• See Table of dramatic weight loss effects in laboratory animals exposed to fluoride and/or fluorinated pesticides.
The
use of high doses increases the likelihood that potentially
significant toxic effects will be identified. Findings of
adverse effects in any one species do not necessarily indicate
such effects might be generated in humans. From a conservative
risk assessment perspective however, adverse findings in
animal species are assumed to represent potential effects
in humans, unless convincing evidence of species specificity
is available.
--
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
|
Note:
This is not an exhaustive list.
When time allows more information will be added.
Acifluorfen,
sodium -
Herbicide - CAS No. 62476-59-9
--
For "females 13-50 years," a NOAEL of 20 mg/kg/day was
established based on effects of decreased
fetal weight and increased incidence of dilated lateral
ventricles of the brain observed in a rat developmental toxicity
study. Both the decreased fetal weight
and the brain malformations are presumed to occur after a single
exposure (dose), and thus, are appropriate for this acute risk
assessment. These effects were observed at 90 mg/kg/day (LOAEL).
Ref:
Overview of Sodium Acifluorfen Risk Assessment April 4, 2002.
USEPA. http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/acifluorfen.na.epa.apr.02.pdf
-- Carcinogenic Effects.
Some studies show acifluorfen to be carcinogenic, while others
do not; the main differences among the studies were the dose levels
administered and the lengths of the studies. One study of mice
fed high doses for 18 months showed decreases
in body weight and increases in both benign and malignant
liver tumors (2). As a result, acifluorfen is classified as a
probable human carcinogen by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
Ref: Pesticide Information Profile. Extoxnet.
Cornell Univeristy.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Acifluorfen.Extoxnet.htm
STUDY
TYPE
DOSE LEVELS |
NOAEL
(mg/kg/day) |
LOAEL
(mg/kg/day) |
Chronic/Carcinogenicity
- Rat (1983) 0, 25, 150, 500, 2500, or 5000 ppm. (0, 1.25,
7.50, 25.0, 125, or 250 mg/kg/day based on 1 ppm=0.05 mg/kg/day)
(MRID No. 00128253; Accession NoÕs. 071315 through 071317
and 250289 through 250792) |
25 |
125
based on reduced body weight,
increased absolute and relative liver weights and increased
kidney weights, increased incidence of nephritis/pyelonephritis,
increased incidence of acidophilic cells in the liver, and
related changes in clinical chemistry parameters . |
Carcinogenicity
in Mice (1982). 0, 625, 1250, or 2500 ppm (males: 0, 119,
259, 655 mg/kg/day; females: 0, 143, 313, 711 mg/kg/day) (MRID
No. 00122732; Accession NoÕs.071312, 071313, 071314, 250463,
and 250464) |
< 119 |
119
. 143
based on reduced body weight,
increased absolute and relative liver weights, and changes
in hematologic parameters (decreased MCV counts, decreased
segmented neutrophil counts, increased RBC counts, and increased
lymphocyte counts). |
Chronic
Feeding Study in Dogs (1983). Tackle Ò2SÓ (Acifluorfen, purity
was unspecified). 0, 20, 300, or 4500 ppm (0, 0.5, 7.5 or
112.5 mg/kg/day based on 1 ppm = 0.025 mg/kg/day) for 2 years
(MRID No. 00131162; Accession NoÕs.251297 and 251298) |
7.5 |
112.5
based on decreased body weight gain,
increased absolute and relative liver and kidney weights,
changes in hematology, biochemistry, and urinalysis parameters
and increased incidence of microscopic changes in the liver. |
Developmental
Toxicity Study in Rats (1981) 0, 20, 90, or 180 mg/kg/day
from gestation days 6 through 19 (MRID No.00122743; Accession
No. 071319) |
Maternal:
20
Development al: 20 |
Maternal:
90
based on increase in clinical signs (excessive salivation
and piloerection). Developmental: 90 based on the decreased
fetal body weight and the increase in anatomical variations. |
Developmental
Toxicity Study in Rabbits (1979) 0, 20, 60, 180 mg/kg/day
(MRID 00107485) |
Maternal:
20
Development al: 60 |
Maternal:
60
based on clinical signs (anorexia,
depression and dyspnea).
Developmental: 180 based on fetal resorptions. |
Ref:
April 27, 2001. MEMORANDUM. SUBJECT: SODIUM ACIFLUORFEN. HED
Chapter for the Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document.
US EPA. Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/acifluorfen.epa.01.healtrsk.pdf |
Acrinathrin
- Acaracide, Insecticide - CAS No.
103833-18-7
-- Main effects observed
in subchronic toxicity studies through chronic toxicity studies
were the decrease of body weight gain and
food consumption,
-- Subchronic Toxicity Studies: Group of 20 male and 20 female
CD (SD) rats were fed diet containing 0, 30, 100 or 300 ppm of
acrinathrin for 90 days.... Overall, the mortality was not marked,
except in the 300 ppm group where deaths
recorded in females could be treatment related and/or due to malnutrition.
A body weight decrease and a reduction in
food consumption each related to the concentration were observed
in both sexes of the 100 and 300 ppm groups.
-- 52 Week Oral Study
in Dogs Group of 6 male and 6 female Beagle dogs were dosed by
oral route, in gelatin capsules for 52 weeks at the levels of
0, l, 3 and l0 mg/kg/day. Control animals received empty capsules
only. Slight to moderate, soft or liquid diarrhea were observed
sporadically throughout the study in the treated animals. A loss
of weight was observed until week 3 or 4 in both sexes treated
at 10 mg/kg/day and the mean body weight
of the males of this group remained inferior to that of
the other males thereafter (with a statistical
significance for weeks 5 to 35 and 43 to 46), while it
was similar to that of the other groups in the females. The
food consumption of the animals was not influenced by the treatment...
Based on the transient body weight loss observed until weeks 3-4,
then a body weight retardation throughout
the study for the males only, at 10 mg/kg/day, the NOAEL
in this 52 week study is considered to be 3 mg/kg/day.
-- Rat Teratology Study Acrinathrin suspended in corn oil was
administered at the dose levels of 0, 2, 6 and 18 mg/kg/day to
groups of 25 mated females in SD rats from days 6 to 15 of pregnancy.
On day 20 of pregnancy, females were sacrificed and fetuses were
removed by caesarean section... Maternal findings: At
6 mg/kg/day or more, the body weight gain of the females had stopped
or decreased between days 9 and 15. At 18 mg/kg/day, piloerection
were observed in high frequency and three females were found dead.
At this highest dose level, the body weight still remained lower
through days 20, and furthermore the decrease in the rate of live
fetuses and the increase in the rate of fetal loss were noted.
Litter findings: At 18mg/kg/day, the mean
body weight of fetuses was decreased. The incidence of
minor skeletal abnormalities was increased at the highest dose
level [18 mg/kg/day]
but these abnormalities were essentially represented by a delay
in the ossification process. The rate of fetuses affected with
external, skeletal or visceral abnormalities was comparable between
the control and the 2 and 6 mg/ kg/day groups. In conclusion,
the dose of 2 mg/kg/day was considered to be the NOEL in terms
of maternal toxicity. The dose of 6 mg/kg/day was considered as
the NOEL in terms of embryofetal development.
