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Research Studies
Study Tracker

Study Tracker

The most up-to-date and comprehensive source for studies on fluoride's multifaceted effects on human and animal health, with 100+ years of research organized by health category, type of study, author, journal, and date.
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ESPEN micronutrient guideline

February 25, 2022 | Clinical Nutrition | Berger MM, Shenkin A, Amrein K, Augsburger M, Biesalski HK, Bischoff SC, Casaer MP, Gundogan K, Lepp HL, de Man AME, Muscogiuri G, Pietka M, Pironi L, Rezzi S, Schweinlin A, Cuerda C. |
6. Fluoride 6.1. Main functions Fluoride is the world's 13th most abundant element [151], being widely distributed in the environment, occurring in soils, rocks, and water: it is therefore naturally present in the food and drink we but its status as “essential” is debated. It is well absorbed by the small intestine. and gets attached to bone and teeth, transforming apatite into fluoroapatite. Nearly 99% of the body's fluoride is bound strongly to calcified tissues. Fluoride in bone appe