skin of a victim of overexposure may have
a blue color. Under some circumstances of overexposure, death
may occur. The effects associated with various levels of oxygen
are as follows:
CONCENTRATION SYMPTOMS OF EXPOSURE
12-16% Oxygen: Breathing and pulse rate increased, muscular coordination
slightly disturbed.
10-14% Oxygen: Emotional upset, abnormal fatigue, disturbed respiration.
6-10% Oxygen: Nausea and vomiting, collapse or loss of consciousness.
Below 6%: Convulsive movements, possible respiratory collapse,
and death.
Ref: Material Safety Data Sheet: TETRAFLUOROMETHANE
- CF4 MSDS (Document # 001051). Airgas.
http://www.airgas.com/documents/pdf/1051.pdf
1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
- Solvent, EPA Inert List 2 - CAS No. 75-68-3
Lester and Greenberg
(1950) conducted whole-body exposures in 10 rats (sex and strain
unspecified) to 100,000 ppm (413,100 mg/cu.m) for 16 hours/day.
All animals died within nine exposures: 6 in 7 days, 2 in 8 days,
and 2 in 9 days. All animals were examined grossly, and sections
of lung and liver were examined for
histopathology. Lungs of all animals showed
signs of severe irritation, having extensive consolidation
and advanced lobar pneumonia. In
a subsequent experiment, five rats were exposed to 10,000 ppm
(41,310 mg/cu.m), 16 hours daily for a period of 2 months, with
no apparent effects. The lungs of
2/5 of these animals revealed evidence of inflammation, but sufficient
information is not given to conclude that this effect was treatment
related. These studies have a number of significant experimental
(apparently no control animals were used) and reporting deficiencies
that preclude their use in quantitative risk assessment.
Ref: US EPA IRIS for 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
CASRN 75-68-3.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/1-chloro-1.1-difluoroe.iris.htm
-- RESPIRATORY. ACUTE
EXPOSURE. Pulmonary irritation, bronchial
constriction, cough, dyspnea, and chest tightness may develop
after inhalation. Chronic pulmonary hyperreactivity may occur.
Adult respiratory distress syndrome has been reported following
acute inhalational exposures. Pulmonary
edema is an autopsy finding in fatal cases.
-- Populations at Special Risk: THERE ARE
ISOLATED REPORTS OF POISONING FROM EXPOSURE TO FLUOROCARBON PROPELLANTS
& SOME STUDIES SHOWING A HIGHER INCIDENCE OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE
AMONG HOSPITAL PERSONNEL & REFRIGERANT MECHANICS EXPOSED TO FLUOROCARBONS.
ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATION IS REQUIRED TO ESTABLISH CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN FLUOROCARBONS & CARDIOVASCULAR & BRONCHOPULMONARY
DISEASES AMONG EXPOSED WORKERS.
THE HIGH INCIDENCE OF CANCER AMONG HOSPITAL
PERSONNEL REPEATEDLY EXPOSED TO FLUORINE-CONTAINING GENERAL ANESTHETICS
RAISES A FUNDAMENTAL NEED TO EXAMINE OTHER FLUOROCARBON-EXPOSED
WORKERS FOR SIMILAR EFFECTS. /FLUOROCARBONS/ [Clayton,
G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology.
Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1209]
Ref: TOXNET profile from Hazardous Substances
Data Bank for 1-Chloro-1,1-Difluoroethane.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/1-chloro-1,1,-difluo.toxnet.htm
Chlorodifluoromethane
-
Insecticide, Fungicide, Propellant - CAS No. 75-45-6
Animal
Data - INHALATION: 4 hour, LC50, rat: 220,000 ppm. The
compound is a skin irritant and a slight eye irritant, but is
not a skin sensitizer in animals. Effects from single high exposures
include central nervous system depression,
anesthesia, rapid breathing, lung congestion
and microscopic liver changes...
Ref:
Material Safety Data
Sheet for Freon 22. DuPont. 1996.
Cyfluthrin
-
Insecticide - CAS No. 68359-37-5
Prenatal and postnatal
sensitivity. There are no data gaps for reproductive and developmental
toxicity studies. Evidence of increased sensitivity of young rats
following pre- and/or post-natal exposure to cyfluthrin was observed
in the three-generation reproduction study in rats. There was
suggestive sensitivity of rats to in utero exposure based on
bradypnea seen in dams in
the developmental inhalation studies. In addition, the reproductive
NOAEL of 2.5 mg/kg/day and the LOAEL of 7.5 mg/kg/day established
in the three-generation reproduction study in rats are identical
to the systemic NOAEL/LOAEL of 2.5/7.5 mg/ kg/day established
in the chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study in rats. This NOAEL
(2.5 mg/kg/day) and a UF of 100 was used in deriving the RfD (0.025
mg/kg/day) and the RfD does not provide protection for infants
and children.
Ref: Federal Register. May 17, 2001, Pesticide
Tolerances for Emergency Exemptions. Final Rule.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Cyfluthrin.FR.May17.2001.htm
Dichlorodifluoromethane
- Insecticide, Fungicide, Propellant, US EPA List 2 Inert -
CAS No. 75-71-8
-- 11 subjects (7 being
maintenance technicians of large cooling and refrigerating systems)
were exposed for 130 min to CFC-12 (weighted
exposure 0.46, 49.9, and 87.7 g/cu m. ... This led to
acute reduction of ventilatory lung capacity only at the
two highest CFC-12 concentrations, under which conditions a significant
decrease in the heart frequency was also observed. [WHO; Environmental
Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons p.90
(1990)]
-- Ten subjects /were exposed/ to CFC-11,
CFC-12, CFC-114, two mixtures of CFC-11 and CFC-12, and
a mixture of CFC-12 and CFC-114 (breathing
concentrations between 16 and 150 g/cu m) for 15, 45, or 60 seconds,
and found significant acute reduction of
ventilatory lung capacity (FEV50, FEF25) on exposure to
each chlorofluorocarbon, as well as bradycardia
and increased variability in heart rate in seven subjects, negative
T-waves in two subjects (one was exposed to CFC-11 and CFC-12),
and atrioventricular block in 1 subject (CFC-114). Mixtures
exerted stronger respiratory effects than individual chlorofluorocarbon
at the same level of exposure. [WHO; Environmental Health
Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons p.90 (1990)]
-- Dichlorodifluoromethane ... /was/ tested by inhalation on Sprague-Dawley
rats and Swiss mice. The animals were exposed for 4 hr a day,
5 days a week; rats were exposed for 104 weeks, and mice were
exposed for 78 weeks. Animals were observed until spontaneous
death. Exposure of rats to dichlorodifluoromethane resulted in
no noticeable differences in the incidence of total benign and
malignant tumors, and of the most frequently expected or rate
of tumors. Exposure of mice to dichlorodifluoromethane resulted
in a higher number of total tumors in males and females which
was dose related in males, pulmonary adenomas
in males and females at 5000 ppm, and leukemias
in males at 5000 and 1000 ppm and in
females at 1000 ppm. [Maltoni C et al; Annals of the New
York Academy of Sciences 534: 261-82 (1988)]
-- Short-term inhalation studies have been reported for CFC-11,
CFC-12, CFC-112, CFC-113, CFC-114,
and CFC-115. The results showed low toxicity, and the effects
observed were related mainly to the CNS,
respiratory tract,
and the liver. Oral toxicity
studies have confirmed the low toxicity. [WHO; Environmental Health
Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons p.18 (1990)]
Ref: TOXNET profile from Hazardous Substances
Data Bank for Dichlorodifluoromethane.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/dichlorodifluorometh.toxnet.htm
Dichlorofluoromethane (CFC-21)
- Propellant, EPA List 2 Inert - CAS
No. 75-43-4
--Skin, Eye and Respiratory
Irritations: Refrigerant 21 vapor is respiratory
irritant ... [Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J.
Partridge, Jr. (eds.). NIOSH/OSHA - Occupational Health Guidelines
for Chemical Hazards. DHHS(NIOSH) PublicationNo. 81-123 (3 VOLS).
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981. 1]
-- When admin alone to anesthetized mice
at concn of 100,000 ppm, CFC-21 induced arrhythmia and sensitized
the heart to epinephrine. Tachycardia with hypotension was observed
in both monkeys and dogs that were anesthetized and exposed at
50,000-100,000 ppm. Bronchoconstriction
was noted at 25,000 ppm. [American Conference
of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the
Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed.
Volumes I,II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991. 434]**PEER REVIEWED**
-- /GUINEA PIGS/ ... EXPOSED /UP TO 2 HR/
@ CONCN OF 10.2% DIED &, ON AUTOPSY, CONGESTED
LUNGS, CONGESTED KIDNEYS, CONGESTED LIVER, DISCOLORED SPLEEN,
& HIGHLY CONTRACTED HEART WERE FOUND. [American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation
of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air.
Third Edition, 1971. Cincinnati, Ohio: AmericanConference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists, 1971. (Plus supplements to 1979) 81]**PEER
REVIEWED**
-- WHEN GUINEA PIGS WERE EXPOSED UP TO 2
HR ... @ CONCN RANGING FROM 1.2-10.2% BY VOL (12,000-102,000 PPM),
CONCN OF 5.2% & HIGHER PRODUCED SIGNS OF IRRITATION, TREMORS,
INCOORDINATION, & IRREGULAR BREATHING.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation
of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air.