Acrinathrin revealed no evidence of teratogenicity even at the
highest dose level of 18 mg/kg/day.
-- Rabbit Teratology Study. Acrinathrin suspended in corn oil
was administered at the dose levels of 0, 15, 45 and 135 mg/kg/day
to groups of 16 mated females in New Zealand White rabbits from
days 6 to 18 of pregnancy. On day 28 of pregnancy, females were
sacrificed and fetuses were removed by caesarean section. Litter
values were determined and fetuses were subsequently examined
for external, visceral and skeletal abnormalities. The following
findings were observed: Maternal findings: At 45 mg/kg/day or
more, a transient decrease in body weight gain from days 5 to
12 was observed slightly. At 135 mg/kg/day, the rate of live fetuses
was lower and the rate of fetal losses was higher. On general
symptoms, reduced food consumption and anorexia
were observed animals of the highest dose level.
Ref: Summary of Toxicological Studies on
Acrinathrin Market Development, AgrEvo Japan Limited (Received
January 26, 1998 ; Accepted March 20, 1998).
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Acrinathrin.Tox.Studys.1998.pdf
Ammonium
fluoride - Wood Preservative
- CAS No. 12125-01-8
Chronic Exposure: Chronic
exposure may cause mottling of teeth and bone damage (osteosclerosis)
and fluorosis. Symptoms of fluorisis include brittle bones, weight
loss, anemia, calcified ligaments, general ill health and
joint stiffness.
Ref: 1999 Material Safety Data
Sheet prepared by Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Ammonium.F.MSDS.htm
Ammonium
silicofluoride -
Insecticide, Miticide Wood Preservative,
EPA List 3 Inert -
CAS No. 16919-19-0
(Also known as Ammonium fluorosilicate)
Chronic: Causes severe
skin irritation and burns. Ingestion or inhalation may be harmful
and possibly fatal depending on severity and length of over-exposure.
Chronic over- exposure may cause fluorosis. Product may be absorbed
through the skin and produce signs of fluorosis such as weight
loss, brittleness of bones, anemia,
weakness and stiffness of joints. Internal bleeding may
develop. First aid procedures should be followed even in cases
of suspected contact.
Ref:
Ammonium fluorosilicate Material Safety Data Sheet from LCI, Ltd.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/ammonium.fluosilicate.msds.htm
Benfluralin
(Benefin) - Herbicide - CAS
No. 1861-40-1
--
REPRODUCTION, RAT **208-078 167287, ATwo-Generation Reproduction
Study in Rats with Benefin@, (Janet A. Trutter, Hazleton Washington,
Inc., Vienna, VA., Report # HWA 174-136, 9 February 1995). Thirty
Sprague-Dawley Crl:CD 7 BR rats per sex per group received benefin
(95.8% purity) in the diet at concentrations of 0, 100, 1000,
and 5000 ppm through 2 generations with one litter per generation.
Parental NOEL = 100 ppm (7.1 and 8.8 mg/kg/day for M and F, respectively,
based on hepatocellular enlargement, enhanced extent of chronic
progressive nephropathy in both sexes, and renal tubule hyaline
droplets in males: also associated increased liver and kidney
weights). Offspring NOEL = 100 ppm (reduced
body weights of pups by day 7, continuing at least through weaning).
The high dose caused pup weight reductions
at weaning to about 60% of controls. Adult 5000 ppm F1
males (the more sensitive gender and generation of adults) weighed
about 80% of controls after 10 to 19 weeks of treatment. Lesser
but statistically significant decrements were seen in F0 males
and in F0 and F1 females at 5000 ppm. Food consumption
was correspondingly reduced in both sexes at this dose level.
Offspring effects limited to 5000 ppm included significant
reduction of mean live litter size at birth and a reduction
of pup viability between day 4 cull and weaning (21% loss in 5000
ppm F2 pups). Acceptable, with no adverse effects. (H. Green and
C. Aldous, 4/21/00).
-- TERATOLOGY, RABBIT **208-077 167286, "Teratology Study
in Rabbits with Benefin", (M. D. Mercieca, Springborn Laboratories,
Inc., Spencerville, OH, Report # 3130.9, 3 June 1991). Twenty
inseminated female New Zealand white rabbits per group received
benefin (in 10% aqueous acacia) at concentrations of 0, 25, 50,
100, and 225 mg/kg/day on gestation days 6 through 18 in a guideline
teratology study. Maternal NOEL = 50 mg/kg/day (increased incidence
of does with few or no feces). Developmental NOEL = 225 mg/kg/day
(highest dose tested). The highest dose was clearly maternally
toxic, as indicated by significant (p <
0.01) reductions in food consumption and body weight gain,
and by the presence of 3 aborted litters and one total litter
resorption loss. Acceptable, with no adverse effects (H. Green,
and C. Aldous, 4/18/00).
Ref: Summary of Toxicological Data: Benefin.
California EPA, Department of Pesticide Regulation, Medical Toxicology
Branch. Revised April 21, 2000.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/benefin.ca.tox.rev.apr.2000.pdf
Benzotrifluoride
- Herbicide, Plant Growth Regulator - CAS No.
98-08-8
(also
known as Trifluoromethylbenzene)
-- Trifluoromethylbenzene
was studied for oral toxicity in Crj:CD (SD) rats in an OECD combined
repeat dose and reproductive/developmental toxicity screening
test at doses of 0, 20, 100 and 500 mg/kg/day... Depression
of body weight gain in offspring of all treatment groups
was observed without any necropsy findings. The NOELs are considered
to be 500 mg/kg/day for reproductive performance of the parents
and less than 20 mg/kg/day for offspring development.
Ref:
1988. GINC: Global Information Network on Chemicals. The Databases
of Chemicals.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/benzotrifluoride.toxicity.htm
Beta-cyfluthrin
- Insecticide - CAS No. 68359-37-5
-- Beta-cyfluthrin
(99.7% active ingredient (a.i.)). 90-Day oral toxicity-- NOAEL
= 9.5/10.9 male/female (M/F) rats LOAEL = 37.0/43.0 (M/F) based
on gait abnormalities, necrosis in head
and neck region, mortality (2), decreased
body weight gain.
-- Beta-cyfluthrin (97.9% a.i.). 4-Week inhalation study--rat.
subacute NOAEL = 0.00026 mg/L (0.07 mg/kg/day) LOAEL = 0.0027
mg/L (0.73 mg/kg/day) based on decreased
body weights, 9 urine pH in males
-- Beta-cyfluthrin (96.5- 97.3%).
Prenatal developmental toxicity study--rats.
Maternal NOAEL = 3 Developmental NOAEL = 10 Maternal LOAEL = 10
based on reduced body weight gain and reduced
food consumption with post-treatment recovery. Developmental
LOAEL = 40 based on reduced fetal body weights
and increased skeletal variations.
Ref: Federal Register. September 27, 2002.
Cyfluthrin; Pesticide Tolerance. Final Rule.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Cyfluthrin.FR.Sept.27.2002.htm
Bifenthrin
- Acaracide, Insecticide -
CAS Numbers: 82657-04-3 (Cis); 83322-02-5 (Trans)
Reproductive toxicity
study. In the rat reproduction study, parental toxicity occurred
as decreased body weight at 5.0 mg/kg/day
with a NOEL of 3.0 mg/kg/day. There were no developmental (pup)
or reproductive effects up to 5.0 mg/kg/day (highest dose tested).
