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Arsenic and fluoride co-exposure through drinking water and their impacts on intelligence and oxidative stress among rural school-aged children of Lahore and Kasur districts, Pakistan.

Discussion ... In the present study, a higher frequency of individuals with severe level dental fluorosis was detected in the exposed area. In contrast, none of the individuals in the control area showed signs of dental fluorosis. This was due to the strong correlation of urinary F- with dental fluorosis (R2 = 0.721, Table 2).-... Exposure of contaminants particularly F- caused significant neurotoxicity in the present study. ... ... Furthermore, it was revealed that variations in dental f