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Topical fluorides: effects on physiologic and biochemical processes

The mechanism underlying [fluoride-induced] hyperglycemia could include any or all of the following factors: (a) an increase in cellular cAMP followed by an increase in glycogenolysis in fed animals or, in fasted animals, gluconeogenesis; (b) an increase in plasma epinephrine levels; (c) an increase in plasma gluccocorticoid concentrations; and/or (d) a decrease in plasma insulin levels. Additional research is needed to determine which of these possible mechanisms is/are responsible for inducing