Ref: Federal Register: September 5, 1997.
Bifenthrin; Pesticide Tolerances for Emergency Exemptions.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Bifenthrin.FR.Sept.5.1997.htm
A 13-week feeding study
in dogs (by capsule) of doses at nominal dose levels of 0, 2.5,
5, 10, or 20 milligram/kilogram/day (mg/kg/day) (equivalent to
2.21, 4.42, 8.84, and 17.7 mg/kg/day, based on percent active
ingredient (a.i.)) for 13 weeks... A non-statistically
significant, but possibly treatment- related reduction in body
weight (bwt) gain was noted in females at
17.7 mg/kg/day (0.6 kilogram (kg)) relative to the controls (1.3
kg). None of the females at
8.84 or 17.7 mg/kg/day showed cyclic activity or signs of estrus,
but cyclic activity was observed in 2, 2, and 1 female
at 0, 2.21, and 4.42 mg/kg/day, respectively and \4/5\ showed
signs of estrus. The lowest observed effect level (LOEL) for this
13-week study is 4.42 mg/kg/day based on the increased incidence
of tremors in both sexes. The NOEL is 2.21 mg/kg/day.
Ref: Federal Register: November 26, 1997.
Bifenthrin; Pesticide Tolerances. Final Rule.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Bifenthrin.FR.Nov.1997.htm
Boron
Trifluoride - Fumigant
- CAS No. 7637-07-2
- In a 2 week study,
all animals exposed to 180 mg/cu m died prior to the sixth exposure,
rats exposed at concn of 66 and 24 mg/cu m showed clinical signs
of respiratory irritation, body weight gain
depressions, increased lung weights, and depressed liver
weights.
Ref: TOXNET profile from Hazardous Substances
Data Bank for Boron Trifluoride.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Boron.Trifluoride.TOXNET.htm
Butafenacil
-
Herbicide - CAS No. 134605-64-4
Some excerpts from Table 2.--Subchronic,
Chronic, and Other Toxicity
Ref:
Butafenacil; Pesticide Tolerance. Final Rule.
Federal Register. September 19, 2003.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/butafenacil.fr.sept.19.2003.htm
|
Study
type
[Guideline number] |
Results |
90-Day
oral (dietary) toxicity rodents
(rat) - [870.3100] |
NOAEL
= 300 ppm (18.8/20.6 mg/kg/ day M/F). LOAEL = 1,000 ppm (62.3/69.3
mg/kg/ day M/F) based on decreased body
weight gains, decreased hemoglobin,
hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular
volume (MCV), increased red cell volume, increased bone marrow
hypercellularity; increased bilirubin and urobilinogen; increased
alanine aminotransferase; hepatocyte necrosis; inflammatory
liver cell infiltration |
2-Generation reproduction and fertility effects - [870.3800]
|
Parental/systemic
NOAEL = 30 ppm (2.4/ 2.5 mg/kg/day M/F) Parental/systemic
LOAEL = 300 ppm (23.8/25.2 mg/kg/ day M/F), based on decreased
body weights and food consumption
and on increased incidences of bile duct hyperplasia and liver
necrosis in males and females of both generations Offspring
NOAEL = 300 ppm (23.8/25.2 mg/kg/day M/F) Offspring LOAEL
= 1,000 ppm (79.6/ 83.8 M/F), based on decreased pup body
weight and body weight gain in both generations Reproductive
NOAEL = 30 ppm (2.4/2.5 mg/ kg/day M/F) Reproductive LOAEL
= 300 ppm (23.8/25.2 mg/kg/day M/F) based on an increase in
the number of days to mating in both generations |
1-Year chronic oral (capsule) toxicity
(dog) - [870.4100] |
NOAEL = 500 mg/kg/day M/F LOAEL = 1,000 mg/kg/ day M/F, based
on decreased body weight gain in males,
decreased MCV, MCH, and mean corpuscular
hemoglobin concentration (MCHC); increased thrombocytes and
red cell volume distribution width; hepatic histopathology:
glycogen disposition, inclusion bodies in cytoplasm, and pigment
disposition in both sexes, and focal vaculolation in females |
Carfentrazone-ethyl
-
Herbicide
- CAS No. 128639-02-1
In a developmental
toxicity study in rabbits, evidence of treatment-related maternal
toxicity consisted of unthriftiness and emaciation
in two does at 300 mg/kg/day. The maternal LOAEL is 300 mg/ kg/day;
the maternal NOAEL is greater than or equal to 150 mg/kg/day.
There was no evidence of treatment-related prenatal developmental
toxicity: The developmental LOAEL was not determined; the developmental
NOAEL is greater than or equal to 300 mg/kg/day.
Ref: Federal Register: June 12, 2002. Carfentrazone-ethyl;
Pesticide Tolerances for Emergency Exemptions. Final Rule.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Carfentrazone-E.FR.June2002.htm
-- A 90-day subchronic
feeding study was conducted in rats at intake levels of 0, 58,
226, 470, 831 and 1197 mg/kg/day for males and 0, 72, 284, 578,
1008 and 1427 mg/kg/day in females, respectively. The NOEL was
226 mg/kg/day in males and 284 mg/kg/day in females. The LOEL
was 470 mg/kg/day in males and 578 mg/kg/day in females based
on decreases in body weight, reductions
in food consumption and histopathological lesions.
-- A 90-day subchronic feeding study in dogs administered by dietary
admix doses of 0, 50, 150, 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day. The NOEL was
50 mg/kg/day and the LOEL was 150 mg/kg/day based on systemic
toxicity (decrease in the rate of weight
gain in females and an increase in porphyrin levels in
both sexes).
Ref: US EPA Pesticide Fact Sheet. Carfentrazone-ethyl
Reason for Issuance:New Chemical Registration Date Issued: September
30, 1998.
http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/factsheets/carfentrazone.pdf
Chlorfenapyr
-
Acaracide, Insecticide - CAS No. 122453-73-0
-- MRID No. 42770219
(1993)-- 90-Day oral toxicity rats.
NOAEL = 24.1 mg/kg/day. LOAEL = 48.4, based on spongiform myelopathy
in the brain and spinal cord of male rats, decreased
body weight gain and increased relative liver weight in
males and females, increased absolute liver
weight in females, and decreased hemoglobin in females.
-- MRID No. 43492830 (1994). 90-Day oral toxicity mouse.
NOAEL = 27.6/40, M/F. LOAEL = 62.6/78, M/F, based on reduced
body weights/body weight gains, and spongiform encephalopathy
in both sexes.
-- MRID No. 42770220 (1993). 90-Day oral toxicity dog.
NOAEL = 3.9/4.5 mg/kg/ day, M/F. LOAEL = 6.7/6.8 mg/kg/ day, M/Fbased
on emaciation, decreased body weight gains,
and decreased food efficiency.
-- MRID No. 42884202 (1993). Prenatal developmental rat.
Maternal NOAEL = 25 mg/kg/day, based on decreased
body weight gain and relative food consumption during treatment
Developmental NOAEL >=225 mg/kg/day. Developmental LOAEL = not
identified.
