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Gut microbiota perturbations and neurodevelopmental impacts in offspring rats concurrently exposure to inorganic arsenic and fluoride.

3.3. Effects of iAs and F-, alone or in combination, on pathological changesin the hippocampal CA1 region H&E staining of neuron in the hippocampal CA1 region was observed at different optical microscope magnifications (Bar = 100 um 50 um in Fig. 2B & C respectively). In the control group, hippocampal CA1 neurons were tightly organized and had multiple cell layers, with healthy cell morphology and clearly stained nuclei and nucleoli. Compared with the control group, hippocampal CA1 neur

NTP Research Report on Systematic Literature Review on the Effects of Fluoride on Learning and Memory in Animal Studies: Research Report 1 [Internet]

Background: Previous systematic reviews of epidemiology studies have found support for a geographical association between high levels of naturally occurring fluoride in water (>1.5 ppm) and lower IQ in children. Most of the evidence from humans is from fluoride-endemic regions having higher background levels of fluoride compared to the fluoride concentrations historically used in community water fluoridation programs (0.7–1.2 ppm). Confidence in this body of evidence is limited, prima