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The fluoride exposure doses used in our study (10 and 50 mg/L) are often employed [32–34] and lead to a plasma fluoride levels in rodents similar to the ones found in humans consuming artificially fluoridated water or living in areas of endemic fluorosis, respectively [35]. It is important to note that F metabolism in rodents is 5–10 times faster than that in humans and the concentrations used in this investigation, 10 and 50 mg/L, correspond to 1-2 and 5–10 mg/L, respectively,
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Apoptosis, characterized by nuclear fragmentation, chromatic condensation, and caspase activation, is a major molecular mechanism to eliminate cells (Oropesa-.vila et al. 2017 ). Apoptosis is observed widely in liver diseases (Cui et al. 2018 ; Potz et al. 2016 ). Fluoride, as an exogenous toxicant, has been reported to cause apoptosis in the liver (Khan et al. 2018 ). Song et al. (2015 ) reported that chronic fluoride exposure induced the liver apoptosis through activating the apopto
