Notes
1. Fluoride is isosteric with hydroxide and can compete with phosphate and carboxylate groups, thus acting as a substrate- or transition state-like inhibitor of several enzymatic reactions (Strunecka and Strunecky 2020).
2. Higher organisms can avoid fluoride’s harmful effects, thanks to the exquisite selectivity of most of their anion channels and transporters, which limits fluoride resorption in the gastrointestinal tract (Johnston and Strobel 2020).
3. Larger anions, su
Introduction
Despite great improvements in the oral health of populations, dental caries (an infectious disease caused by certain types of bacteria [1]) remains a significant and preventable population health problem even in high-income countries [2, 3], and particularly for children [4]. This is highlighted by the recent WHO call for a global oral health strategy by 2022 involving major systems reforms placing equity and social justice at the core [5]. Dental caries is the most common disease
Authors and Affiliations
Dental Public Health, Dublin Dental Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, D02 F859, Ireland
Brett Duane
Paediatric Dentistry, Eastman Dental Institute, Rockefeller, 21 University Street, London, WC1E 6DE, UK
Alexandra Lyne & Paul Ashley
Environmental Health Service National Water Operational Unit, Health Service Executive, Community Services Centre, Western Road, Clonmel, County Tipperary, E91 HT96, Ireland
References
UK Governm
1. Introduction
The guest editor for this special issue asked me to describe some of my many interactions over the past 60 years with those on both sides of the ongoing “war” over fluoridating drinking water [1]. Although in recent years the war has been reduced to local skirmishes over referendums, the war will undoubtedly heat up again if the federal appeals court in San Francisco rules for the plaintiff and mandates that the EPA stop fluoridation in the United States! As one of the few r
1. Introduction
Fluorine exists in the environment in the form of fluoride [1]. And fluorine is a vital trace element present in humans and animals, mainly in bones and teeth [2, 3]. While long-term exposure to fluoride in the air, food, and water can lead to fluorosis, it can also cause dental fluorosis and fluorosis bone disease [4]. It has also been confirmed that chronic fluorosis can result in extensive pathological damage to the body [5]. Excessive intake of fluorine will cause morphologi