Third Edition, 1971. Cincinnati, Ohio: AmericanConference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists, 1971. (Plus supplements to 1979) 81]**PEER
REVIEWED**
Ref: TOXNET profile from Hazardous Substances
Data Base for Dichlorofluoromethane.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/dichlorofluoromethan.toxnet.htm
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
(CFC-114) - Propellant,
Former EPA List 2 Inert - CAS No. 76-14-2
-- The American Conference
of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has assigned dichlorotetrafluoroethane
a threshold limit value (TLV) of 1000 ppm (6990 mg/m(3)) as a
TWA for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek [ACGIH
1994, p. 19].
-- Rationale for Limits: The NIOSH limit is based on the risk
of respiratory irritation, asphyxia at high concentrations [NIOSH
1992]. The ACGIH limit is based on the risk of systemic toxicity
and cardiac sensitization [ACGIH
1991, p. 444].
-- Effects on Animals: dichlorotetrafluoroethane is a cardiac
sensitizer, an asphyxiant,
and a weak narcotic at extremely high concentrations [ACGIH 1991].
Dogs exposed to 200,000 ppm of dichlorotetrafluoroethane for 16
hours died, but exposures at this level for 8 hours caused
tremor and convulsions [Hathaway et al. 1991]. Serious arrhythmia
occurred in one of 12 dogs exposed once to 25,000 ppm of
dichlorotetrafluoroethane and given intravenous epinephrine. Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
is reported to reduce pulmonary compliance
and act as a bronchoconstrictor [ACGIH
1991]. Guinea pigs exposed to a dichlorotetrafluoroethane concentration
of 47,000 ppm developed respiratory irritation [Hathaway et al.
1991].
Ref: US OSHA (Occupational Safety &
Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor).
http://www.osha-slc.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/dichlorotetrafluoroethane/recognition.html
Diflufenzopyr
- Herbicide - CAS No. 109293-97-2
Subschronic toxicity:
Histopathological findings were an increased incidence of foamy
macrophages in the lungs in the 10,000 and 20,000 ppm
groups, both sexes, and testicular
atrophy
in the 20,000 ppm group. Following the 47-week recovery period,
the only treatment-related effects which showed partial or no
evidence of recovery were foamy macrophages
in the lungs and testicular atrophy.
Ref: Federal Register: December 12, 2001
[Page 64257-64262]. Notice of Filing a Pesticide Petition to Establish
a Tolerance for a Certain Pesticide Chemical in or on Food.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Diflufenzopyr.FR.Dec12.2001.htm
Dithiopyr
- Herbicide -
CAS No. 97886-45-8
The following results
were presented by a Monsanto scientist.
-- Thirteen-week Feeding Study in Rats.
Dithiopyr was administered via the diet to groups of
12 male and 12 female F-344 rats for 13 weeks at concentrations
of 0, 10, 100, 1000 and 5000 ppm.. Other findings included [no
concentrations listed] multiple organ weight effects,
thyroid follicular hypertrophy, adrenal cortical hypertrophy,
and pulmonary foam cell aggregation.
The subchronic NOEL in rats is considered to be 10 ppm.
(The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 1988)
Ref: Summary
of Toxicology Studies With Dithiopyr. Dennis P. WARD. Toxicology
Department, The Agricultural Grop, A Unit of Monsanto
Company (Received February 20, 1993). Also available at
http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/pssj2/tec_info/dithiopy.pdf
Fipronil
- Acaracide,
Insecticide
- CAS No. 120068-37-3
The
rat chronic/carcinogenicity study was negative for carcinogenicity.
The LOAEL for females was 0.5 ppm (0.032 mg/kg/day), based on
clinical signs of toxicity. There was no NOEL established. For
males, the NOAEL was 2 ppm (0.098 mg/kg/day),
based on clinical signs of toxicity, and
stomach and lung histopathology at 10 ppm (0.497
mg/kg/day).
Ref: August 24, 2005.
Federal Register. Fipronil; Notice of Filing a Pesticide Petition
to Establish a Tolerance for a Certain Pesticide Chemical in or
on Food.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/fipronil.fr.aug.24.2005.html
Flonicamid
- Insecticide - CAS No. 158062-67-0
Suggestive
Evidence of Carcinogenicity, but not sufficient to assess human
carcinogenic potential. Nasal
lacrimal duct squamous cell carcinomas possibly
treatment-related in female Wistar rats; Mitogenesis MOA accepted
for lung tumors in CD-1 mice (both
sexes).
Ref: April
26, 2006 . Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential by the
Office of Pesticide Programs. From: Jess Rowland, Chief Science
Information Management Branch Health Effect Division (7509C) Office
of Pesticide Programs, USEPA.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pesticides.cancer.potential.2006.pdf
-- In the 18-month
mouse study... There were statistically
significant increases in the incidence of alveolar/bronchiolar
adenomas in both sexes of treated groups with hyperplasia/hypertrophy
of epithelial cells in terminal bronchioles. There was
a statistically significant increase
in the incidence of alveolar/bronchiolar carcinomas
in males at 750 ppm and 2,250 ppm and in females at 2,250
ppm only. These effects in the lungs of mice were not life threatening
as most of effects were observed at the terminal sacrifice and
there was no effect of treatment on mortality in the study. A
NOAEL could not be determined from the dose levels administered.
Mechanism-of-action studies have indicated
that the lung effects are unique to the mouse and are not likely
to translate to other species including the rat.
Flonicamid technical was not carcinogenic in the rat.
Ref:
Federal Register: May 23, 2003 (Volume 68, Number 100)] [Notices]
[Page 28218-28222]. Flonicamid; Notice of Filing a Pesticide Petition
to Establish a Tolerance for a Certain Pesticide Chemical in or
on Food.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/Flonicamid.FR.May23.2003.htm
A second 18-month mouse study
was conducted in CD-1 mice at dose levels ranging from
10 to 250 ppm to establish a NOAEL for hyperplasia/hypertrophy
of epithelial cells in terminal bronchioles and for the incidence
of alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas and carcinomas in both sexes.
There was a statistically significant
increase in the incidence of alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas
in males at 250 ppm. In females, there was no statistically
significant increase in the incidence of pulmonary neoplastic
lesions at any dose level. The incidence
of hyperplasia/hypertrophy of epithelial cells lining the terminal
bronchioles of the lungs was statistically increased at
250 ppm in both sexes. There were no treatment-related
increases in neoplastic or non-neoplastic lesions at dose levels
of 80 ppm or lower in either sex. The NOAEL was 80 ppm, equivalent
to 10.0 and 11.8 mg/kg body weight/day for males and females,
respectively. This study confirmed a threshold for these effects
at 80 ppm, which had been indicated in studies on the mechanism.
Ref:
Federal Register. Jully 7, 2004. Flonicamid; Notice of Filing
a Pesticide Petition to Establish a Tolerance for a Certain Pesticide
Chemical in or on Food. [OPP-2004-0132; FRL-7362-5].
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/flonicamid.fr.july7.2004.htm
--
Carcinogenicity
(mice). NOAEL
was not established. LOAEL is 250 ppm (equivalent to 29/38mg/kg/
day [M/F]), based on minimal to moderate centrilobular
hepatocellular hypertrophy, minimal to severe extramedullary hematopoiesis,
minimal to moderate pigment deposition
in the sternal bone marrow, and increased
incidence of tissue masses/nodules in the lungs in the males,
and minimal to moderate decreased
cellularity in the femoral bone marrow and hyperplasia/hypertrophy
of the epithelial cells of the terminal bronchioles of the females.
At the doses tested, the carcinogenic potential
of IKI-220 (flonicamid) is positive at 250 ppm in males and females
based on the increased incidence of alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas,
carcinomas, and combined adenomas/carcinomas. Dosing was
considered adequate based on increased incidence
of tissue masses/nodules in the lungs and microscopic findings
in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lungs.
However, data were provided suggesting this effect is specific
to sensitive strains of mice. Carcinogenic
in mice.
-- Carcinogenicity
(mice). NOAEL
is 80 ppm (equivalent to 10/12 mg/kg/day in males/females). LOAEL
is 250 ppm (equivalent to 30/36mg/kg/day in males/females) based
on lung masses and terminal bronchiole epithelial
cellhyperplasia/ hypertrophy in both sexes. At the doses
tested, the carcinogenic potential of IKI-220
(flonicamid) is positive in males and females based on the incidences
of alveolar/ bronchiolar adenomas, carcinomas,and combined adenomas
and/or carcinomas. Dosing was considered adequate based
on lung masses and terminal bronchiole epithelialcell hyperplasia/
hypertrophy in both sexes. Carcinogenic
in mice.
Ref:
August 31, 2005. Flonicamid; Pesticide Tolerance. Final Rule.