-- MRID No. 42770222 (1993). Prenatal developmental rabbit.
Maternal NOAEL = 5 mg/kg/day. Maternal LOAEL = 15 mg/ kg/day,
based on decreased body weight gain
during treatment Developmental NOAEL = 15 mg/kg/day Developmental
LOAEL = 30 mg/kg/day, based on increased post implantation loss.
-- MRID No. 43492836 (1994). 2-Generation reproduction and fertility
effects rat. Parental systemic NOAEL
= 4.4-4.5 mg/kg/day, M. Parental systemic LOAEL = 22.2-22.5 mg/kg/day,
M, based on decreased absolute body weight/body
weight gains of P1 males during premating. Offspring systemic
NOAEL = 4.4-5.1 mg/kg/day. Offspring systemic LOAEL = 22.2-25.6
mg/kg/day, based on decreased pup weights
at weaning. Reproductive NOAEL >=44- 50.7 mg/kg/day. Reproductive
LOAEL: not identified.
-- MRID No. 43492834 (1994). Chronic toxicity dog.
NOAEL = 4.0/4.5 mg/kg/day, M/F. LOAEL = 8.7/10.1 mg/kg/ day, M/F,
based on decreased body weight/body weight
gains.
-- MRID No. 43492838 (1994). Carcinogenicity mouse.
NOAEL = 2.8/3.7 mg/kg/day, M/F. LOAEL = 16.6/21.9 mg/kg/day, M/F,
based on decreased body weight gains,
brain vacuolation, and scabbing of the skin (males)
No evidence of carcinogenicity.
-- MRID No. 43492837 (1994). Combined chronic/ carcinogenicity
in rat. NOAEL = 15 mg/kg/day, males.
LOAEL = 30.8 mg/kg/day, males, based on
anemia. NOAEL = 3.6 mg/kg/day, females LOAEL = 18.6 mg/kg/day,
females, based on decreased body weight/
body weight gain.
-- MRID No. 43492833 (1994). Chronic neurotoxicity rat.
NOAEL = 2.6/3.4 mg/kg/day, M/F. LOAEL = 13.6/18 mg/kg/ day, M/F,
based on the presence of myelinopathic alterations
in the central nervous system (CNS) in male rats and decreased
average body weights/body weight gains, food efficiency,
absolute food consumption (females) and water consumption (males)
-- Chronic neurotoxicity study - rat.
LOAEL = 13.6/18 mg/kg/ day, M/F, based on the presence of
myelinopathic alterations in the CNS in male rats and
decreased average body weights, body weigh gains, food
efficiency, absolute food consumption (F), and water consumption
(M). Supporting this endpoint are similar
CNS lesions and skin lesions observed in the mouse carcinogenicity
study (NOAEL = 2.8).
Ref:
Federal Register: September 26, 2003. Chlorfenapyr; Pesticide
Tolerance. Final Rule.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/chlorfenapyr.fr.sept26.2003.htm
-- CHRONIC TOXICITY,
DOG ** 062; 147071; "One Year Dietary
Toxicity Study with AC 303,630 in Purebred Beagle Dogs"; (Kelly,
C.M.; Pharmaco LSR Inc., East Millstone, NJ; Study No. 92-3107;
8/31/94); AC 303,630 Technical (purity: 94.5%) was administered
in the diet to 5 dogs/sex/group at doses of 0, 60 and 120 ppm
and to 6 dogs/sex at 240 ppm for 12 months (M-0, 2.1, 4.0, 8.7
mg/kg/day, F-0, 2.3, 4.5, 10.1 mg/kg/day).
Reduced body weight gain was evident in the high dose animals.
The relative mean liver weights were slightly increased in the
high dose group. No treatment-related effects were noted for hematology
or clinical chemistry. No treatment-related lesions were evident.
No adverse effects were indicated. NOEL: 120 ppm (M/F) (based
on increase in relative mean liver weight and
reduced body weight gain of animals in the 240 ppm treatment group);
NOAEL: 240 ppm; Study acceptable. (Moore, 7/15/96)
-- REPRODUCTION, RAT
** 063; 147072; "A Pilot Dietary Reproduction Study in Rats with
AC 303,630", (R.E. Schroeder; Pharmaco LSR Inc., East Millstone,
NJ; Study No. 91-3755; 7/20/94); AC 303,630 Technical (purity:
94.5%) was administered to 10 animals/sex/group in the diet at
doses of 0, 60, 300 and 600 ppm for 10 weeks during a premating
period, a 10 day mating period and the ensuing gestation and lactation
periods. Reduced body weight gain was noted
in the females of the 300 and 600 ppm groups during the premating
period. Pup survival was reduced in the 600 ppm treatment
group during the 0 to 4 day post-natal period. Pup
weight gain was reduced in the high dose group over the lactation
period. No adverse effect indicated. Parental
NOEL: 60 ppm (based upon reduced body weight gain in the 300 ppm
treatment group), Reproductive/Developmental NOEL: 300 ppm (based
upon the reduced pup survival and body weight gain in the 600
ppm treatment group), NOAEL: 600 ppm; Study supplemental.
(Moore, 7/29/96)
-- REPRODUCTION, RAT
** 064; 147073; "A Two-Generation (One-Litter) Reproduction Study
with AC 303,630 in Rats"; (R.E. Schroeder, Pharmaco LSR Inc.,
East Millstone, NJ; Study No. 90-3638; 8/8/94); AC 303,630 technical
(purity 94.5%) was administered in the feed of 30 animals/sex/group
for two generations at doses of 0, 60, 300, and 600 ppm (P1 (M)
0, 4.2, 20.9, 41.1 mg/kg/day, (F) 0, 6.0, 29.3, 57.2 mg/kg/day,
F1 (M) 0, 3.7, 19.0, 38.3 mg/kg/day, (F) 0, 6.0, 29.5, 58.7 mg/kg/day).
Reduced body weight gain was noted for both
the adult males and females in the 300 and 600 ppm treatment groups
of the F1 generation. This reduced weight gain was apparent in
these animals during the lactation period and continued during
the premating period. Reproductive parameters were not affected
by treatment. No adverse effects indicated. Parental NOEL: 60
ppm (based upon reduced body weight gain in the 300 and 600 ppm
F1 generation males and females); Reproductive NOEL: 600 ppm;
Developmental NOEL: 60 ppm (based upon reduced body weight gain
of pups during lactation period). Study acceptable. (Moore,
8/1/96)
Ref:
August
24, 2001 - Summary
of Toxicological Data. California EPA.
Department of Pesticide Regulation. Medical Toxicology Branch.
Also available at: http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/toxsums/pdfs/3938.pdf
Chlorodifluoromethane
-
Insecticide, Fungicide, Propellant - CAS No. 75-45-6
Long-term
exposures to 50,000 ppm (v/v) of vapors produced organ weight
increases and a decrease in body weight
gain...
