To the Editor: The Centers for Disease Control recognized community water fluoridation as one of the 10 great public health achievements of the twentieth century for improving oral health, especially in children [1]. Unfortunately, long-term exposure to higher endemic water fluoride caused dental fluorosis, skeletal fractures, cancers, and affected reproduction, thyroid functions, and intelligence quotient (IQ) [2, 3]. The present study analyzed the outcome of spectral severity of water flu
Highlights
Long-term exposure NaF induced hepatotoxicity in ducks.
NaF exposure caused liver granule and vacuolar degeneration observed by histological analysis.
The mechanism of NaF exposure on hepatotoxicity involving activating autophagy and apoptosis.
Cyt-C/Caspase 3/9 signaling pathway activation target cell death.
Abstract
Fluorine being a well-known and essential element for normal physiological functions of tissues of different organisms is frequ
4. Discussion
Water-borne endemic fluorosis has been widely prevalent in China, especially in the central, western and northern parts of China. In order to explore the possible epigenetic changes caused by fluoride exposure, we conducted a screening and validation study in step by step. We undertook, for the first time, microarray analyses of DNA methylation on samples from school-age children who had been exposed to/not exposed to excessive fluoride in drinking water. Gradually, we conducted
Urinary fluoride measurement is the most useful biomarker to assess fluoride status [24, 61] as fluoride excretion is an indicator of fluoride intake [62]. AI of fluoride falls within the range of 0.05–0.07 mg/kg body/day weight in children less than 12 years of age, while UL is set at 0.1 mg/kg body weight/day [63, 64]. About 81.5% of children had estimated intake below 0.05 mg/kg boy weight per day and no one had an intake above the UL. The estimated intake of 0.032±0.031 mg/kg/day (median