Federal Register.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/flonicamid.fr.aug.31.2005.html
-- 52964 - 0068, 0069 & 0070 216042, 216043, 216044 “Vol
0068: Dietary Carcinogenicity of IKI-220 Technical in Mice; Vol
0069: Pathology Sub-Report (Supplemental) for Dietary Carcinogenicity
of IKI220 Technical in Mice; Vol 0070: Historical Data for Dietary
Carcinogenicity of IKI-220 Technical in Mice,” (Nagaoka,
T., Nakashima, N.; Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd.,
Kagoshima, Japan; The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Ibaraki,
Japan; 1/22/04, 3/30/04, 1/22/04 for volumes 0068, 0069 &
0070, respectively). Flonicamid technical (IKI-220: 98.7% pure)
was fed in diet to Charles River Crj:CD-1®(ICR)BR mice
(50/sex/dose) at 0, 10, 25, 80 and 250 ppm (equivalent
doses: M = 1.20, 3.14, 10, 30.3 mg/kg/day; F = 1.42, 3.67, 11.8,
36.3 mg/kg/day) for 78 weeks. Systemic NOEL = 80 ppm (There was
an increase in lung hyperplasia and hypertrophy (both sexes) and
liver fatty change in centrilobular hepatocytes (F) at 250 ppm.
There was a statistically significant decrease in absolute kidney
weights in females at 250 ppm. There was
a statistically significant increase in lung masses--pulmonary
adenomas and carcinomas in males at 250 ppm.) Not acceptable
(There were numerous deficiencies in this study (see A., above).
There were no interim kills, nor were all target organs examined
and weighed as recommended by FIFRA Guidelines.), not upgradeable.
Possible adverse effect indicated (There
was a statistically significant increase in pulmonary adenomas
and carcinomas in males at 250 ppm. Silva, 4/29/05.
Reference: April 28, 2005 - Summary of toxicology data. California
EPA, Department of Pesticide Regulation, Medical Toxicology Branch.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/flonicamid.ca.epa.2005.pdf
Fluazifop-P-butyl
- Herbicide - CAS No. 79241-46-6
Acute
Toxicity ...
Breathing small amounts of the product Fusilade 2000 may cause
vomiting and severe lung congestion;
larger amounts may ultimately lead to labored
breathing, coma, and death [37].
Ref: EXTOXNET. Pesticide Information Profile
for Fluazifop-p-butyl. Cornell University.
http://ace.ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/pips/fluazifo.htm
Fluazinam
- Fungicide
- CAS
No. 79622-59-6
In subchronic and chronic
toxicity studies, fluazinam targeted the following organs: liver,
lung, uterus, testes, pancreas, thymus,
thyroid, stomach, eyes and brain...
Ref:
Canada: Regulatory
Note REG2003-12. Fluazinam. Pest
Management Regulatory Agency. Health Canada. Ottawa. October 27,
2003.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/fluazinam.canada.report2003.pdf
PubMed Abstract: We
report two cases of occupational asthma
caused by sensitisation to powdered fungicides
fluazinam and chlorothalonil,
from the same fungicide formulation plant. Both developed work
related lower respiratory symptoms
after a latent interval of asymptomatic exposure. The diagnosis
in each case was confirmed with a serial peak flow record in the
workplace followed by specific inhalation tests. These fungicides
are known to cause dermatitis; this report indicates that these
compounds can induce specific immunological
reactions in the airways as well as skin.
Ref:
Occup Environ Med 2003 Jan;60(1):76-7. Occupational
asthma from fungicides fluazinam and chlorothalonil; by Draper
A, Cullinan P, Campbell C, Jones M, Newman Taylor A.
-- Subchronic
toxicity. The NOAEL for the 13 week feeding study in rats was
50 ppm (4.1 mg/kg/day). The LOAEL was 500 ppm (41 mg/kg/day),
based on periacinar hepatocellular hypertrophy and sinusoidal
chronic inflammation in males, increased liver weights in males
and increased lung weights in females.
-- Chronic toxicity. Fluazinam was not carcinogenic in rats. A
NOAEL of 10 ppm (0.43 mg/kg/day) of fluazinam was established
based on the following effects at 1,000 and/or 100 ppm: lower
food consumption and efficiency of food utilization, slight anemia,
elevated cholesterol, increased liver weights, an increased number
of macroscopic liver and testes lesions and an increased incidence
of microscopically observed lung,
liver, pancreas, lymph node and testes lesions.
Ref: Federal Register: December 6, 2000
[Page 76253-76258]. Notice of Filing Pesticide Petitions to Establish
and to Extend Tolerances for Certain Pesticide Chemicals in or
on Food.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Fluazinam.FR.December.2000.htm
Flucythrinate
-
Acaricide, Insecticide - CAS No. 70124-77-5
-- Groups of 6 male
and 6 female Beagle dogs received technical flucythrinate (87.3%
pure) in the diet at 0, 30, 100, or 300 ppm daily for 24 months...
At sacrifice, the relative liver, kidney, and pituitary weights
were increased in both high-dose males and females, while increases
in relative spleen, testis and lung
weights were noted for high-dose
males only... Upon histological examination, mid- and high-dose
groups exhibited increased evidence of interstitial pneumonia,
compared to controls... ((Spicer et al., 1984).
Ref: 1985 World Health Organization Review
for Flucythrinate.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Flucythrinate.1985.WHO.htm
Fluometuron
- Herbicide - CAS No. 2164-17-2
Group
C -- Possible Human Carcinogen.
Statistically significant increases in combined adenomas/carcinomas
of the lung (M); Malignant lymphocytic
lymphomas (F); CD-1 mice.
Ref: April
26, 2006 . Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential by the
Office of Pesticide Programs. From: Jess Rowland, Chief Science
Information Management Branch Health Effect Division (7509C) Office
of Pesticide Programs, USEPA.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pesticides.cancer.potential.2006.pdf
• A re-examination and statistical
analysis of the rates of all lymphocytic lymphomas in female mice
and all alveolarhronchiolar hyperplasia, adenomas, and carcinomas
in male mice from the carcinogenicity study in mice (0, 10,500,
or 2000 ppm [83-2b]) indicated that male
mice had a significant increasing trend in alveolar/bronchiolar
adenomas andor carcinomas combined at p < 0.05. There
were no significant differences in the pair-wise comparisons of
the dosed groups with the controls. The male alveolarhonchiolar
tumor rates were 15/56, 16/59, 19/56, and 24/58, respectively
(L. Taylor Memorandum 9/13/95, TXR 012742). Female mice had a
significant increasing trend and a significant difference in pair-wise
comparison of the high-dose group (2000 ppm) with the controls
for lymphocytic lymphomas at p < 0.05.
The lymphatic tissue tumor rates were 4/5 1, 10124, 6/17,
and 12/53, respectively (L. Taylor Memorandum 9/13/95, TXR 012742).(page
9)
• D. Classification of Carcinogenic Potential. The
Health Effects Division Carcinogenicity Peer Review Committee
(CPRC) met on Oct. 11, 1995 to discuss and evaluate the weight-of-the-evidence
on fluometuron with particular reference to its carcinogenic potential.
The consensus of the CPRC was that fluometuron should be classified
as Group C -possible human carcinogen and
for the purpose of risk characterization, both a low dose extrapolation
model (Q,’) applied to the animal data (lung tumors in male
mice) and the Reference Dose (RfD) approach should be used.
This was based on statistically significant increases in combined
adenomadcarcinomas of the lungs in male mice and malignant lymphocytic
lymphomas in female mice, at a dose which was less than
adequate for fully assessing the carcinogenic potential of fluometuron
( L. Taylor Memorandum 8/28/96, TXR 012049).
A quantitative risk assessment-Q,* was performed for fluometuron
(B. Fisher Memorandum 12/24/96, TXR 012809). The unit risk, QI*(mg/kg/day)-’of
fluometuron, based upon male mouse combined lung (adenomas and/or
carcinomas) tumor rates is 1.80 x lo-*in human equivalents (converted
from animals to humans by use of the 314‘s scaling factor-1994,
Tox Risk, 3.5-K. Crump) (Ref. 1).
The dose levels used from this 2-year study were 0, 10,500, and
2000 ppm of fluometuron. The corresponding tumor rates (from re-read
slide data, 7/92) for the male mice were 15/56, 16/59, 19/56,
and 24/58 respectively.
The
estimate of unit risk, Q1*was based upon lung (adenoma and/or
carcinoma) tumor rates in male mice. Since male mice had
statistically significant increases in mortality with dose increments
of fluometuron, the estimate of the unit risk, Q1*,was
obtained by the application of the time-to-tumor Weibull model
(Tox-Risk program, version 3.5-K. Cnunp). The resulting estimate
of unit risk, Q1*,was converted to human equivalents by the use
of weights of 0.03 kg for the mice and 70 kg for the humans and
the 3/4’s scaling factor for interspecies extrapolation.
It is to be noted that Q,* (mg/kg/day)-’ is an estimate
of the upper bound on risk and that (as stated in the EPA Risk
Assessment Guidelines) “the true value of the risk is unknown,
and may be as low as zero. (page 11-12).
(1). See memo-Deriving Q,*s Using
the Unified Interspecies Scaling Factor, P.A. Fenner-Crisp. Director-HED,
7/1/94.
Ref.
February 1, 2005. US EPA: Fluometuron: Revised HED Risk Assessment
for Phase III of the Reregistration Eligibility Decision. Docket
Identification Number: OPP-2004-0372-0008.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/fluometuron.opp-2004-0372-0008.pdf
Fluorapatite
- US EPA Inert - CAS No. 1306-05-4
Abstract:
In a study of the effects of phosphorite and apatite (1306-05-4)
dusts on respiratory function, industrial hygiene monitoring
of workplace total and respirable dusts was performed on a cohort
of 118 males, mean age 37.3 years, who had been employed in processing
phosphorite and apatite ores for a mean of 8.6 years. The comparisons
consisted of 149 healthy males, mean age 35.6 years, who had never
been exposed to phosphorite or apatite dusts. Approximately 67%
of the subjects in each group were smokers. The subjects completed
a respiratory symptom questionnaire, pulmonary function testing
was performed, and chest X-rays were obtained. Total workplace
dust concentrations ranged from 14 to 228 milligrams per cubic
meter. The respirable fraction accounted for approximately 18%
of the total dust concentrations and consisted primarily of calcium-oxide
(1305788), phosphorus oxides, silica (14808607), and fluorides.