Ref: Material Safety Data Sheet for
Freon 22. DuPont. 1996.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Chlorodifluoromethane.MSDS.pdf
Clodinafop-propargyl
-
Herbicide - CAS No. 105512-06-9
SUBCHRONIC AND CHRONIC
TOXICITY
-- 870.3100/ 13 Week Oral Toxicity in Rodent NOAEL = M: 0.9 mg/kg;
F: 8.2 mg/kg/day LOAEL = M: 120 ppm (8.2 mg/kg/day); F: 1000 ppm
(71.1 mg/kg/day) decreased body weight;
based on increased liver weights and enzymes
(AlPtase); decreased
thymus weight (atrophy). Reversed after 28 day recovery period.
-- 870.3700b Prenatal Developmental Toxicity in Rabbits Maternal
NOAEL = 25 mg/kg/day Maternal LOAEL = 125 mg/kg/day based on mortality,
clinical signs and body weight loss
Developmental NOAEL = 125 mg/kg/day Developmental LOAEL >125 mg/kg/day
-- 870.3800 Two Generation Rat Reproduction Study Parental/Systemic
NOAEL= 3.2 mg/kg/day. Parental/Systemic LOAEL = 31.7 mg/kg/day
based on decrease in body weight gain, reduced
food consumption, increased liver and kidney weights and histopathological
changes in the liver and renal tubules.
Offspring NOAEL
= 3.2 mg/kg/day Offspring LOAEL = 31.7 mg/kg/day based on reduced
viability, decreased pup body weight
and dilatation of renal pelvis. Reproductive NOAEL = 64.2 mg/kg/day.
Reproductive LOAEL 64.2 mg/kg/day
-- 870.4100b Chronic Toxicity -Nonrodent NOAEL = M: 3.38 mg/kg/day;
F: 3.37 mg/kg/day LOAEL = M: 15.2 mg/kg/day ; F: 16.7 mg/kg/day
based on occurrence of skin lesions, clinical
signs, and reduced body weight gain and
food consumption.
Ref: US EPA Pesticide Fact Sheet. Reason
for Issuance: Conditional Registration. June 6, 2000.
http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/factsheets/clodinafop.pdf
Cloransulam-methyl
- Herbicide - CAS No. 147150-35-4
-- Developmental Toxicity
(rabbit): Maternal NOEL = 100 mg/kg/day Maternal LOEL = 300 mg/kg/day
based on reduced weight gain, food
efficiency, increased
abortions, and cesarean section observations. Developmental NOEL
= 300 mg/kg/day (HDT)
Ref: USEPA. Pesticide Fact sheet. Cloransulam-methyl.
Reason for Issuance: Conditional Registration Date Issued: October
29, 1997.
http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/factsheets/cloransulam.pdf
-- In a two-year carcinogenicity
study, XDE-565 (98.2% purity) was administered to 60 B6C3F1 mice/sex/dose
at dose levels of 0, 10, 100 or 1000 mg/kg bw/d in the diet for
24 months (with an interim sacrifice of 10 mice/sex/dose at 12
months). No treatment-related clinical signs were observed throughout
the study duration. A treatment-related effect on mean body-weight
gain was observed. On average, body-weight gains in high-dose
males and mid- and high-dose females were suppressed relative
to controls... Based on decreased body-weight
gain in females at $100 mg/kg bw/d, the NOAEL in male and
female mice was determined to be 10 mg/kg bw/d.
-- In a combined chronic
and carcinogenicity study, XDE-565 (98.2% purity) was administered
to 60 Fischer 344 rats/sex/dose at 0, 10, 75 or 325 mg/kg bw/d
in the diet for 24 months (with an interim sacrifice of 10 rats/sex/dose
at 12 months). Aside from an increase in the incidence of perineal
soiling in female rats at 75 and 325 mg/kg bw/d, no other treatment-related
clinical findings were observed. A treatment-related effect on
mean body weight and body-weight gain was observed. Relative
to controls, body weight and body-weight gain were suppressed
in high-dose males and females for a good portion of the dosing
period.
Ref: Canadian Pest Management Regulatory
Agency. Regulatory Note REG2001-08.
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/pmra-arla/english/pdf/reg/reg2001-08-e.pdf
Cryolite
- Insecticide - CAS No. 15096-52-3
-- CHRONIC FLUORINE
POISONING OCCURS AMONG MINERS OF CRYOLITE/ LOSS
OF WEIGHT, ANOREXIA, ANEMIA,
WASTING ... AND DENTAL DEFECTS ARE
AMONG COMMON FINDINGS IN CHRONIC FLUORINE POISONING. THERE MAY
BE AN EOSINOPHILIA, AND IMPAIRMENT OF GROWTH IN YOUNG WORKERS.
SYMPTOMS OF INTOXICATION INCLUDE GASTRIC, INTESTINAL, CIRCULATORY,
RESP AND NERVOUS COMPLAINTS AND SKIN RASHES. [Sax, N.I. Dangerous
Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van
Nostrand Reinhold, 1984. 1427]
-- Chronic poisoning: Intake of more than 6 mg of fluoride per
day results in fluorosis. Symptoms are weight
loss, brittleness of bones, anemia, weakness, general ill
health, stiffness of joints. ... /Fluoride/ [Dreisbach, R. H.
Handbook of Poisoning. 9th
ed. Los Altos, California: Lange Medical Publications, 1977. 207]
Ref: TOXNET from Hazardous Substances Data
Bank for ALUMINUM SODIUM FLUORIDE (Cryolite).
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Cryolite.TOXNET.HSDB.htm
Cyfluthrin
-
Insecticide - CAS No. 68359-37-5
Two rat developmental
toxicity studies via the inhalation route of exposure were also
conducted... In the second study, the maternal NOAEL and LOAEL
were < 0.46 mg/ M3, based on decreased
body weight gain and reduced relative food efficiency.
The developmental NOAEL was 0.46 mg/M3 and the developmental LOAEL
was 2.55 mg/M3, based on reduced
fetal and placental weight, and reduced ossification in
the phalanx, metacarpals,
and vertebrae.
Ref: Federal Register: November 26, 1997.
Cyfluthrin; Pesticide Tolerances. Final Rule.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Cyfluthrin.FR.Nov.26.1997.htm
-- Cyfluthrin. 28-Day oral toxicity NOAEL = 15.0 (males & females)
based on minimal decrease in blood glucose.
LOAEL = 50 based on, gait abnormalities, salivation, nervousness,
decrease in body weight, food consumption,
changes in hematological, clinical chem.
& urinalysis parameters, increases in selected organ wts., cytoplasmic
swelling of glandular epithelium of submaxillary gland, minimal
degrees of fiber degeneration in sciatic nerve (# not reported)
which disappeared after recovery period.
-- Cyfluthrin (94.9% a.i.). 90-Day inhalation toxicity study--rats.
NOAEL = 0.00009 mg/liter (L) (0.02 mg/kg/day; both sexes) LOAEL
= 0.00071 mg/L (0.16 mg/kg/day) based on decreased
body weights and body weight gains in males and clinical
signs in females
-- Cyfluthrin (93.8% a.i.). 4-Week inhalation toxicity study--rats.
NOAEL = 0.00044 mg/L (0.12 mg/kg/day; males & females) LOAEL =
0.006 mg/L (1.6 mg/kg/day; males & females) based on
decreases in body weight and body weight gain in males,
hypothermia, reduction in
leukocyte counts (F) and low serum protein.
-- Cyfluthrin (96% a.i.). Prenatal
developmental toxicity--rabbits.
