Background
Fluoride is a highly electronegative anion which, when present in saliva or other topical dental products, enhances the precipitation of calcium phosphates on the tooth enamel surface [1]. The observation that naturally fluoridated water was associated with reduced dental decay [2] lead the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) to recommend that 1Â ppm fluoride be added to the drinking water as a public health measure to prevent dental caries. In 2015, these recommendations were r
1. Introduction
Dental caries is the quintessential disease of civilization, a disease which became prevalent with the start of cereal agriculture and rampant with the start of industrial sugar production [1]. A body of evidence supports the hypothesis that a diet leading to dental caries also leads to chronic non-communicable diseases [2].
Most authoritative organizations aimed to protect public health ignore this evidence and take the view that dental caries is the only adverse side-effect
Introduction
All around the world, endemic fluorosis has grown to frightening proportions. India is located in a fluoride belt. In 18 of the 32 Indian states, it is a serious public health issue. It has been shown that 177 or so districts are affected by high fluoride content in water. According to a United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) report, 20% of the fluoride-affected communities worldwide are in India, and 10% of those are in Rajasthan. The largest state in India, Rajasthan, has a
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Current programs to fluoridate water supplies as a dental caries control measure have stimulated interest in the extent to which the fluoride might be retained by the various tissues of the body. Considerable evidence is available to show that much of the fluoride is excreted in the urine, but there is little information on the possible accumulation or storage of the fluoride not excreted.
A previous study of normal human blood fluoride co
Introduction
Fluorine (F) and lead (Pb) are two elements that exist widely in nature. F exists in the form of F? in aqueous solution, and doesn't change the appearance, taste and odor of aqueous solution [1]. According to the regulations of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2011, the allowable limit of F? concentration in drinking water is 1.5 mg/L (0.789 × 10?4 M) [2]. As report goes, the F? concentration in uncontaminated freshwater and seawater is 0.01–0.3 mg/L and 1.2–1.5Â
Highlights
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Arsenic and/or fluoride exposure can impair spatial learning and memory ability in offspring rats, and low-dose combined exposure produces stronger neurotoxicity than exposure alone.
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Arsenic and/or fluoride exposure can disrupt synaptic structure and function, which in turn leads to neurotoxicity.
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Arsenic and fluoride exposure have an interactive effect on the expression of autolysosome-related proteins in rat hippocampal neurons, as shown
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