Both the cohort and comparisons reported similar prevalences of
chronic cough, excess sputum production, and dyspnea, 15 and 12%,
respectively. The chest X-ray films of both groups were similar.
Group mean values of forced vital capacity (FVC), 1 second forced
expiratory volume (FEV1), and maximum expiratory flow at 25% (MEF25)
and 75% of FVC (MEF75) were significantly lower in nonsmoking
phosphorite and apatite workers than in nonsmoking comparisons.
Mean transit times (MTTs) were significantly longer in the nonsmoking
exposed workers than in nonsmoking comparisons. These changes
were not significantly associated with duration of phosphorite
or apatite exposure. FVC, FEV1, MEF25, maximum expiratory flow
at 50% FVC, MEF75, and MTT were significantly decreased in smoking
comparisons relative to smokers in the cohort. No smoking related
changes in these parameters were seen in the exposed workers.
The authors conclude that occupational exposure
to phosphorite and apatite dusts causes decrements in pulmonary
function in nonsmoking workers.
Ref: Assessment
of the Respiratory System in Workers Occupationally Exposed to
Phosphorite and Apatite Dusts; by
Mikulski T, Podraza H, Steciuk W, Swiech Z . International
Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, Vol.
7, No. 2, pages 119-124, 20 references, 1994.
Abstract: Fifty mg of apatite-concentrate and apatite-nepheline
(apatite ore), suspended in 1 ml of physiological saline solution,
were applied once intratracheally to female albino rats. Twenty-six,
39 and 52 wk later the animals were sacrificed and a histological
examination of the macroscopically affected parts of the lungs
and the paratracheal lymph nodes was done.
In all 52 wk animals a histocytical and fibrocytical formation
of nodules in the lungs with a desquamation of the epithelia and
metaplastic modifications of the plateepithelium of the bronchial
mucous membrane was observed. Application of apatite-concentrate
resulted in a lympho-plasmacellular reaction with subsequent leucocytical
infiltration. In both dust samples the examined lymph nodules
showed the symptoms of a chronic lymphadenitis. Apatite-ore
causes a fibrous injury of the parenchyma of the lungs. This damage
was not observed in the case of apatite-concentrate.
CAS Registry Numbers:
1302-72-3 - Nepheline: (Na, K)AlSiO4 , Sodium Potassium Aluminum
Silicate
1306-05-4 -
Fluorapatite
Ref: (Investigation
on the effects of a singly intratracheal application of apatite-nepheline
and apatite-concentrate dust to rat lungs.) by HOLLENBACH K, KERSTEN
E, PATZELT K, SCHWESINGER G. INT ARCH ARBEITSMED; 28 (3). 1971
271-282
Abstract: The prevalence of pneumoconioses
among phosphate (1306-05-4) rock workers
in Brazil was assessed. The 73 workers evaluated in the investigation
were exposed to phosphate rock extracted in the states of Goias
and Minas Gerais, where the material was crushed and then transported
to Paulinia for storage in underground mills. Subjects submitted
to a detailed respiratory questionnaire, a physical examination
emphasizing the respiratory system, pulmonary function tests,
chest x-rays, and, in two cases, lung biopsies through thoracotomy.
The quantity of free silica (7631869) in airborne samples was
measured by colorimetric analysis. A semiquantitative analysis
was performed on airborne samples using x-ray spectrometry.
Twenty of the workers were noted to have pneumoconioses. Mean
exposure was 46 months. The majority of the cases had no
respiratory symptoms. No significant fibrosis was noted, and no
pleura disease or mediastinal alterations were observed. No traces
of free silica were detected by diffraction analysis. The author
concludes that the high prevalence of pneumoconioses noted in
this study must derive from the particularly poor working conditions
at the facilities. A regular followup using lung function tests
and chest x-rays should be included in the routine examination
of phosphate rock workers.
Ref: Prevalence
of Pneumoconioses among Phosphate Rock Workers in Brazil by de
Capitani EM. Proceedings of the VIIth International Pneumoconioses
Conference, Part II. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, August 23-26, 1988.
NIOSH, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, DHHS (NIOSH)
Publication No. 90-108 Part II, pages 1310-1311, 1990.
Abstract: The pulmonary nonasbestos mineral
fiber content was analyzed in the lungs of 20 individuals who
had no occupational exposure to fibers. Thirteen different mineral
species were identified which accounted for 71 percent of the
fibers counted. Among those found were apatite
(1306-05-4), talc (14807966), attapulgite (1337764), gypsum
(13397245), silica (7631869), rutile (13463677), kaolinite (1318747),
mullite (1302767), illite (12173603), pyroxene (12174377), pyrophyllite
(68136618), feldspar, vermiculite (1318009), and chlorite (1318598).
The average number of nonasbestos fibers for the 20 cases was
106,000/gram wet lung. There was no significant difference recorded
between smokers and nonsmokers nor was there a difference based
on age. Apatite was the most frequently
observed fiber with a mean of 19,000 fibers/gram wet lung, or
18 percent of the nonasbestos fibers present. Talc was
the next highest in concentration and together talc and apatite
constituted over one third of the total fibers present. Only silica
was found in every lung sample. Eighty six percent of the fibers
were between 1 and 4.9 microns in length with 3 percent being
over 10 microns in length. Concerning distribution in the lungs,
the mean number of fibers in the subpleural upper lobe was 30,500;
in the peripheral lower lobe 37,000; in the central upper lobe
19,500; and in the central lower lobe 19,500 fibers/gram wet lung.
Interstitial fibrosis did not occur in any patient unless it was
explainable as a result of treatment or old infectious disease.
Three of these individuals had lung cancer and one had gastrointestinal
cancer but in none of these individuals were there any differences
in nonasbestos fiber content in the lungs when compared to other
members of the study group.
Ref: Nonasbestos
Pulmonary Mineral Fibers in the General Population by Churg A.
Environmental Research, Vol. 31, No. 1, pages 189-200, 22 references,
1983.
Abstract: Small-airway lesions were identified in histologic
sections from the lungs of 7 workers with histories of exposure
to nonasbestos dusts. The lesions consisted of deposits of fibrous
tissue, often accompanied by pigment, in the walls of membranous
and respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts.
Comparison with a matched population of persons with no dust exposure
revealed that the changes in the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar
ducts were morphologically distinctive and could be used to diagnose
the lesions. Structurally, these lesions were similar to
those described in the airways of asbestos workers, although comparison
with the authors' previous results indicated that the number of
severely affected airways was less in the nonasbestos dust group.
Mineralogic analysis indicated that these abnormalities were produced
by a variety of different dusts including silica, iron oxide and
aluminum oxide, and that occult asbestos exposure, although possible
in 3 cases, was most likely not a primary cause of disease. This
lesion, called mineral dust airways disease, was a nonspecific
reaction of the small airways to inorganic particulates.
The presence of such changes cast doubt on the theory that small-airway
abnormalities in asbestos workers were the earliest form of asbestosis.
CAS
Registry Numbers:
17068-78-9 - Anthophyllite asbestos
14567-73-8 - Tremolite
12172-73-5 - Asbestos, amosite
12001-28-4 - Asbestos, crocidolite
12001-26-2 - Mica
7631-86-9 - Siliceous earth, purified
1344-28-1 - Aluminum oxide
1318-74-7 - Kaolinite (Al2(OH)4(Si2O5))
1317-80-2 - Rutile (TiO2)
1306-05-4 - Fluorapatite
Ref:
Small-airway lesions in patients exposed to nonasbestos mineral
dusts. CHURG A, WRIGHT JL. HUM PATHOL; 14 (8).
1983. 688-693.
Abstract:
Pure monoclinic or triclinic calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD)
crystals, apatite crystals or mixtures of these crystals were
injected into the synovial-like space created by the rat air pouch
to compare the acute inflammation induced by these crystals. Fluids
were withdrawn 6 h after injection and examined for leukocyte
counts, protease, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and tumor necrosis factor
(TNF) levels. CPPD crystals (especially
monoclinic CPPD) induced higher numbers of leukocytes,
and more protease, PGE2 and TNF than apatite. CPPD seemed to play
a predominant role in the acute inflammation induced by mixed
crystals.
CAS Registry Numbers:
17031-92-4 - Diphosphoric acid, calcium salt (1:2), dihydrate
1306-05-4 -
Fluorapatite
Ref: Comparison of the acute inflammation
induced by calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate, apatite and mixed
crystals in the rat air pouch model of a synovial space. WATANABE
W, BAKER DG, SCHUMACHER H R JR. J RHEUMATOL; 19 (9). 1992. 1453-1457.
Fluorouracil
- Former
insect Chemosterilant; now used as a pharmaceutical -
CAS No. 51-21-8
POTENTIAL
ADVERSE EFFECTS ON FETUS: Exposure in first trimester resulted
in skeletal abnormalities; hypoplasia of aorta, lungs,
thymus, and gastrointestinal tract; and urinary tract abnormalities.