Maternal NOAEL = 20.0 Developmental NOAEL
= 180.0 Maternal LOAEL = 60.0 based on decreased body weight gain
and food consumption during the dosing period Developmental LOAEL
> 180 mg/kg/day
-- Cyfluthrin (96.2%). Prenatal developmental
toxicity via inhalation- rat .
Maternal NOAEL <0.00046 mg/L (< 0.125 mg/kg/
day)Developmental NOAEL = 0.00046 mg/L (0.125 mg/ kg/day) Maternal
LOAEL = 0.00046 mg/L (0.125 mg/kg/ day) based on decreased body
weight gain and relative food efficiency Developmental LOAEL =
0.00255 mg/L (0.692 mg/ kg/day) based on reduced fetal and placental
weights and reduced ossification in phalanx, metacarpals, vertebrae
-- Cyfluthrin (95.4%
a.i.). Reproduction and fertility
effects study-- rat (dietary). Parental
NOAEL = Parental: 3/4 (M/F) Offspring NOAEL = 7 (M/F) Parental
LOAEL = 9/10 (M/F) based on reductions in body weights and food
consumption. Offspring LOAEL = 19 based on coarse tremors
in pups during lactation and decreases in mean litter weight
.
-- Cyfluthrin (95.7-96.2%
a.i.).
Pilot 1-generation reproduction
study--rat. Parental
systemic NOAEL = 22.9 Offspring systemic NOAEL = 7.8 Parental
systemic LOAEL = 59.6 based on hind leg splay, ataxia,
reduction in body weight gain. Pup systemic LOAEL = 22.9
based on tremors during lactation
and pup weight decreases.
-- Cyfluthrin. Multigeneration
reproduction study--rats.
Parental NOAEL = 12.3/15.1 Offspring NOAEL
= 5.4 Parental LOAEL = 37.2/48.5 based on decreased body weight
gain. Offspring LOAEL = 15.1 based on decreased viability during
lactation period and decreased body weight gains
-- Cyfluthrin (93.9% a.i.). Carcinogenicity feeding study--mice.
NOAEL = 31.9 (males) and 140.6 (females) LOAEL = 114.8 (males)
based on ear skin lesions and reduced body
weight gains. 309.7 (females) based on clinical signs;
macroscopic and microscopic pathology findings; and reduced
body weights, body weight gains, and food consumption.
Under the conditions of this study, there was no evidence of carcinogenic
potential.
-- Cyfluthrin (94.7% a.i.). Combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity
feeding study--rat. NOAEL = 2.6 (males), 3.3 (females) LOAEL =
11.6 (males), 14.4 (females) based on overall
declines in body weight gain by 12 and 10% in males and females,
respectively. No carcinogenic effects.
-- Cyfluthrin (49.7-51.0%).. Combined chronic toxicity/ carcinogenicity
feeding study--rat. NOAEL = 6.19 (males), 8.15 (females) LOAEL
= 19.20 (M), 25.47 (F) based on decreased
body weights and body weight gains. No carcinogenic effects.
Ref: Federal Register. September 27, 2002.
Cyfluthrin; Pesticide Tolerance. Final Rule. http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Cyfluthrin.FR.Sept.27.2002.htm
Cyhalofop-butyl
- Herbicide - CAS No. 122008-85-9
-- Acute Dermal (Rat)
LD50 & 35000 mg/kg (2.5 x the limit dose) Chromodacryorrhea was
observed in 2/ 5 males on day 2 only. Delayed
weight gain was observed in all rats, with the females being most
affected. There was no dermal irritation. Toxicity Category
IV
Ref: Federal Register: June 4, 2002. Cyhalofop-butyl;
Time-Limited Pesticide Tolerance. Final Rule.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Cyhalofop-Butyl.FR.June4.02.htm
Cyhalothrin
-
Acaracide, Insecticide - CAS
No. 68085-85-8
-- Cyhalothrin. 13-Week
feeding - rat. 00154805. NOAEL: 2.5 mg/kg/day LOAEL: 12.5
mg/kg/day decreased body weight gain in
males.
-- Cyhalothrin. 28-Day feeding - rat.
00153029. NOAEL: 2 mg/kg/day LOAEL: 10 mg/kg/day
clinical signs of neurotoxicity. At higher doses,
decreases in body weight gain and food consumption
and changes in organ weights.
-- cyhalothrin. 28-Day feeding - rat.
00154806. NOAEL: 1.0 mg/kg/day LOAEL: 2.0 mg/kg/day decreases
in mean body weight gain in females.
-- cyhalothrin. 4-Week feeding - mouse.
43241901. NOAEL: 64.2/77.9 mg/kg/ day LOAEL: 309/294 mg/kg/ day
mortality, 64.2, 309 mg/kg/day clinical signs of toxicity, decreases
in bodyweight gain and food consumption.
changes in hematology and
organ weights, minimal centrilobular hepatocyte enlargement.
-- cyhalothrin. 28-Day feeding - rat.
00153029. NOAEL: 2 mg/kg/day 1984/Acceptable LOAEL: 10 mg/kg/day
nonguideline. clinical signs of 0, 2, 10, 25, 50, 75 mg/ neurotoxicity.
At kg/day. higher doses, decreases
in body weight gain and food consumption
and changes in organ weights.
-- cyhalothrin. 21-Day dermal toxicity
-rabbit.
00154869. NOAEL: 100 mg/kg/day LOAEL: 1,000 mg/kg/day significant
weight loss
-- cyhalothrin. Developmental toxicity -
rat. 00154800. Maternal NOAEL: 10 mg/kg/day. Maternal LOAEL:
15 mg/ kg/day. uncoordinated limbs, reduced
body weight gain and food consumption. Developmental NOAEL: 15
mg/kg/day, the highest dose tested (HDT) Developmental LOAEL:
>15 mg/kg/day
-- cyhalothrin. Developmental toxicity -
rat. 00154801. Maternal NOAEL: 10 mg/kg/day. Maternal LOAEL:
30 mg/ kg/day. reduced body weight gain and food consumption.
Developmental NOAEL: 30 mg/kg/day (HDT) Developmental LOAEL: >30
mg/kg/day
-- cyhalothrin. 3-Generation Reproduction - rat. 00154802. arental/Offspring
NOAEL: 1.5 mg/kg/day. Parental/Offspring LOAEL: 5.0 mg/kg/day.
decreased parental body weight and body weight gain during premating
and gestation periods and reduced pup weight and weight gain during
lactation). Reproductive NOAEL: 5.0 mg/kg/day (HDT).
-- cyhalothrin. Carcinogenicity -
mouse. 00150842. NOAEL: 15 mg/kg/day. LOAEL: 75 mg/kg/day. increased
incidence of piloerection, hunched posture; decreased body weight
gain in males. Not oncogenic under conditions of study. HDT inadequate.
New study not required at this time. [FAN
Note: The study cited was performed in 1984.]
-- cyhalothrin. 00154803.
Chronic/Carcinogenicity - rat. NOAEL: 2.5
mg/kg/day. LOAEL: 12.5 mg/kg/day. decreases in mean body weight.
Not oncogenic under conditions of study.
Ref: Federal Register: September 27, 2002.
