Highlights
Long-term exposure NaF induced hepatotoxicity in ducks.
NaF exposure caused liver granule and vacuolar degeneration observed by histological analysis.
The mechanism of NaF exposure on hepatotoxicity involving activating autophagy and apoptosis.
Cyt-C/Caspase 3/9 signaling pathway activation target cell death.
Abstract
Fluorine being a well-known and essential element for normal physiological functions of tissues of different organisms is frequ
To the Editor: The Centers for Disease Control recognized community water fluoridation as one of the 10 great public health achievements of the twentieth century for improving oral health, especially in children [1]. Unfortunately, long-term exposure to higher endemic water fluoride caused dental fluorosis, skeletal fractures, cancers, and affected reproduction, thyroid functions, and intelligence quotient (IQ) [2, 3]. The present study analyzed the outcome of spectral severity of water flu
1. Introduction
Fluoride is one of the essential microelements in the body. Long-term excessive intake of fluoride will cause systemic physiological and pathological changes [1]. Fluoride can not only damage bone organs but also accumulate in brain tissue through the blood-brain barrier, affecting the shape and function of brain nerve cells [2, 3]. In recent years, fluoride pollution is serious due to the development of industry. Meanwhile, increased fluorine in water will cause a certain toxic