Fetus exposed in third trimester had cyanosis and clonus.
Ref:
TOXNET profile from Hazardous Substances Data Base.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Fluorouracil.TOXNET.HSDB.htm
Gliftor -
Rodenticide - Rodenticide - CAS No. 8065-71-2
Abstract. The single administration of
gliftor (I; internally, 40-160 mg/kg) caused considerable destructive
changes and circulatory disorders in the internal organs of rats.
The maximum tolerance dose of I (60 mg/kg) caused hyperplasia
of the cells of the RES in the spleen, proliferation of local
cells, and inflammatory cellular
infiltration of the alveolar walls in the lungs.
Ref: Morphological changes of internal
organs of experimental animals after oral administration of gliftor;
by KNYSH VS, TKACH NZ, TSAREVSKII LP. TR INST KRAEV PATOL AKAD
NAUK KAZ SSR; 22 1971 28-30. [Abstract from Toxline at Toxnet.]
Abstract. Rats were subjected to the single inhalation effect
of vapors of the zoocide gliftor (I; 50, 100, 350, 520, and 1100
mg/m-3). Morphological changes were noted beginning with a concentration
of 350 mg/m-3. In a chronic experiment (4 mo.) the rats were subjected
to I poisoning in a concentration of 10, 13, 64, and 110 mg/m-3.
Distinct morphological changes in the organs were noted under
the effect of concentrations 64 and 110 mg/m-3. Under
the chronic effect of I there were considerable circulatory disorders
and destructive changes of the interanl organs, especially in
the liver, lungs, spleen, and kidneys.
Ref: Pathomorphological changes in
internal organs of white rats under the inhalation effect of gliftor;
by KNYSH VS, TKACH NZ, TSAREVSKII LP, MILOVANOVA VI. TR INST KRAEV
PATOL AKAD NAUK KAZ SSR; 22 1971 23-28. [Abstract from Toxline
at Toxnet.
Hydramethylnon
- Insecticide - CAS No. 67485-29-4
Group
C -- Possible Human Carcinogen. Lung
adenomas & combined adenomas/carcinomas; CD-1 mice (F).
Ref: April
26, 2006 . Chemicals Evaluated for Carcinogenic Potential by the
Office of Pesticide Programs. From: Jess Rowland, Chief Science
Information Management Branch Health Effect Division (7509C) Office
of Pesticide Programs, USEPA.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pesticides.cancer.potential.2006.pdf
The Cancer Peer Review
Committee determined that hydramethylnon should be classified
as a Group C carcinogen, a possible human carcinogen, and recommended
that, for the purpose of risk characterization, the Reference
Dose approach should be used for quantification of human risk.
This classification was based upon statistically
significant increases in lung adenomas at 50 and 100 ppm
(27% and 27%, respectively) and combined
lung adenomas/carcinomas at 25, 50, and 100 ppm (32%, 40%,
and 35%, respectively) in female mice. The MTD is between 50 ppm
and 100 ppm in both sexes of mice.
Ref: US EPA. Reregistration Eligibility
Decision (RED) Hydramethylnon. EPA 738-R-98-023. December 1998.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/hydramethylnon.red.1998.pdf
Indoxacarb
- Insecticide - CAS
No. 173584-44-6
--
There was possible evidence of lung damage in the acute inhalation
studies with both DPXMP062 and DPX-JW062. “Lung noise,”
observed with JW062 may indicate the development
of acute lung injury and high permeability pulmonary edema.
This was not unexpected since an oxidant was generated during
indoxacarb metabolism. “Hunched over back and gasping”
were also present and suggested arterial hypoxemia that accompanies
alveolar flooding. The acute inhalation study report with indoxacarb
70% manufacturing use product, noted that a “red nasal discharge”
was detected for 2 days after exposure. This may be indicative
of a lung exudate, a sign of lung injury.
Ref: USEPA.
May 23, 2007. Indoxacarb. Health Effects Division (HED) Risk Assessment
for Grapes; Vegetable, Brassica, Leafy, Group 5; Turnip Greens;
Vegetable, Leafy, Except Brassica (Group 4); Pome Fruits (Group
11, except pear); Tuberous and Corm Vegetables (Subgroup 1C);
Cucurbit Vegetables (Group 9); Stone Fruits (Group 12); Cranberry;
Mint; Okra; Southern Pea; and Fire Ant Bait.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/EPA-HQ-OPP-2005-0149-0005.pdf
Nissol
(also known as MNFA or MNAF) - Acaricide, Insecticide - CAS
NO. 5903-13-9
TOXICITY
Ref: ChemIDplus for Nissol. Available
at Toxnet. |
Organism
|
Test
Type |
Route |
Reported
Dose (Normalized Dose) |
Effect |
Source |
guinea
pig |
LD50 |
skin |
5mg/kg
(5 mg/kg) |
LUNGS,
THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA |
Toxicology
and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 12, Pg. 536, 1968. |
guinea
pig |
LDLo |
subcutaneous |
1mg/kg
(1 mg/kg) |
LUNGS,
THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA |
Toxicology
and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 12, Pg. 536, 1968. |
mouse |
LD50 |
intraperitoneal |
164mg/kg
(164 mg/kg) |
LUNGS,
THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION |
Toxicology
and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 12, Pg. 536, 1968. |
mouse |
LD50 |
subcutaneous |
216mg/kg
(216 mg/kg) |
LUNGS,
THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION |
Toxicology
and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 12, Pg. 536, 1968. |
rabbit |
LD50 |
oral |
1500ug/kg
(1.5 mg/kg) |
LUNGS,
THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: OTHER CHANGES |
Experimental
Animals. Jikken Dobutso Iho. Vol. 21, Pg. 88, 1972. |
rabbit |
LDLo |
intravenous |
5mg/kg
(5 mg/kg) |
LUNGS,
THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA |
Toxicology
and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 12, Pg. 536, 1968. |
rat |
LD50 |
subcutaneous |
41mg/kg
(41 mg/kg) |
LUNGS,
THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION |
Toxicology
and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 12, Pg. 536, 1968. |
Noviflumuron
- Insecticide - CAS No. 121451-02-3
“XDE-007: 18-Month Oncogenicity Study in CD-1 Mice,”
(Johnson, K.A.; Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting,
The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI; 4/25/05). XDE-007 technical
(N-[3,5-dichloro-2-fluoro-4-(1,1,2,3,3,3hexafluoropropoxy)phenyl]-N’-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)urea),
97.9% pure) was fed in diet to CD-1 mice (50/sex/dose) at 0, 0.5,
3 (males only), 30 and 100 (females only) mg/kg/day for up to
18 months. Systemic NOEL = 3 mg/kg/day (males) and 30 mg/kg/day
(females)... There was an increased incidence
in evidence of inflammation in lung in both sexes at the high
dose... Females showed an increased incidence in lung carcinomas
(non-metastatic) at 100 mg/kg/day (0, 0, 1, 2** by Peto’s
statistics).
Ref:
August 2005 - Summary of toxicological data. California EPA, Department
of Pesticide Regulation, Medical Toxicology Branch.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/noviflumuron.ca.epa.2005.pdf
Poly(difluoromethylene),
alpha-chloro-omega-(2,2-dichloro-1,1,2- trifluoroethyl)
- EPA List 3 Inert - CAS No.
79070-11-4
-- Inhalation of the
decomposition products of Poly TFE may cause polymer
fume fever; a lung irritation requiring medical treatment for
fluorine compounds which can cause delayed pulmonary edema.
A polymer fume fever is a flu-like condition which occurs several
hours after exposure and subsides within 24 hours even in the
absence of treatment. Polymer fume fever does not cause permanent
injury and the effects are not cumulative.
-- Human
health effects of overexposure by inhalation to very high concentrations
may cause temporary alteration of the heart's electrical activity
with irregular pulse, palpitations, or inadequate circulation.
Individuals with preexisting diseases of the central nervous or
cardiovascular system may have increased susceptibility to the
toxicity of excessive exposures.
Ref:
Material
Safety Data Sheet for: VDX Dry Lubricant
Prepared: Sat Apr
05 2003. Also available at:
http://www.microcare.com/MSDS/MSDS-VDX.US.phtml
Manufacturer: Micro Care Corporation,
595 John Downey Drive, New Britain, CT. 06051 USA
Potassium
bifluoride - Wood Preservative - CAS
No. 7789-29-9
Ingestion: May cause osseous fluorosis
(increased radiographic density of the bones). May cause
kidney damage, asthma and symptoms
resembling rheumatism. Target Organ Effects: Chronic ingestion
may cause kidney damage.
Ref: Material Safety Data Sheet for Potassium
Hydrogendifluoride [synonym]. LA-CO INDUSTRIES, Inc./Markal Co.
Product Name: SILVER BRAZING FLUX PASTE Revision #: 1.5 Date Prepared:
March 1, 1995. Date Revised: August 6, 2002.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/potassium.bifluoride.msds.pdf
Pyridalyl
- Insecticide - CAS No. 179101-81-6
Subchronic toxicity.
-- Pyridalyl technical was tested in rats
in a 3-month feeding study. Effects included decreased body weight
gain, altered blood biochemistry, increased relative liver weight
and histopathological changes in
the liver, ovary, adrenal and lung.