Lambda-cyhalothrin; Pesticide Tolerance. Final Rule.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Lambda.Cyhalot.FR.Sept27.02.htm
Cyhalothrin,
gamma - Insecticide - CAS No. 76703-62-3
Reproductive
and developmental toxicity.
A developmental toxicity study in rats given gavage doses of 0,
0.1, 0.5, and 2 mg/kg/day with no developmental toxicity
observed under the conditions of the study. The developmental
no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) is greater than 2
mg/kg/day, the highest dose tested (HDT).
The maternal NOAEL and lowest observed adverse
effect level (LOAEL) are established at 0.5 and 2 mg/kg/day, respectively,
based on reduced body weight, body
weight gain, and feed consumption.
Subchronic
toxicity.
A 90-day feeding study in rats fed doses of 0, 2.5, 10, 50, and
100 parts per million (ppm) with a
NOAEL of 50 ppm and a LOAEL of 100 ppm based
on mortality, decreased feed consumption, decreased body weights,
and increased relative liver and kidney
weight at 100 ppm.
Ref:
Federal Register: February 25, 2004. Gamma-Cyhalothrin; Notice
of Filing a Pesticide Petition to Establish a Tolerance for a
Certain Pesticide Chemical in or on Food
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/gamma.cyhal.fr.feb25.2004.htm
Cyhalothrin,
lambda -
Insecticide - CAS No. 91465-08-6
-- lambda-cyhalothrin.
13-Week feeding - rat. 00153028.
NOAEL: 2.5 mg/kg/day LOAEL: 12.5 mg/kg/day reduced
body weight gain and food consumption in
both sexes and food efficiency in females.
-- lambda-cyhalothrin. 21-Day dermal toxicity
- rat. 44333802. NOAEL: 10 mg/kg/day. LOAEL: 50 mg/kg/day.
clinical signs of toxicity, decreased body
weight and body weight gain.
-- lambda-cyhalothrin.
21-Day inhalation toxicity - rat. 41387702. NOAEL: 0.08
mg/kg/day. LOAEL: 0.90 mg/kg/day. clinical signs of neurotoxicity,
decreased body weight gains, increased
incidence of punctuate foci
in cornea, slight reductions in cholesterol in females,
slight changes in selected urinalysis parameters
Ref: Federal Register: September 27, 2002.
Lambda-cyhalothrin; Pesticide Tolerance. Final Rule.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Lambda.Cyhalot.FR.Sept27.02.htm
-- A carcinogenicity
study in mice fed dose levels of 0, 20, 100, or 500 ppm (0, 3,
15, or 75 mg/kg/day) in the diet for 2 years. A systemic NOEL
was established at 100 ppm and systemic LOEL at 500 ppm based
on decreased body weight gain in males
throughout the study at 500 ppm. The Agency has determined that
the chemical was not tested at a sufficiently high dose level
for carcinogenicity testing in female mice. In addition, due to
an equivocal finding for mammary tumors
in females (1/52, 0/52, 7/52, 6/52), the Agency classified the
chemical as a Group D carcinogen.
-- A developmental toxicity study in rats given gavage doses of
0, 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg/day with no developmental toxicity observed
under the conditions of the study. Developmental NOEL is greater
than 15 mg/ kg/day. Maternal NOEL and LOEL are established at
10 and 15 mg/kg/day, respectively. Reduced
body weight and food consumption were observed during the
dosing period.
-- A developmental toxicity study in rabbits given gavage doses
of 0, 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg/day with no developmental toxicity observed
under the conditions of the study. The maternal NOEL and LOEL
are established at 10 and 30 mg/kg/day, respectively (decreased
body weight gain was observed during the dosing period).
The developmental NOEL is 30 mg/kg/day (highest dose tested).
-- A three-generation reproduction study in rats fed diets containing
0, 10, 30, and 100 ppm with no developmental toxicity observed
at 100 ppm, highest dose tested. The maternal NOEL and LOEL for
the study are established at 30 (1.5 mg/kg/day) and 100 ppm (5
mg/ kg/day), respectively, based upon decreased
parental body weight gain. The reproductive NOEL and LOEL
are established at 30 (1.5 mg/kg/day) and 100 ppm (5 mg/kg/day),
respectively, based on decreased pup weight
gain during weaning.
Ref: Federal Register: March 27, 1995. Lambda-Cyhalothrin;
Pesticide Tolerances. Final Rule.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Lambda-Cyhal.FR.Mar.27.1995.htm
Diclosulam
- Herbicide - CAS No. 145701-21-9
-- Chronic toxicity.
EPA has established a chronic RfD of 0.05 mg/ kg/day NOAEL equals
5 mg/kg/day; Uncertainty Factor (UF) = 100) for use in assessing
chronic dietary risk. This chronic RfD is based on the 2- year
combined chronic feeding/carcinogenicity study in rats, in which
the following effects were observed at the lowest observable adverse
effect level (LOAEL) of 100 mg/kg/day in both sexes: statistically
significant decreases in body weight gain, changes
in renal tubule and kidney function parameters, and increased
incidence of male kidney pelvic epithelium hyperplasia.
-- Short- and intermediate-term toxicity. The toxicological endpoint
for short- and intermediate-term inhalation risk assessments is
a maternal/developmental no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL)
of 10 milligrams/kilograms/day (mg/kg/day) based on the dose-dependent
increased abortions, and decreased maternal
body weight gain, food consumption, and fecal output in
the rabbit oral developmental study.
Ref: Federal Register: March 8, 2000 (Volume
65, Number 46)] [Rules and Regulations] [Page 12129-12134]. Diclosulam;
Pesticide Tolerance. Final Rule.
http://www.fluorideaction.org/pesticides/diclosulam.fr.march8.2000.htm
Diflufenican
- Herbicide - CAS No. 83164-33-4
--Subacute toxicity
studies... In a 13-week oral study in the dog, the minimum effect
level was 250 mg/kg bw based on enemis and increased cholesterol
levels at the 250 mg/kg bw/day dose level. The observed effects
at higher dose levels included impaired
body weight gain, emesis, increased plasma cholesterol
and increase in the relative thymus weights.
-- Subchronic/chronic toxicity studies... The NOAEL in the 104-week
mouse study was 500 ppm (approximately 60 - 70 mg/kg bw/day) based
on minimal reduction in body weight gain at the 500 ppm dose level
and significant reduction in body weight
gain and increase in the absolute and relative
liver weight in females at the higher dose level. Diflufenican
was not tumourigenic in the mouse. The NOEL in the 52-week oral
study in the dog was 100 mg/kg bw/day based on significant increase
in liver weight at the higher dose
level.
-- Reproductive toxicity studies. In a teratogenicity study in
the rat, the minimum effect level for maternal toxicity was 50
mg/kg bw/day based on reductions in weight
gain at all dose levels...
-- Acceptable daily intake (ADI). The acceptable daily intake
of 0.2 mg/kg bw/day is derived from the critial minimum effect
level of 500 ppm (24 mg/kg bw/day), derived from the 24-month
chronic dietary study in the rat or the multigeneration study
in the rat and allows for a 100-fold safety factor. The observed
effects included minimal reductions in body
weight gain and a slight reduction in
thymus weights at the 500 ppm dose level.
