High Fluoride Ingestion Impairs Bone Fracture Healing by Attenuating M2 Macrophage Differentiation.
May 20, 2022
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Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
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Du C, Xiao P, Gao S, Chen S, Chen B, Huang W, Zhao C.
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Introduction
Long-term and excess fluoride consumption induces disturbed homeostasis of the bone and a series of chronic systemic diseases (Erdal and Buchanan, 2005). The World Health Organization has stated that the maximum safe limit of fluoride in drinking water is 1.5 ppm; however, more than 50 countries have high fluoride levels in drinking water (Rango et al., 2012; Perumal et al., 2013; Yu et al., 2018; Zhou et al., 2019). Fluorosis is endemic in at least 25 countries around the world, o