The NOAEL is 100 ppm (5.56 mg/kg/day in males and 6.45 mg/kg/day
in females).
--
A 13-week oral (capsule) toxicity study
was conducted in dogs. Effects
included decreased body weight gain,
clinical signs indicative of respiratory distress, hematological
and blood biochemistry effects, increased liver,
lung and kidney
weights and histopathological alterations
of the lung, kidney, adrenal and liver.
The NOAEL was 10 mg/kg/day.
Ref: Federal Register: December 5,
2003. Pyridalyl; Notice of Filing a Pesticide Petition.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/pyridalyl.fr.dec.5.2003.htm
Sodium
fluorosilicate
(Sodium Hexafluorosilicate) - Insecticiide,
Wood Preservative, EPA List 3 Inert - CAS No. 16893-85-9
-- Toxicological Data.
Human Data. Chronic exposure to sodium
hexafluorosilicate dust at levels above the eight-hour TWA can
result in severe calcification
of the ribs, pelvis, and spinal column ligaments;
effects on the enzyme system; pulmonary
fibrosis; stiffness; irritation of the eyes, skin, and
mucous membranes; weight loss; anorexia; anemia; cachexia; wasting;
and dental effects. Long-term or repeated exposure to the skin
can result in skin rash. A probable oral lethal dose of 50-500
mg/kg, classified as very toxic, has been reported for a 150-pound
(70-kg) person receiving between 1 teaspoon and 1 ounce of sodium
hexafluorosilicate. Cases of sodium hexafluorosilicate ingestion
reported symptoms such as acute respiratory
failure, ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation, hypocalcemia,
facial numbness, diarrhea, tachycardia, enlarged liver, and cramps
of the palms, feet, and legs.
-- -- Guinea pigs, 13- 55 mg/ m 3 (1.2- 7.2 ppm) in air for ¥
6 h; Pulmonary irritation was observed.
The lowest concentration that caused death when inhaled for 6
h was 33 mg/ m 3 . Patty (1963; cited by HSDB, 2000b)
-- -- Mice orally given sodium hexafluorosilicate (70 mg/kg; 0.37
mmol/kg) exhibited toxic effects in the peripheral nerves, sensation,
and in behavior. In rats, an oral dose (248 mg/kg; 1.32 mmol/kg)
administered intermittently for one month produced toxic effects
in the kidney, ureter, and/or bladder, as well as musculoskeletal
and biochemical effects (RTECS, 1997). Using guinea pigs, inhalation
experiments (13-55 mg/m 3 [1.7-7.2 ppm] sodium hexafluorosilicate
in air for ¥6 hours) resulted in pulmonary
irritation; the lowest concentration that caused death
was 33 mg/m 3 (4.3 ppm) (Patty, 1963; cited by HSDB, 2000b).
Ref: Sodium Hexafluorosilicate [CASRN 16893-85-9]
and Fluorosilicic Acid [CASRN 16961-83-4]. Review of Toxicological
Literature. October 2001. Prepared for Scott Masten, Ph.D. National
Institute of Environmental Health Sciences P.O. Box 12233 Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 Contract No. N01-ES-65402.
Submitted by Karen E. Haneke, M.S. (Principal Investigator) Bonnie
L. Carson, M.S. (Co-Principal Investigator) Integrated Laboratory
Systems P.O. Box 13501 Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27709.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/fluorosilicates.nih.2001.pdf
Sulfuryl fluoride
- Fumigant
insecticide - CAS No. 2699-79-8
Ref:
January
23, 2004. Sulfuryl Fluoride; Pesticide Tolerance.
40 CFR Part 180 [OPP-2003-0373; FRL-7342-1]. Final Rule. Federal
Register |
Excerpts
from: Table 1.--Subchronic, Chronic, and Other Toxicity |
Study
Guideline |
Type
of Study |
NOAEL
mg/kg/day |
LOAEL
mg/kg/day |
Based
on: |
None
cited |
2-Week inhalation study--rat |
83/89
(M/F) |
495/534
(M/F) |
high
mortality, decreased body weights, severe histopathology in
the kidney, gross and histopathology in many tissues/ organs
(secondary to kidney effects); severe
inflammation of respiratory tissues in one survivor... |
None
cited |
2-Week inhalation study--dog
|
26/27
(M/F) |
79/80
(M/F) |
intermittant
tremors and
tetany during exposure, minimal inflammatory
changes in upper
respiratory tract, decreased body weight (F only).
Note: Increased serum fluoride at >= 26/27 mg/kg/day |
None
cited |
2-Week inhalation study--rabbit |
30/30
(M/F) |
180/180
(M/F) |
convulsions,
hyperactivity, malacia (necrosis) in cerebrum, vacuolation
of cerebrum, moderate inflammation of
respiratory tissues |
(870.3100) |
90-Day inhalation toxicity--rat
|
24/25
(M/F) |
240/250
(M/F) |
vacuolation
of
caudate-putamen nucleus and white fiber tracts of the internal
capsule of the brain, decreased body weight, inflammation
of nasal passages, alveolar histiocytosis;
slight
hyperplasia of renal collecting ducts (F only) |
(870.3800) |
Reproduction
and fertility
effects |
3.6/3.6
(M/F) |
4/14
(M/F) |
Parental/Systemic:
pale foci in lungs,
increased alveolar macrophages in lungs |
(870.4100) |
Chronic
toxicity--rodents |
3.5 for
M
16 for F |
4 for
M
62 for F |
increased
mortality
(due mostly to severe kidney toxicity which led to kidney
failure); and histopathology in
brain (vacuolation in cerebrum and thalmus/ hypothalmus),
adrenal
cortex, eyes, liver, nasal tissue and respiratory
tract; and, dental fluorosis*. |
(870.4100) |
1-Year
chronic inhalation toxicity--dog |
5.0/5.1
(M/F) |
20/20
(M/F) |
decreased
body weight gain, increased alveolar
macrophages in lungs, dental fluorosis* |
(870.4100) |
1-Year
chronic inhalation toxicity--dog |
5.0/5.1
(M/F) |
50/51
(M/F) |
increased
mortality,
malacia (necrosis) in caudate nucleus of brain, follicular
cell
hypertrophy in thyroid,
histopathology in lung |
(870.4200) |
18-Month
carcinogenicity inhalation study--mouse |
25/25
(M/F) |
101/101
(M/F) |
cerebral
vacuolation
in brain, decreased body weight gain, follicular hypertrophy
in thyroid (M only), increased mortality (F only), heart thrombus
(F only), and lung congestion (F only) |
(870.4300) |
2-Year
combined chronic/ carcinogenicity--rat
|
3.5 for
M
16 for F |
14 for
M
62 for F |
dental
fluorosis* in males and for females greatly increased mortality
(due mostly to severe kidney toxicity which led to kidney
failure); and histopathology in
brain (vacuolation in cerebrum and thalmus/ hypothalmus),
adrenal
cortex, eyes, liver, nasal tissue and respiratory
tract; and, dental fluorosis*. |
(870.6200) |
90-Day
inhalation neurotoxicity study-rat (special
design) |
24/25
(M/F) |
80/83
(M/F) |
Systemic:
pale foci in pleura and macrophages
in lungs,
dental fluorosis* |
(870.6200) |
1-Year
inhalation neurotoxicity study-rat (special
design) |
3.5/3.9
(M/F) |
52/62
(M/F) |
increased
kidney and liver weights, progressive kidney disease and histopathology
in lung. |
The
primary effects of sulfuryl fluoride in humans are respiratory
irritation and
central nervous system depression, followed by excitation and
possibly convulsions... In a 30-day inhalation
study, loss of control, tremors of the hind quarters, and
histopathological changes in the lung,
liver, and kidney were reported in
rabbits exposed to 400 ppm (1.6 mg/L) for 7 hours/day, 5 days/week
for 5 weeks. The NOEL was 200 ppm (0.83 mg/L)... Rats exposed
by inhalation to 100 to 600 ppm (0.4 to 0.25 mg/L) sulfuryl fluoride
for 13 weeks developed mottled teeth
(indicative of fluoride toxicity), renal and respiratory
effects, and cerebral vacuolation. EPA believes that there
is sufficient evidence for listing sulfuryl fluoride on EPCRA
section 313 pursuant to EPCRA section 313(d)(2)(B) based on the
available neurological, renal, and respiratory
toxicity data for this chemical.
Ref: USEPA/OPP. Support Document for the
Addition of Chemicals from Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide
Act (FIFRA) Active Ingredients to EPCRA Section 313. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1993). As cited by US EPA in:
Federal Register: January 12, 1994. Part IV. 40 CFR Part 372.
Addition of Certain Chemicals; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting;
Community Right-to-Know; Proposed Rule.
http://www.epa.gov/tri/frnotices/59fr1788.htm
-- In
2-week inhalation studies in rats, dogs and rabbits, different
target organs were affected... In
dogs, the primary target organ was the upper
respiratory tract, in which minimal inflammation was observed.
Intermittant tremors and tetany were also noted in dogs.
In rabbits, the primary target organ was the brain, in which malacia
(necrosis) and vacuolation were observed in the cerebrum. Inflammation
of the upper respiratory tract was also noted in rabbits.