Ref: September 1995. Evaluation
on Diflufenican. Evaluation of fully approved or provisionally
approved products. Department for Environment, Food and Rural
Affairs, Pesticides Safety Directorate, Mallard House, Kings Pool,
3 Peasholme Green, York YO1 7PX, UK. Available at:
http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/citizen/evaluations/evallist_alphabet.htm
Diflufenzopyr
- Herbicide - CAS No. 109293-97-2
-- In a developmental
toxicity study, technical diflufenzopyr was administered by gavage
to female Sprague Dawley rats at dose levels of 0, 100, 300, or
1000 mg/kg/day from days 6 through 15 of gestation. The maternal
NOAEL is 300 mg/kg/day and the maternal LOAEL is 1000 mg/kg/day
based on decreases in food consumption and
weight gain. Developmental effects, characterized as significantly
lower fetal body weights in males and
skeletal variations, exhibited as incompletely ossified and unossified
sternal centra and reduced fetal ossification sites for caudal
vertebrae, were observed at 1000 mg/kg/day. The developmental
LOAEL is 1000 mg/kg/day, based on decreased
fetal body weights and skeletal variations.
The developmental NOAEL is 300 mg/kg/day.
Ref: US EPA Fact Sheet. Reason for Issuance:
Conditional Registration Date Issued: January 28, 1999.
http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/factsheets/diflufenzopr.pdf
Dithiopyr
- Herbicide - CAS No.
97886-45-8
In a 2-generation rat
reproduction study, decreased body weight,
diffuse hepatocellular swelling, and ``white spots'' on the livers
were observed in the offspring of rats administered greater than
or equal to 16.4 mg/kg/day...
Ref:
USEPA/OPP. Support Document for the Addition of Chemicals from
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) Active
Ingredients to EPCRA Section 313. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC (1993). As cited by US EPA in: Federal
Register: January 12, 1994. Part IV. 40 CFR Part 372. Addition
of Certain Chemicals; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting; Community
Right-to-Know; Proposed Rule.
Epoxiconazole
-
Fungicide - CAS No. 135319-73-2 (formerly
106325-08-0)
iii. An oncogenicity
study in mice fed dosages of 0, 0.17, 0.81, 35.3, and 70.4 (males)
or 205.4 (females) mg/kg/day with a NOAEL of 0.81 mg/kg/day for
male and female mice based on the following effects: a. Highly
significant decreased body weights were observed in both
male and/or female mice at the mid-high and highest dose tested.
Ref: Federal Register: September 22, 2000.
[Page 57338-57344]. Notice of Filing Pesticide Petitions to Establish
Tolerances for Certain Pesticide Chemicals in or on Food.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Epoxiconazole.FR.Sept.2000.htm
Ethalfluralin
- Herbicide - CAS No. 55283-68-6
--
In the developmental toxicity study in rats, the maternal (systemic)
NOAEL was 50 milligrams/ kilograms/day (mg/kg/day), based on decreased
body weight gain and dark urine at the LOAEL of 250 mg/kg/day.
The developmental (fetal) NOAEL was 1,000 mg/kg/day the highest
dose tested (HDT).
-- In the developmental toxicity study in rabbits, the maternal
(systemic) NOAEL was 75 mg/kg/day, based on abortions and decreased
food consumption at the LOAEL of 150 mg/kg/day.
-- In a 3-generation reproductive toxicity study in rats, the
parental (systemic) NOAEL was 12.5 mg/kg/ day, based on decreased
mean body weight gains in males in all generations at the
LOAEL of 37.5 mg/kg/day. The reproductive (pup) NOAEL was 37.5
mg/kg/day the HDT.
Ref: Federal Register: August 8, 2001. Ethalfluralin;
Pesticide Tolerances for Emergency Exemptions. Final Rule.
http://www.fluoridealert.org/pesticides/Ethalfluralin.FR.Aug8.2001.htm
Ethalfluralin
was evaluated for developmental toxicity. The test material was
administered orally to 14, 13, 15, and 13 inseminated Dutch-Belted
rabbits in doses of 0, 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg/day, respectively,
on days 6-18 of gestation. Four, 9, and 7 rabbits of the 250,
500, and 750 mg/kg/day groups, respectively, aborted and were
killed. Abortions were preceded by extended
periods of anorexia and weight loss. Anorexia and substantial
weight loss were observed during dosing at 250 mg/kg/day and above.
Decreased live litter size and an increase
in resorption incidence occurred at 500 and 750 mg/kg/day. No
live fetuses were recovered at 750 mg/kg/day. No effects on sex
distribution or weight were observed. No treatment related skeletal
or visceral defects were observed. The authors concluded that
maternal toxicity was observed at all dose levels. No teratogenicity
was observed at any dose level.
Ref: 1992.
INITIAL SUBMISSION: A TERATOLOGY STUDY WITH ETHALFLURALIN IN DUTCH-BELTED
RABBITS WITH COVER LETTER DATED 08-21-92. ELI LILLY & CO.
The National Technical Information Service.
Report Number: NTIS/OTS0545185.
Ethalfluralin was evaluated
for developmental toxicity. Fourteen, 11, and 14 pregnant Dutch-Belted
rabbits were administered 0, 75, and 250 mg/kg/day of the test
substance respectively, on days 6-18 of gestation. An
increase in the number of anorectic
rabbits occurred at 250 mg/kg/day.
Four and 3 rabbits of the 75 and
250 mg/kg/day dose group, respectively, died or aborted. The abortions
were preceded by anorexia and weight loss. Nine, 9, and
12 rabbits of the 0, 75, and 250 mg/kg/day dose groups were available
for evaluation. Live litter size, resorption occurrence, fetal
viability, and sex distribution were unaffected by treatment.
Mean fetal weights of the treatment groups
were lower than controls but the differences were not statistically
significant. An increase in the incidence
of skeletal abnormalities, including cleft palate and crooked
ribs, was observed at 250 mg/kg/day. No treatment related visceral
abnormalities were observed. The 250 mg/kg/day
dose was maternally toxic but not teratogenic since the increased
incidence of fetal defects was associated with anorexic dams.
The 75 mg/kg/day dose was a no-effect level.
Ref: 1992.
INITIAL SUBMISSION: A TERATOLOGY STUDY WITH ETHALFLURALIN IN DUTCH-BELTED
RABBITS WITH COVER LETTER DATED 08-21-92. ELI LILLY & CO.
The National Technical Information Service.
Report Number: NTIS/OTS0545085.
Etoxazole
- Miticide, Ovicide - CAS No.
153233-91-1
Subchronic/Chronic
Toxicity
Study # 870.3200. 21-Day Dermal Tox Rat. NOAEL = 1000 LOAEL >
1000, no effects noted. 870.3700 Developmental Tox Rabbit NOAEL
= Maternal: 200 Developmental: 200 LOAEL = Maternal: 1000, based
on liver enlargement
and decreased
body weight gains and
food consumption
Developmental: 1000, based on increased
incidences of 27 presacral vertebrae and 27 presacral vertebrae
with 13 ribs (skeletal variations) in the fetuses
Ref: US EPA Pesticide Fact Sheet. August
2002.
http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/factsheets/etoxazole.pdf
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