Objectives
To conduct an assessment of time-dependent covariates related to dental caries of the permanent dentition among a low socioeconomic status, understudied cohort of children, incorporating time-dependent covariates through the application of extended Cox proportional hazards modeling.
Methods
This study modeled the time to first cavitated dental caries in permanent teeth among school-aged children and assessed factors associated with this event. A cohort of 98 low socioeconom
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Apoptosis, characterized by nuclear fragmentation, chromatic condensation, and caspase activation, is a major molecular mechanism to eliminate cells (Oropesa-.vila et al. 2017 ). Apoptosis is observed widely in liver diseases (Cui et al. 2018 ; Potz et al. 2016 ). Fluoride, as an exogenous toxicant, has been reported to cause apoptosis in the liver (Khan et al. 2018 ). Song et al. (2015 ) reported that chronic fluoride exposure induced the liver apoptosis through activating the apopto