-- In subchronic (90-day) inhalation
studies .. Inflammation of the nasal passages and histiocytosis
of the lungs were observed in rats and rabbits; but not
in dogs, in which species inflammation of
the upper respiratory tract was more prominent in the 2-week
study...
-- In chronic (1-2 year) inhalation studies
in rats, dogs and mice, target organs were the same as in the
90-day studies. In rats, severe kidney damage
caused renal failure and mortalities in many animals. Additional
gross and histopathological lesions in numerous organs and tissues
were considered to be secondary to the primary effect on the kidneys.
Other treatment-related effects in rats included effects
in the brain (vacuolation of the cerebrum and thalamus/hypothalamus)
and respiratory tract (reactive hyperplasia
and inflammation of the respiratory epithelium of the nasal turbinates,
lung congestion, aggregates of alveolar macrophages). In
dogs and mice, increased mortalities, malacia
and/or vacuolation in the white matter in the brain, histopathology
in the lungs, and follicular cell hypertrophy
in the thyroid gland were observed.
Decreased body weights and body weight gains were also noted in
all three species. No evidence of carcinogenicity was observed
in either the combined chronic toxicity/ carcinogenicity
study in rats or in the 18-month carcinogenicity study in mice.
-- In a 2-generation
reproduction inhalation study in rats,
vacuolation of the white matter in the brain,
pathology in the lungs (pale, gray foci; increased alveolar macrophages)
and decreased body weights
were observed in the parental animals...
-- Poisonings and fatalities have been reported in humans following
inhalation exposure to sulfuryl fluoride. The severity of these
effects has depended on the concentration of sulfuryl fluoride
and the duration of exposure. Short-term
inhalation exposure to high concentrations has caused respiratory
irritation, pulmonary edema, nausea, abdominal pain, central
nervous system depression, and numbness in the extremities. In
addition, there have been two reports of deaths of persons entering
houses treated with sulfuryl fluoride. One person entered the
house illegally and was found dead the next morning...
Ref:
Federal Register: September 5, 2001 (Volume 66, Number 172). Sulfuryl
Fluoride; Proposed Pesticide Temporary Tolerances.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/sulfuryl.flu.fr.sept.5.2001.htm
-- HIGHLY IRRITATING TO RESPIRATORY TRACT. [Budavari, S. (ed.).
The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals.
Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989. 1419]
-- Two fatalities occurred when the owners of a home re-entered
after the dwelling had been fumigated with 250 pounds of sulfuryl
fluoride. The concentration to which the occupants were exposed
was not determined. The man died within 24 hr, and the woman expired
6 days after exposure. Signs of intoxication included severe
dyspnea [abnormal breathing], cough,
generalized seizure, cardiopulmonary arrest (in the male), and
weakness, anorexia, nausea, repeated vomiting, and hypoxemia [subnormal
oxygenation of arterial blood, short of anoxia]; ventricular fibrillation
and diffuse pulmonary infiltration
were also reported in the female. [American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold
Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes
I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991.1471]
Ref: Hazardous Substances Data Bank for
SULFURYL FLUORIDE CASRN: 2699-79-8.
http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB
Note: Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is
a severely abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) that, unless treated
immediately, causes death. VF is responsible for 75% to 85%
of sudden deaths in persons with heart problems.
Source: http://www.1uphealth.com/health/ventricular_fibrillation_info.html
tau-Fluvalinate - Acaricide, Insecticide - CAS No. 102851-06-9
Although the inhalation MOEs exceed 100
for all occupational scenarios at baseline level of protection (long sleeve shirt, long pants, shoes and socks, and no respirator),
tau-fluvalinate labels also currently require respirators for
applicators and all other handlers for both indoor and outdoor
applications. Tau-fluvalinate may have a
special problem with regard to the unknown consequences resulting
from the property of this chemical to cause the “pyrethroid
reaction” once the respiratory tract is exposed to the chemical. In particular, persons with asthma and emphysema may be especially
sensitive. Prevention of possible respiratory hazard associated
with the “pyrethroid reaction” will be accomplished
by maintaining the current label requirement for the use of respirators
for those product uses where spray mists or other potentially
respirable atmospheres containing tau-fluvalinate occur. In addition,
to confirm that the established restricted-entry interval (REI)
of 12 hours is adequate, the Agency will require the registrant
to conduct an inhalation post-application exposure study (OPPTS
Guideline 875.2500). (Page 33).
Ref:
October 28, 2005. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for
Tau-fluvalinate. List A. Case No. 2295. US EPA. Federal Register
Docket No. OPP-2005-0230-0002.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/tau-fluvalinate.red.2005.pdf
Tetraconazole
- Fungicide - CAS No. 112281-77-3
Chronic & Carcinogenicity Studies.
Findings in other organs included enlarged cervical lymph nodes
at 800 and 1250 ppm, prominent alveolar
macrophages in the lungs of males at 1250 ppm and females of all
treated groups, pneumonitis in females at 800 and 1250 ppm,
involution in the thymus of males at 1250 ppm, and amyloidosis
in various organs of mainly males at 800 and 1250 ppm.
(page 5)
Ref: August
2005 - Evaluation of Tetraconazole in the product Domark 40ME
Fungicide. Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/tetraconazole.2005.report.australia.pdf
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane
(HFC-134a)
- Propellant, US EPA List 4B Inert - CAS No. 811-97-2
3.2.3
Rats (pages 131 - 132). Groups of ten male rats were exposed
at concentrations of 0, 10,000, 50,000, or 100,000 ppm for 6 h/d,
5 d/wk for 2 wk (Silber and Kenedy 1979b).
Five rats from each group were sacrificed at the end of the tenth
exposure, and the remaining fie rats per group were sacrificed
after a 14-d recovery period. No treatment-related changes in
weight gain, hematology parameters, blood chemistry, or organ
weights were observed. Increased incidence of focal
interstitial pneumonitis of the lung was the only adverse
effect observed in the groups exposed at 50,000 and 100,000
ppm. The fluoride content of the urine was significantly increased
in the treated rats.
-- Silber
LS, Kennedy GL. 1979b. Subacute inhalation toxicity of tetrafluoroethane
(FC 134a). Haskell Laboratory, Report
No. 422-79, DuPont de Nemours and
Company, Newark DE, cited in ECETOC, 1995.
Ref:
National Research Council. 2002. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
for Selected Airborne Chemicals. Volume 2. Subcommittee on Acute
Exposure Guideline Levels, Committee on Toxicology, Board of Environmental
Studies and Toxicology, Division of Earth and Life Studies. Available
from: National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Ave, NW, Box 285,
Washington DC 20055. ISBN 0-309-08511-X. Online at:
http://books.nap.edu/books/030908511X/html/index.html
Transfluthrin
- Insecticide - CAS
No. 118712-89-3
-- 3.2.2.1 Oral Route
... At 250 mg kg and 28 d, in both sexes, there were absolute
and body weight relative increases in liver
(15-20%) and kidney weights (~ 10%).
In males absolute and body weight relative thyroid weight increases
were also observed (20-25%). These changes were reversed by 56
d. Of animals dying during treatment that could be examined (5/7),
the females exhibited slight congestion and haemorrhage of the
lung
with 2 cases of focal alveolar emphysema and 1 of alveolar oedema.
The male had congested kidneys. There was no other treatment-related
pathology during treatment or at the end of the post-treatment
periods. The NOEL was 50 mg kg d based on the effects seen at
250 mg kg d (organ weight changes in both sexes which had reversed
by 46 d).
-- 3.2.5.1.2 Rabbit. In an adequately conducted teratology study,
pregnant Himalayan rabbits (15/group) were administered transfluthrin
(94% purity) in 0.5% (v/v) aqueous Cremophor EM emulsion by gavage
at doses of 0, 15, 50 and 150 mg kg d during days of 6-18 of gestation.
Control animals received vehicle alone... Dams were necropsied
on day 29 of gestation following delivery of the foetuses by caesarean
section. Two deaths occurred, one on day 18 at 50 mg kg d and
one on day 19 at 150 mg kg d. Immediately prior to death both
animals displayed symptoms consistent with
CNS involvement inclusing spasms, severe tremor and prostration
(animals found lying on their side). Autopsy of these animals
revealed an enlarged lobulated liver and
pale lobulated lungs at 50 mg kg d whereas no pathological
fingings were observed at 150 mg kg d.
Ref: Evaluation on: Transfluthrin Use as
a Public Hygiene Insecticide. September 1997. Prepared by: the
UK Health and Safety Executive, Biocides & Pesticides Assessment
Unit, Magdalen House, Stanley Precinct, Bootle, Merseyside L20
3QZ. Available from: Department for Environment, Food and Rural
Affairs, Pesticides Safety Directorate, Mallard House, Kings Pool,
3 Peasholme Green, York YO1 7PX. UK. Also at
http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/citizen/evaluations/165_confirm-box.htm
• Note:
This was transcribed from the copy available on the web. While
one can easily read this report on the web, the report is inaccessible,
or locked, to any attempt to copy it. Any errors are mine. EC.
Trichlorofluoromethane
(CFC-11) -Insecticide, Fungicide,
Propellant, EPA List 2 Inert - CAS No. 75-69-4
-- Chronic
effects ... Chronic Effects Chronic use of Freon 11 has
been linked to diseases of the mucous membranes,
lungs, and central nervous system
(Hazardtext, 2003B). In the occupational setting, chronic fluorocarbon
exposure has been associated with a syndrome of impaired psychomotor
speed, impaired memory and learning, and emotional instability
(Reprotext, 2003). Repeated or prolonged skin contact may
cause dermatitis (NIOSH, 2001E; NIOSH, 2001D).
