Introduction
Environmental neurotoxicants are pollutants that can negatively affect many cellular metabolic-processes through different pathways: neuroendocrine/thyroid hormone disruption (Pb, methyl-Hg, organochlorines, and polychlorinated biphenyls-PCB), oxidative stress (Pb, methyl-Hg, organochlorines, and chlorpyrifos), dopamine dysfunction (Pb, methyl-Hg, As, chlorpyrifos, pyrethroids, and organochlorines) (Heyer and Meredith, 2017; Rock and Patisaul, 2018). Pistollato et al. (2020)
1. Introduction
Fluoride is widespread and unevenly distributed in the environment, and it can be rapidly absorbed into the body via water, food, and air (Johnston and Strobel, 2020). Fluoride consumption at the prescribed level is essential for human health, whereas excessive fluoride exposure is harmful to health. Groundwater, minerals, soil, household chemical products such as varnishes, gels, mouthwashes, and toothpaste are significant sources of fluoride exposure. Others include industrial
7.2. Toothpaste
The effects of toothpaste on the oral microbiota have been investigated more thoroughly than the effects of toothbrushes. In the same study as previously described,33 the researchers also compared the oral and toothbrush microbiotas of participants who used either traditional Chinese medicine toothpaste or antibacterial toothpaste. While both types of toothpaste effectively reduced the numbers of a selection of pathogenic bacteria, they also suppressed oral S salivarius and L
Acknowledgements
This work was supported in part by research grants from the Arthritis Foundation, the Southern California Chapter, and the National Institute of Dental Research (ROl DE08681). The authors wish to
thank Mr. Noah Awoniyi for his technical assistance, and the Medical Media staff of the Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans' Hospital for their assistance in the preparation of the manuscript.
References
Ward MK, Feest TG, Ellis HA, Parkinson IS, Kerr DNS: Osteomalacic d
Child oral health
Early dental research from the Dunedin Study primarily focused upon the prevalence of childhood dental caries and its associated protective and causative factors, including community water fluoridation (which commenced in Dunedin in 1967, well before the Study members were born), self-care, and use of dental services. Over 90% of the Study participants had attended a School Dental Service (SDS) clinic by the age of 5 years, and more than half of those were enrolled with the SD
