Fluoride (F) is not an essential trace element in humans or necessary for the
development of healthy teeth and bones.9,10 It is likely that there is no threshold for fluoride-induced developmental neurotoxicity in drinking water, and the only
assuredly safe level of fluoride in drinking water is zero.10,11,12 The currently
recommended level of 0.7 mg F/L for community water systems10,11 and the
provision of fluoridated salt are no longer appropriate for preventing dental caries
because they
1. Introduction
Fluoride is a widespread environmental pollution, and groundwater is the major source of exposure in which the fluoride concentration can be as high as 35 ppm (Petrone et al., 2013). Fluorosis induced by geological origin is a serious public health concern in 28 nations particularly in India and China (Rafique et al., 2015). In India, 230 districts of 20 states are at risk of a high level of fluoride in drinking water (Srivastava and Flora, 2020). In China, almost all the provi
5. Fluorine (F)
According to some researchers, fluorine is a microelement needed for proper development. However, in the case of this element, it is important to determine its concentration in
the human body, because the difference between the tolerated dose and the toxic dose is very small [110].
Fluorides (F-), the ionic form of fluorine, in trace amounts are essential for the proper development of the bones and the teeth [111]. They stimulate the proliferation of osteoblasts
and inhibit
grzegorzew-2021.supplmentary
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on request.
Notes
adjusted to EU19 prices (5).
The probability of receiving an amalgam given that you received an extraction at your previous visit is of course zero.
Abbreviations
CWF: Community water fluoridation
PWS: Public water supply
EPA: Environmental Protection Agency Ireland
WTS: Wate
3.2. Baseline Dental Fluorosis
The proportion of severe dental fluorosis among all women included in this trial was 10.3%; and the proportion of women with moderate dental fluorosis was 29.5% (30.8% in the intervention and 28.2% in the control groups). Overall, more than half, 57.7% (64.1% in the intervention and 51.3% in the control groups) of the study women had very mild to severe dental fluorosis level. There was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of dental fluorosis
Abstract
Background
This study analyzed the characteristics of hydrogen fluoride-exposed patients (HFEPs) treated in the emergency department (ED) of a local university hospital, and reviewed the hospital’s disaster response according to space, staff, supplies, and systems (4Ss).
Methods
This retrospective observational chart review and descriptive study included 199 HFEPs among 2588 total ED patients who visited a local university emergency medical center for treatment between Septe