-- Special Concerns for Children.
Children may inhale relatively larger doses of Freon because,
relative to their body weight, they have a greater lung surface
area and larger minute volume than adults. Since Freon has a high
vapor density, children could also receive high doses due to their
short stature and the higher levels of Freon vapor that may be
present near the ground when Freon is spilled.
Ref:
September 24, 2003 (Revised)
- FREON [11, 12, 113].
Technical Support Document: Toxicology. Clandestine
Drug Labs/ Methamphetamine. Volume 1, Number 11. California EPA,
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), Department
of Toxic Substances Control.
-- Ten subjects /were
exposed/ to CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-114, two mixtures of CFC-11 and
CFC-12, and a mixture of CFC-12 and CFC-114 (breathing concentrations
between 16 and 150 g/cu m) for 15, 45, or 60 seconds, and found
significant acute reduction of ventilatory
lung capacity (FEV50, FEF25) on exposure to each chlorofluorocarbon,
as well as bradycardia and increased variability in heart rate
in seven subjects, negative T-waves in two subjects (one was exposed
to CFC-11 and CFC-12), and atrioventricular block in 1 subject
(CFC-114). Mixtures exerted stronger respiratory effects than
individual chlorofluorocarbon at the same level of exposure. [WHO;
Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons
p.90 (1990)]
-- ... BRADYCARDIA IS THE USUAL RESPONSE IN HUMAN SUBJECTS INHALING
10% OF CFC 11. ... IT IS REASONABLE TO SUGGEST THAT BRADYCARDIA
IN MAN ORIGINATES FROM IRRITATION OF THE UPPER
RESPIRATORY TRACT, & THAT CARDIAC EFFECTS CAN BE INITIATED
PRIOR TO ABSORPTION OF CFC 11 IN THE LUNGS.
[Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th
ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1182]
-- Twelve guinea pigs divided into 4 groups of 3 each were exposed
for 5 min, 30 min, 1 hr, & 2 hr, respectively. Exposure of 2.5%
for 30 min caused occasional tremors & the rate of respiration
became irregular. Exposure to 10% for 1 hr resulted in coma. The
guinea pigs exposed to this concn for 2 hr were sacrificed 8 days
later. Whereas their lungs were found to
contain mottled areas of congestion, other organs showed
no pathological changes. ... Exposure to a concn of 20% for 1
hr was lethal. [Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial
Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology.
4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994. 1180]
-- Trichlorofluoromethane ... /was/ tested by inhalation on Sprague-Dawley
rats and Swiss mice. The animals were exposed for 4 hr a day,
5 days a week; rats were exposed for 104 weeks, and mice were
exposed for 78 weeks. Animals were observed until spontaneous
death. Trichlorofluoromethane exposure to rats caused no carcinogenic
effects. Trichlorofluoromethane exposure to mice caused increased
numbers of total tumors in females which was dose related, mammary
tumors in females at 5000 ppm, lung adenomas
and leukemias in females, both dose related. [Maltoni C
et al; Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 534: 261-82
(1988)]
-- A 15-year old boy found dead with a plastic bag and a 9 oz
aerosol can of a spray on coating for frying pans lying adjacent
to him. ... CFC 11 ... used as propellants were detected in the
tissues removed at the autopsy: CFC (ul/100g): blood 0.86, kidney
1.65, brain 1.33, liver 0.83, stomach contents 5.78. ... Death
of a teenager due to inhalation of fluorocarbon CFC-containing
aerosols ... /noted/ distribution of fluorocarbons: CFC 11 (mg/100
g): blood 3.2, brain 6.1, liver 4.5, lung
3.2, kidney 2.5, trachea 2.1, and bile 0.6. [Clayton, G.D., F.E.
Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes
2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John
Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994.,p. 1202-3]
-- Absorption of fluorocarbons is much lower after oral ingestion
(35-48 times) than after inhalation. ... The lung
generally has the highest fluorocarbon concentrations on autopsy.
/Fluorocarbons/ [Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology
- Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier
Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988. 884]
Ref: Hazardous Substances Data Base for
TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/trichlorofluorometha.toxnet.htm
Trichlorotrifluoromethane
(CFC
113)
- Solvent, US EPA List 2 Inert - CAS No. 76-13-1
-- Animal Toxicity
Studies: Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts: THE CHIEF EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE
TO ... /TRICHLOROTRIFLUOROETHANE/
ARE DEPRESSION OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM AND IRRITATION OF THE RESPIRATORY
TRACT. SUCH EFFECTS OCCUR IN ANIMALS AT CONCENTRATIONS
ABOVE 12000 PPM. MILD LIVER CHANGES HAVE BEEN NOTICED AT LEVELS
SOMEWHAT BELOW THIS. [American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances
in Workroom Air. Third Edition, 1971. Cincinnati, Ohio: American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1971. (Plus
supplements to 1979)267]
-- ... ACUTE INHALATION
STUDIES OF RATS TO THE VAPOR FOR 6 HOURS SHOWED PULMONARY
CHANGES AROUND LEVELS OF 30000 PPM, BUT NO MORTALITY UNTIL
LEVELS AROUND 87000 PPM. [American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values
for Substances in Workroom Air. Third Edition, 1971. Cincinnati,
Ohio: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
1971. (Plus supplements to 1979)267]
Ref:
Hazardous Substances Data Bank for 1,1,2-TRICHLORO-1,2,2-TRIFLUOROETHANE
CASRN: 76-13-1.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/trichlorotrifluorome.toxnet.htm
Trifloxysulfuron-sodium
- Herbicide - CAS No. 199119-58-9
--
Dogs were given trifloxysulfuron at doses of 0, 50, 200 or 500
mg/kg bw/day in gelatin capsules for 28 days... Pneumonia
was observed in dogs at 500 mg/kg bw/day.
Ref: August 2002 -
Evaluation of the new active Trifloxysulfuron-sodium in the product
ENVOKE HERBICIDE. Public Release Summary.
National Registration Authority for Agricultural and Veterinary
Chemicals 2002 ISSN1443-1335.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/trifloxysulfuron-s.eval.02.pdf
Chronic toxicity dogs
NOAEL: 51.1/45.3 mg/kg/day (M/F) LOAEL: 123/121 mg/kg/day (M/F):
M = gray- white foci in lungs, fibrous thickening
of lung pleura, equivocal decreased body weight gain; F
= equivocal increased incidence and severity of chronic urinary
bladder inflammation.
Ref:
Federal Register: September 17, 2003 (Volume 68, Number 180)]
Rules and Regulations. Trifloxysulfuron; Pesticide Tolerance.
Final Rule.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/trifloxysulfuron.fr.sept.03.htm
3-Trifluoromethyl
aniline - Intermediate
for herbicides (eg, Fluometron & Norflurazon);
Intermediate for pharmaceuticals; Breakdown product - CAS
No. 98-16-8
--
RESPIRATORY. ACUTE EXPOSURE. m-Trifluoroaniline is expected to
be a severe respiratory irritant
because of its corrosive properties. Pulmonary
edema is possible. Cyanosis has been reported in experimental
animals.
-- HEMATOLOGIC. ACUTE EXPOSURE. Methemoglobinemia
is a possibility with exposure to m-trifluoroaniline.
-- CHRONIC EXPOSURE. Methemoglobin
was evident in rats exposed to m-trifluoromethylaniline for five
months... No reproductive studies were found. Methemoglobin inducers
are considered especially dangerous to the fetus.
-- GENOTOXICITY. m-Trifluoromethylaniline induced dominant lethal
mutations in flies.
-- ACUTE EXPOSURE. m-Trifluoromethylaniline is toxic by the oral,
inhalation, dermal, or IP routes.
-- Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts: WHEN ADDED TO FOOD OF LARVAL &
IMAGO DROSOPHILA, M-TRIFLUOROMETHYLANILINE INCR INCIDENCE OF DOMINANT
LETHAL MUTATIONS AMONG OFFSPRING & INCR PERCENTAGE OF UNFERTILIZED
EGGS. [ILICHKINA AG ET AL; MOL MEKH GENET PROTSESSOV 291 (1976)].
Ref: TOXNET profile from Hazardous Substances
Data Bank.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/3-trifluoromethyl.an.toxnet.htm
Triphenyltin
fluoride - Antifoulant,
Algaecide, Herbicide - CAS No. 379-52-2
An acute dust inhalation
toxicity study using albino rats as experimental animals was performed
for the compound triphenyltin-fluoride. The acute dust inhalation
median lethal concentration of the test compound is 0.29 milligrams
per liter of air based on a four hour exposure period. Untoward
behavioral reactions exhibited by the animals included gasping,
bloody nasal discharge, bloody ocular discharge, and weakness.
Body weight gains of the survivors of the 14 day observation period
were less than normal. Gross pathologic observation revealed
mild to severe focal discoloration of the lungs in all test animals.
Ref: Elliott CB (1972). Acute Dust Inhalation
Toxicity Study with Triphenyltin Fluoride in Albino Rats. M and
T Chemicals, Inc. (Unpublished report submitted to NIOSH), Rahway,
N. J., IBT No. N1632, 14 pages, 1 reference.
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