Excerpts
1 Introduction
Given the widespread presence of fluorine in the natural environment, individuals are exposed to fluoride via food intake, inhalation, and dermal contact. Drinking water represents the largest exposure source. In particular, in highly fluoridated regions and in some developed areas that fluoridate the public water supply to reduce dental caries, fluoride may result in a health hazard [1,2].
Fluoride is required for normal growth and development of teeth and bones but
Funding: This research was supported by a grant of the Division of Oral Health Policy, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea in 2014.
References
Community Water Fluoridation. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/index.html (accessed on 10 March 2020).
Ran, T.; Chattopadhyay, S.K. Community Preventive Services Task Force. Economic evaluation of community water fluoridation: A community guide systematic review. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2016, 50, 790–796. [Google S
Funding
This research was funded by NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH, grant numbers K23ES024803 and R01ES030101 and the Maine Economic Improvement Fund.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
Appendix A
Table A1. Percent change in plasma fluoride by demographic characteristi
Abstract
Globally, 33187000 DALYs and 956000 deaths are attributed to chronic kidney disease (CKD) every year. Diabetes and hypertension are the two most common causes of CKD. Another category of CKD without any known common causes, chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) is also increasingly reported from different regions of the world such as Central America, Sri Lanka, and India. They are predominately observed in agricultural communities where crops such as sugarcane and cocon
