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Fluoride exposure and cognitive neurodevelopment: Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.

Introduction The trace element fluoride (F) has been used since 1930 for the prevention and management of dental caries, which is considered a global health issue, especially in pediatric populations (ten Cate and Buzalaf, 2019; World Health Organisation, 2021). In nature, this mineral can be found in different amounts in water, plants, and food. Fluoride compounds are also used in aluminum, petroleum, chemical, and plastics industries, therefore workers in such industries may be exposed